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Contributions of the Basal Ganglia to Visual Perceptual Decisions. 基底神经节对视觉感知决策的贡献。
IF 5 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123804
Long Ding

The basal ganglia (BG) make up a prominent nexus between visual and motor-related brain regions. In contrast to the BG's well-established roles in movement control and value-based decision making, their contributions to the transformation of visual input into an action remain unclear, especially in the context of perceptual decisions based on uncertain visual evidence. This article reviews recent progress in our understanding of the BG's contributions to the formation, evaluation, and adjustment of such decisions. From theoretical and experimental perspectives, the review focuses on four key stations in the BG network, namely, the striatum, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and midbrain dopamine neurons, which can have different roles and together support the decision process.

基底神经节(BG)构成了视觉和运动相关大脑区域之间的重要联系。与BG在动作控制和基于价值的决策中的既定作用相反,它们对将视觉输入转化为动作的贡献仍然不清楚,尤其是在基于不确定视觉证据的感知决策的背景下。本文回顾了我们在理解BG对此类决策的形成、评估和调整的贡献方面的最新进展。从理论和实验角度来看,这篇综述集中在BG网络中的四个关键站点,即纹状体、苍白球、丘脑底核和中脑多巴胺神经元,它们可以发挥不同的作用,共同支持决策过程。
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引用次数: 0
The Essential Role of the Choriocapillaris in Vision: Novel Insights from Imaging and Molecular Biology. 绒毛膜在视觉中的重要作用:来自成像和分子生物学的新见解。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-085958
Kelly Mulfaul, Jonathan F Russell, Andrew P Voigt, Edwin M Stone, Budd A Tucker, Robert F Mullins

The choriocapillaris, a dense capillary network located at the posterior pole of the eye, is essential for supporting normal vision, supplying nutrients, and removing waste products from photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. The anatomical location, heterogeneity, and homeostatic interactions with surrounding cell types make the choroid complex to study both in vivo and in vitro. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing, in vivo imaging, and in vitro cell modeling are vastly improving our knowledge of the choroid and its role in normal health and in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Histologically, loss of endothelial cells (ECs) of the choriocapillaris occurs early in AMD concomitant with elevated formation of the membrane attack complex of complement. Advanced imaging has allowed us to visualize early choroidal blood flow changes in AMD in living patients, supporting histological findings of loss of choroidal ECs. Single-cell RNA sequencing is being used to characterize choroidal cell types transcriptionally and discover their altered patterns of gene expression in aging and disease. Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell protocols and 3D cultures will allow us to closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment of the choroid in vitro to better understand the mechanism leading to choriocapillaris loss in AMD.

绒毛膜毛细血管是位于眼睛后极的致密毛细血管网络,对维持正常视力、提供营养、清除光感受器细胞和视网膜色素上皮的废物至关重要。其解剖位置、异质性以及与周围细胞类型的稳态相互作用使得脉络膜复合体在体内和体外都可以进行研究。单细胞RNA测序、体内成像和体外细胞建模的最新进展极大地提高了我们对脉络膜及其在正常健康和年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)中的作用的认识。组织学上,在AMD早期,绒毛膜毛细血管内皮细胞(ECs)的丢失伴随着补体膜攻击复合物的升高。先进的成像技术使我们能够在活体AMD患者中看到早期脉络膜血流变化,支持脉络膜内皮细胞丢失的组织学发现。单细胞RNA测序被用于描述脉络膜细胞类型的转录特征,并发现它们在衰老和疾病中基因表达的改变模式。诱导多能干细胞方案和3D培养的进展将使我们能够在体外密切模拟脉络膜的体内微环境,从而更好地了解导致黄斑变性脉络膜毛细血管丢失的机制。
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引用次数: 2
Calcium Channels in Retinal Function and Disease. 钙通道在视网膜功能和疾病中的作用。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-09-15 Epub Date: 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-012121-111325
Brittany Williams, J Wesley Maddox, Amy Lee

Voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav) channels play pivotal roles in regulating gene transcription, neuronal excitability, and neurotransmitter release. To meet the spatial and temporal demands of visual signaling, Cav channels exhibit unusual properties in the retina compared to their counterparts in other areas of the nervous system. In this article, we review current concepts regarding the specific subtypes of Cav channels expressed in the retina, their intrinsic properties and forms of modulation, and how their dysregulation could lead to retinal disease.

电压门控Ca2+(Cav)通道在调节基因转录、神经元兴奋性和神经递质释放方面发挥着关键作用。为了满足视觉信号的空间和时间需求,与神经系统其他区域的Cav通道相比,Cav通道在视网膜中表现出不同寻常的特性。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了目前关于视网膜中表达的Cav通道的特定亚型、它们的内在特性和调节形式,以及它们的失调如何导致视网膜疾病的概念。
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引用次数: 0
Do You See What I See? Diversity in Human Color Perception. 你看到我看到的了吗?人类色彩感知的多样性。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-093020-112820
J. Bosten
In our tendency to discuss the objective properties of the external world, we may fail to notice that our subjective perceptions of those properties differ between individuals. Variability at all levels of the color vision system creates diversity in color perception, from discrimination to color matching, appearance, and subjective experience, such that each of us lives in a unique perceptual world. In this review, I discuss what is known about individual differences in color perception and its determinants, particularly considering genetically mediated variability in cone photopigments and the paradoxical effects of visual environments in both contributing to and counteracting individual differences. I make the case that, as well as being of interest in their own right and crucial for a complete account of color vision, individual differences can be used as a methodological tool in color science for the insights that they offer about the underlying mechanisms of perception. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在我们讨论外部世界的客观特性的倾向中,我们可能没有注意到我们对这些特性的主观感知在个体之间是不同的。色觉系统各个层面的可变性创造了颜色感知的多样性,从辨别到配色、外观和主观体验,使我们每个人都生活在一个独特的感知世界中。在这篇综述中,我讨论了人们对颜色感知的个体差异及其决定因素的了解,特别是考虑到锥体光色素的遗传介导变异性,以及视觉环境在促进和抵消个体差异方面的矛盾效应。我认为,个体差异不仅对其本身感兴趣,而且对完整描述颜色视觉至关重要,还可以作为颜色科学的方法论工具,深入了解感知的潜在机制。《视觉科学年度评论》第8卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 3
Visual Attention in the Prefrontal Cortex. 前额皮质的视觉注意力。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-031711
J. Martinez-Trujillo
Voluntary attention selects behaviorally relevant signals for further processing while filtering out distracter signals. Neural correlates of voluntary visual attention have been reported across multiple areas of the primate visual processing streams, with the earliest and strongest effects isolated in the prefrontal cortex. In this article, I review evidence supporting the hypothesis that signals guiding the allocation of voluntary attention emerge in areas of the prefrontal cortex and reach upstream areas to modulate the processing of incoming visual information according to its behavioral relevance. Areas located anterior and dorsal to the arcuate sulcus and the frontal eye fields produce signals that guide the allocation of spatial attention. Areas located anterior and ventral to the arcuate sulcus produce signals for feature-based attention. Prefrontal microcircuits are particularly suited to supporting voluntary attention because of their ability to generate attentional template signals and implement signal gating and their extensive connectivity with the rest of the brain. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
自愿注意力选择与行为相关的信号进行进一步处理,同时过滤掉干扰信号。据报道,在灵长类动物视觉处理流的多个区域,自愿视觉注意的神经相关性最早和最强的影响都集中在前额叶皮层。在这篇文章中,我回顾了支持以下假设的证据,即引导自主注意力分配的信号出现在前额叶皮层的区域,并到达上游区域,根据其行为相关性来调节传入视觉信息的处理。位于弓形沟和额视野前方和后方的区域产生引导空间注意力分配的信号。位于弓形沟前方和腹侧的区域产生基于特征的注意力信号。额前微循环特别适合支持自主注意力,因为它们能够产生注意力模板信号并实现信号门控,并且与大脑其他部分有广泛的连接。《视觉科学年度评论》第8卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 8
Eye Movements as a Window into Decision-Making. 眼动作为决策的窗口。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-125029
M. Spering
For over 100 years, eye movements have been studied and used as indicators of human sensory and cognitive functions. This review evaluates how eye movements contribute to our understanding of the processes that underlie decision-making. Eye movement metrics signify the visual and task contexts in which information is accumulated and weighed. They indicate the efficiency with which we evaluate the instructions for decision tasks, the timing and duration of decision formation, the expected reward associated with a decision, the accuracy of the decision outcome, and our ability to predict and feel confident about a decision. Because of their continuous nature, eye movements provide an exciting opportunity to probe decision processes noninvasively in real time. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
100多年来,人们一直在研究眼动,并将其作为人类感觉和认知功能的指标。这篇综述评估了眼球运动是如何帮助我们理解决策过程的。眼动指标表示信息积累和权衡的视觉和任务环境。它们表明了我们评估决策任务指令的效率、决策形成的时间和持续时间、与决策相关的预期回报、决策结果的准确性以及我们对决策的预测和自信的能力。由于它们的连续性,眼球运动提供了一个令人兴奋的机会,可以无创地实时探测决策过程。《视觉科学年度评论》第8卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2022年9月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 9
Binocular Integration in the Primate Primary Visual Cortex. 灵长类初级视觉皮层的双眼整合。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-112922
A. Maier, M. Cox, J. Westerberg, K. Dougherty
binocular vision, binocular fusion, binocular combination, LGN, V1.
双眼视觉,双眼融合,双眼结合,LGN, V1。
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引用次数: 2
Retinal Encoding of Natural Scenes. 自然场景的视网膜编码。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-114239
Dimokratis Karamanlis, H. Schreyer, T. Gollisch
An ultimate goal in retina science is to understand how the neural circuit of the retina processes natural visual scenes. Yet most studies in laboratories have long been performed with simple, artificial visual stimuli such as full-field illumination, spots of light, or gratings. The underlying assumption is that the features of the retina thus identified carry over to the more complex scenario of natural scenes. As the application of corresponding natural settings is becoming more commonplace in experimental investigations, this assumption is being put to the test and opportunities arise to discover processing features that are triggered by specific aspects of natural scenes. Here, we review how natural stimuli have been used to probe, refine, and complement knowledge accumulated under simplified stimuli, and we discuss challenges and opportunities along the way toward a comprehensive understanding of the encoding of natural scenes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
视网膜科学的最终目标是了解视网膜的神经回路如何处理自然视觉场景。然而,长期以来,实验室里的大多数研究都是用简单的人工视觉刺激进行的,比如全场照明、光点或光栅。潜在的假设是,这样识别的视网膜特征可以延续到更复杂的自然场景中。随着相应的自然环境的应用在实验研究中变得越来越普遍,这一假设正在接受测试,并且有机会发现由自然场景的特定方面触发的处理特征。在这里,我们回顾了如何利用自然刺激来探索、完善和补充在简化刺激下积累的知识,并讨论了在全面理解自然场景编码的过程中所面临的挑战和机遇。《视觉科学年度评论》第8卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2022年9月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 5
Spike-Gamma Phase Relationship in the Visual Cortex. 视觉皮层的尖峰-伽玛相位关系。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100419-104530
Supratim Ray
Gamma oscillations (30-70 Hz) have been hypothesized to play a role in cortical function. Most of the proposed mechanisms involve rhythmic modulation of neuronal excitability at gamma frequencies, leading to modulation of spike timing relative to the rhythm. I first show that the gamma band could be more privileged than other frequencies in observing spike-field interactions even in the absence of genuine gamma rhythmicity and discuss several biases in spike-gamma phase estimation. I then discuss the expected spike-gamma phase according to several hypotheses. Inconsistent with the phase-coding hypothesis (but not with others), the spike-gamma phase does not change with changes in stimulus intensity or attentional state, with spikes preferentially occurring 2-4 ms before the trough, but with substantial variability. However, this phase relationship is expected even when gamma is a byproduct of excitatory-inhibitory interactions. Given that gamma occurs in short bursts, I argue that the debate over the role of gamma is a matter of semantics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
伽马振荡(30-70赫兹)已被假设在皮层功能中发挥作用。大多数提出的机制涉及伽马频率下神经元兴奋性的节律性调节,导致相对于节律的尖峰时间的调节。我首先表明,即使在没有真正的伽马节律性的情况下,伽马带在观察尖峰-场相互作用时也可能比其他频率更有优势,并讨论了尖峰-伽马相位估计中的几个偏差。然后,我根据几个假设讨论了预期的尖峰伽马相位。与相位编码假说不一致(但与其他假说不一致),尖峰伽马相位不会随着刺激强度或注意力状态的变化而变化,尖峰优先发生在波谷前2-4毫秒,但具有很大的可变性。然而,即使伽马是兴奋性-抑制性相互作用的副产品,这种相位关系也是可以预期的。鉴于伽马射线发生在短爆发中,我认为关于伽马射线作用的争论是一个语义问题。《视觉科学年度评论》第8卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 4
More Than the Face: Representations of Bodies in the Inferior Temporal Cortex. 不仅仅是脸:身体在颞下皮层的表现。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-05-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-113429
R. Vogels
Visual representations of bodies, in addition to those of faces, contribute to the recognition of con- and heterospecifics, to action recognition, and to nonverbal communication. Despite its importance, the neural basis of the visual analysis of bodies has been less studied than that of faces. In this article, I review what is known about the neural processing of bodies, focusing on the macaque temporal visual cortex. Early single-unit recording work suggested that the temporal visual cortex contains representations of body parts and bodies, with the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus representing bodily actions. Subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in both humans and monkeys showed several temporal cortical regions that are strongly activated by bodies. Single-unit recordings in the macaque body patches suggest that these represent mainly body shape features. More anterior patches show a greater viewpoint-tolerant selectivity for body features, which may reflect a processing principle shared with other object categories, including faces. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
除了面部的视觉表现外,身体的视觉表现还有助于识别特定和异性恋,动作识别和非语言交流。尽管身体视觉分析的神经基础很重要,但与面部视觉分析相比,它的研究较少。在这篇文章中,我回顾了人们对身体神经处理的了解,重点是猕猴的颞视觉皮层。早期的单单位记录工作表明,颞视觉皮层包含身体部位和身体的表征,颞上沟的背侧代表身体动作。随后在人类和猴子身上进行的功能性磁共振成像研究显示,身体强烈激活了几个颞皮质区域。猕猴身体斑块的单单位记录表明,这些斑块主要代表体型特征。更多的前片显示出对身体特征的更大的视点容忍选择性,这可能反映了与包括面部在内的其他对象类别共享的处理原理。《视觉科学年度评论》第8卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 12
期刊
Annual Review of Vision Science
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