The pardon is a legal, although controversial, instrument with a long history that persists in many different judicial systems across the world. The juridical literature often considers it to be a perversion in the separation of powers within the State, and the motivations behind it are always under scrutiny. In this paper we seek to establish whether there are specific factors that affect and determine pardons. Using a database of all pardons granted in Spain between 1995 and 2013, including our own elaborated individual data, the econometrical estimations produce the following conclusions: firstly, Spain’s right-wing political party processes pardons faster than that of the left; secondly, and due to public concern, pardons are less frequent near elections; and thirdly, the higher the fine, the faster the pardon. These results show that the pardon is used in a discretionary way and in most cases greatly distorts the separation of powers that should provide the basis of any healthy democratic system.
{"title":"Pardon does not forgive democracy: econometrical analysis of pardons in Spain","authors":"J. Jiménez, J. Abreu","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The pardon is a legal, although controversial, instrument with a long history that persists in many different judicial systems across the world. The juridical literature often considers it to be a perversion in the separation of powers within the State, and the motivations behind it are always under scrutiny. In this paper we seek to establish whether there are specific factors that affect and determine pardons. Using a database of all pardons granted in Spain between 1995 and 2013, including our own elaborated individual data, the econometrical estimations produce the following conclusions: firstly, Spain’s right-wing political party processes pardons faster than that of the left; secondly, and due to public concern, pardons are less frequent near elections; and thirdly, the higher the fine, the faster the pardon. These results show that the pardon is used in a discretionary way and in most cases greatly distorts the separation of powers that should provide the basis of any healthy democratic system.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"216 1","pages":"81-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish long term care is in danger, therefore we propose a change in the nursing home funding sys¬tem. We use as an example the extremely complex nursing home financing system of Valencian Region. In this region, there are many funding mechanisms: two types of public subsidies, two different acces¬sibility plans, a voucher scheme and a cash benefit approach related to residential service. We evaluate these methods through the quasi-market theory. We find that these approaches have negative impact on equity, efficiency and freedom of choice and we propose a new, homogeneous financing method for all nursing homes through voucher.
{"title":"Quasi-markets Targets and the Evaluation of Nursing-home Funding in the Valencian Region","authors":"Amadeo Fuenmayor, R. Granell, M. Á. Tortosa","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish long term care is in danger, therefore we propose a change in the nursing home funding sys¬tem. We use as an example the extremely complex nursing home financing system of Valencian Region. In this region, there are many funding mechanisms: two types of public subsidies, two different acces¬sibility plans, a voucher scheme and a cash benefit approach related to residential service. We evaluate these methods through the quasi-market theory. We find that these approaches have negative impact on equity, efficiency and freedom of choice and we propose a new, homogeneous financing method for all nursing homes through voucher.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"216 1","pages":"13-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the long-held theory that a tax reduces profit under monop¬oly or monopoly-like market structure. To present the paradox, we expand the switching price elastic¬ity theory developed by Greenhut-Hwang-Ohta to show that the after-tax profit may very well increase in a monopoly or a tight-knit cartel. The result show that after-tax profit can actually increase in a monopoly or monopoly-like market without resorting to conjectural variation or product quality often used in oligopoly. To verify the paradox, simple numerical examples and commonly-used mathemati¬cal demand functions are employed.
{"title":"A Tax Can Increase Profit of a Monopolist or a Monopoly-like Firm: A Fiction or Distinct Possibility?","authors":"Chin W. Yang, H. Cheng, C. Chi, B. Huang","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the long-held theory that a tax reduces profit under monop¬oly or monopoly-like market structure. To present the paradox, we expand the switching price elastic¬ity theory developed by Greenhut-Hwang-Ohta to show that the after-tax profit may very well increase in a monopoly or a tight-knit cartel. The result show that after-tax profit can actually increase in a monopoly or monopoly-like market without resorting to conjectural variation or product quality often used in oligopoly. To verify the paradox, simple numerical examples and commonly-used mathemati¬cal demand functions are employed.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"216 1","pages":"39-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonel Muinelo‐Gallo, A. Rodríguez-Miranda, Pablo Castro-Scavone
In this paper we explore the bidirectional relationship between intergovernmental transfers and regional income inequalities in Uruguay. Our study is based on the construction of a simultaneous equations model that is designed to capture the factors that jointly determine these endogenous variables, and employs a panel of departments (regions) over the period 1990-2012. The empirical results show that central government transfers to regional governments do not have a significant impact on regional income inequality levels. In fact, our estimates support the idea that regional inequalities have a significant and negative impact on the allocation to regions of intergovernmental transfers in that the richest regions receive greater transfers per capita. Intergovernmental per capita transfers also are positively determined by past public expenditure executed by regional governments, and negatively affected by the population size of the departments. These results have clear policy implications as they show that the normative scheme governing intergovernmental regional transfers in Uruguay must be revised if the objective is to give the country greater territorial cohesion.
{"title":"Intergovernmental Transfers and Regional Income Inequalities: An Empirical Analysis of Uruguay","authors":"Leonel Muinelo‐Gallo, A. Rodríguez-Miranda, Pablo Castro-Scavone","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we explore the bidirectional relationship between intergovernmental transfers and regional income inequalities in Uruguay. Our study is based on the construction of a simultaneous equations model that is designed to capture the factors that jointly determine these endogenous variables, and employs a panel of departments (regions) over the period 1990-2012. The empirical results show that central government transfers to regional governments do not have a significant impact on regional income inequality levels. In fact, our estimates support the idea that regional inequalities have a significant and negative impact on the allocation to regions of intergovernmental transfers in that the richest regions receive greater transfers per capita. Intergovernmental per capita transfers also are positively determined by past public expenditure executed by regional governments, and negatively affected by the population size of the departments. These results have clear policy implications as they show that the normative scheme governing intergovernmental regional transfers in Uruguay must be revised if the objective is to give the country greater territorial cohesion.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"219 1","pages":"9-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We document the presence of fiscal disparities among subnational governments (SNG) in Latin America and show the limitations of existing intergovernmental transfer systems to reduce them. For 11 countries in the region during 2000-12, we find that, although transfers reduce disparities in own revenues, the remaining fiscal disparities among SNG are still considerable. We also show that fiscal transfers are distributed without consideration of fiscal capacity and explicit measures of expenditure needs, hampering their equalization potential. Our findings suggest that the introduction of equalization transfers can contribute to tackle more effectively the subnational fiscal disparities and hence improve regional equity.
{"title":"Subnational Fiscal Disparities and Intergovermental Transfers in LAC","authors":"A. Muñoz, Gustavo Axel Radics, C. Bone","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"We document the presence of fiscal disparities among subnational governments (SNG) in Latin America and show the limitations of existing intergovernmental transfer systems to reduce them. For 11 countries in the region during 2000-12, we find that, although transfers reduce disparities in own revenues, the remaining fiscal disparities among SNG are still considerable. We also show that fiscal transfers are distributed without consideration of fiscal capacity and explicit measures of expenditure needs, hampering their equalization potential. Our findings suggest that the introduction of equalization transfers can contribute to tackle more effectively the subnational fiscal disparities and hence improve regional equity.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"219 1","pages":"35-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How much redistribution and poverty reduction is being accomplished through the tax system and social spending in Latin America? This paper summarizes results from applying a comparable fiscal incidence analysis to nine countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. Using the Gini coefficient as an indicator, Brazil lowers income in¬equality through direct taxes and transfers the most and Guatemala lowers it the least. Public spend¬ing in education and health have higher equalizing effects than other transfers. Adding the effect of indirect taxes leaves poverty higher than market income poverty in Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala
{"title":"The Impact of the Tax System and Social Spending in Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Latin America","authors":"N. Lustig, Claudiney Pereira","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"How much redistribution and poverty reduction is being accomplished through the tax system and social spending in Latin America? This paper summarizes results from applying a comparable fiscal incidence analysis to nine countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. Using the Gini coefficient as an indicator, Brazil lowers income in¬equality through direct taxes and transfers the most and Guatemala lowers it the least. Public spend¬ing in education and health have higher equalizing effects than other transfers. Adding the effect of indirect taxes leaves poverty higher than market income poverty in Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"219 1","pages":"121-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uno de los debates actuales acerca de las pensiones en Espana se centra en si el crecimiento sostenido de la productividad laboral resolveria en gran medida los problemas de sostenibilidad del sistema publico de pensiones, y si se deberian derogar las reformas del sistema aprobadas en 2011 y 2013. Este trabajo utiliza un modelo computable de generaciones solapadas para cuantificar el crecimiento de la productividad laboral necesario para alcanzar el equilibrio presupuestario durante las proximas decadas del sistema de pensiones vigente en 2010. Los resultados indican que en el mejor de los casos, se necesitaria una tasa de crecimiento anual superior al 4 por ciento hasta el ano 2050. Pero ademas, seria necesario, que el envejecimiento poblacional durante las proximas decadas fuera menor al actualmente proyectado por el INE, que el gobierno implemente lo que se conoce como Reforma Silenciosa, y que los trabajadores incrementen sustancialmente la duracion de sus vidas laborales.
{"title":"Productividad y viabilidad del sistema Público de Pensiones","authors":"Julián Díaz-Saavedra","doi":"10.7866/hpe-rpe.16.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.16.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Uno de los debates actuales acerca de las pensiones en Espana se centra en si el crecimiento sostenido de la productividad laboral resolveria en gran medida los problemas de sostenibilidad del sistema publico de pensiones, y si se deberian derogar las reformas del sistema aprobadas en 2011 y 2013. Este trabajo utiliza un modelo computable de generaciones solapadas para cuantificar el crecimiento de la productividad laboral necesario para alcanzar el equilibrio presupuestario durante las proximas decadas del sistema de pensiones vigente en 2010. Los resultados indican que en el mejor de los casos, se necesitaria una tasa de crecimiento anual superior al 4 por ciento hasta el ano 2050. Pero ademas, seria necesario, que el envejecimiento poblacional durante las proximas decadas fuera menor al actualmente proyectado por el INE, que el gobierno implemente lo que se conoce como Reforma Silenciosa, y que los trabajadores incrementen sustancialmente la duracion de sus vidas laborales.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"218 1","pages":"11-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colombia has engaged in a sustained process of fiscal decentralisation over the past decades. This paper analyses three aspects of fiscal performance for Colombia’s departments. First, it studies the sustainability aspects of subnational finances by estimating a fiscal reaction function. Evidence is presented that the current framework is conducive to fiscal sustainability, especially after the reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Second, the paper analyses the impact of transfers and oil and mining royalties and the effort to raise own tax revenues at the departmental level. Overall, there is little evidence of a negative effect of transfers from the central government on departmental tax revenue, the so-called “fiscal fatigue”. Finally, the paper presents evidence of a limited degree of risk sharing of departmental idiosyncratic shocks, as transfers from the central government are mostly pro-cyclical.
{"title":"Subnational fiscal sustainability, risk sharing and “fiscal fatigue” in Colombia","authors":"Christian Daude, Christine de la Maisonneuve","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Colombia has engaged in a sustained process of fiscal decentralisation over the past decades. This paper analyses three aspects of fiscal performance for Colombia’s departments. First, it studies the sustainability aspects of subnational finances by estimating a fiscal reaction function. Evidence is presented that the current framework is conducive to fiscal sustainability, especially after the reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Second, the paper analyses the impact of transfers and oil and mining royalties and the effort to raise own tax revenues at the departmental level. Overall, there is little evidence of a negative effect of transfers from the central government on departmental tax revenue, the so-called “fiscal fatigue”. Finally, the paper presents evidence of a limited degree of risk sharing of departmental idiosyncratic shocks, as transfers from the central government are mostly pro-cyclical.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"45 1","pages":"137-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Elena Infante Miranda, Isabel Román Martínez
En este trabajo se analiza la situacion economico-financiera de las spin-off universitarias espanolas en 2012 y los factores que afectan a su cifra de negocios. De la informacion disponible sobre 346 empresas, se deduce que en su mayoria son pequenas, de servicios y jovenes. En general se muestran solventes, aunque deben mejorar sus resultados de explotacion. Su cifra de negocios media ronda los 400 mil euros, siendo las spin-off que superan este importe las mas veteranas, que han surgido en universidades que ceden espacios fisicos para su ubicacion y se encuentran en los primeros cuartiles del ranking investigador
{"title":"Las \"Spin-off\" universitarias españolas: análisis económico-financiero y factores que condicionan su cifra de negocios","authors":"María Elena Infante Miranda, Isabel Román Martínez","doi":"10.7866/hpe-rpe.16.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.16.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"En este trabajo se analiza la situacion economico-financiera de las spin-off universitarias espanolas en 2012 y los factores que afectan a su cifra de negocios. De la informacion disponible sobre 346 empresas, se deduce que en su mayoria son pequenas, de servicios y jovenes. En general se muestran solventes, aunque deben mejorar sus resultados de explotacion. Su cifra de negocios media ronda los 400 mil euros, siendo las spin-off que superan este importe las mas veteranas, que han surgido en universidades que ceden espacios fisicos para su ubicacion y se encuentran en los primeros cuartiles del ranking investigador","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"131-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using spatial panel data from most municipalities in Colombia for the period 2000-09, this paper pro-vides empirical evidence of the existence of strategic fiscal interactions in property and business taxation. However, there is little evidence of cut-throat tax competition that leads to a «race to the bottom.» Also, this paper shows that differences in property tax rates affect local election results and the popularity of the main political parties in the local councils, signaling the presence of yardstick competition in this source. The results suggest that country does not seem to require policy measures aimed at attenuating municipal tax competition.
{"title":"Strategic fiscal interactions among local Governments in Colombia","authors":"A. Muñoz","doi":"10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.16.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Using spatial panel data from most municipalities in Colombia for the period 2000-09, this paper pro-vides empirical evidence of the existence of strategic fiscal interactions in property and business taxation. However, there is little evidence of cut-throat tax competition that leads to a «race to the bottom.» Also, this paper shows that differences in property tax rates affect local election results and the popularity of the main political parties in the local councils, signaling the presence of yardstick competition in this source. The results suggest that country does not seem to require policy measures aimed at attenuating municipal tax competition.","PeriodicalId":48669,"journal":{"name":"Hacienda Publica Espanola-Review of Public Economics","volume":"219 1","pages":"161-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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