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Exploring hybrid models for identifying locations for active mobility pathways using real-time spatial Delphi and GANs. 探索使用实时空间德尔菲和广义运算网络确定主动移动路径位置的混合模型。
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-024-00685-7
Yuri Calleo, Nadia Giuffrida, Francesco Pilla

The spatial planning process is considered an extremely complex system, as it comprises different variables that interrelate and interact with each other. Effectively addressing this spatial complexity necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, as unified methodologies may prove insufficient. Specifically, in urban planning, it is increasingly crucial to prioritize bike lanes, bike stations, and pedestrian zones, for functional transportation infrastructures. This approach can enhance cities by improving air quality, reducing emissions, and boosting public health and safety through physical activity and accident prevention. However, implementing these changes requires careful planning, community engagement, and stakeholder collaboration. This paper proposes a hybrid model for identifying optimal locations for bike lanes, bike stations, and pedestrian zones adopting Real-Time Spatial Delphi and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The Real-Time Spatial Delphi is a modified version of the traditional Delphi method that incorporates real-time feedback and visualization of group response in real-time, aiming to achieve a convergence of opinions among experts on the territory. Nevertheless, these judgments are a spatial representation not visible in reality, and with the spread of artificial intelligence models, different implementations can support the planning process, such as the use of GANs. In this case, GANs can be exploited by adopting pre-existing location images resulting from experts' judgments to illustrate the proposed intervention's visual impact. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our hybrid model, we apply it to the city of Dublin. The results showcased how the method helps stakeholders, policymakers, and citizens in visualizing the proposed changes and gauging their potential impact with greater precision.

空间规划过程被认为是一个极其复杂的系统,因为它由相互关联和相互作用的不同变量组成。要有效解决这种空间复杂性问题,就必须采用多学科方法,因为统一的方法可能被证明是不够的。具体而言,在城市规划中,优先考虑自行车道、自行车站点和步行区,对于功能性交通基础设施的重要性与日俱增。这种方法可以改善空气质量、减少排放,并通过体育锻炼和事故预防来提高公众健康和安全,从而改善城市面貌。然而,实施这些变革需要精心规划、社区参与和利益相关者的合作。本文提出了一种混合模型,采用实时空间德尔菲和生成式对抗网络(GANs)来确定自行车道、自行车站点和步行区的最佳位置。实时空间德尔菲法是传统德尔菲法的改进版,它结合了实时反馈和小组反应的实时可视化,旨在实现区域内专家意见的趋同。然而,这些判断是一种在现实中不可见的空间表征,随着人工智能模型的普及,不同的实现方式可以为规划过程提供支持,例如使用 GANs。在这种情况下,可以通过采用专家判断得出的已有位置图像来利用 GANs,以说明拟议干预措施的视觉影响。为了证明混合模型的有效性,我们将其应用于都柏林市。结果展示了该方法如何帮助利益相关者、政策制定者和市民将拟议的变化可视化,并更精确地衡量其潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
How accessibility to schools is not (just) a transport problem: the case of public school choice in the city of Malmö, Sweden 学校的可达性如何不(仅仅)是一个交通问题:瑞典Malmö市公立学校选择的案例
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00617-x
Aaron Nichols, Jean Ryan
Abstract There is currently a lack of studies exploring how transport investments and school admission policies in a city can affect the distribution of accessibility to schools. The aim of this study is to investigate if, for whom, and the ways in which, accessibility to schools can change following (1) a change to the city’s public school admission policy and (2) investments in public transport infrastructure and adjustments to the public transport system. We draw on the case of Malmö, Sweden to examine the potential effects of these changes. This study is focused specifically on those in grades 7–9 (aged approximately 13–15), a group whose independent mobility is starting to take form. A geospatial analysis was carried out in order to compare the change in demographic makeup between school catchment areas (real and hypothetical) before and after the changes were made. The geospatial analysis utilises a cumulative opportunity accessibility model that takes into account typical public transport travel times both before and after these new measures were implemented. Findings indicate that the (hypothetical) school catchment areas have been redistributed to a considerable extent following both interventions, but particularly following the change to the public school admission policy. These redistributions have in turn resulted in changes in the socio-economic characteristics of the hypothetical school catchment areas. While the redistribution of school catchment areas could potentially change the socio-economic composition of schools in Malmö, the effects are not equally distributed throughout the city. While the addition of the new train line was the main focus of this study, it was found that other changes in the public transport system between 2018 and 2019 also played a role in determining which schools students could and could not access. The findings from this study highlight the importance of carefully considering the interaction of different effects when assessing policy alternatives.
城市交通投资和入学政策如何影响学校可达性分布,目前缺乏相关研究。本研究的目的是调查在(1)城市公立学校入学政策的变化和(2)公共交通基础设施的投资和公共交通系统的调整之后,上学的可达性是否会发生变化,对谁来说,以及以何种方式发生变化。我们以瑞典Malmö为例来研究这些变化的潜在影响。这项研究特别关注7-9年级(大约13-15岁)的学生,这个群体的独立行动能力开始形成。为了比较改变前后学校集水区(真实的和假设的)人口构成的变化,进行了地理空间分析。地理空间分析利用累积机会可达性模型,该模型考虑了实施这些新措施之前和之后的典型公共交通出行时间。研究结果表明,在这两项干预措施之后,(假设的)学校集水区在相当程度上已经重新分配,特别是在公立学校入学政策改变之后。这些重新分配反过来又导致假设的学校集水区的社会经济特征发生变化。虽然重新分配学校集水区可能会改变Malmö学校的社会经济构成,但影响并不是在整个城市均匀分布的。虽然新铁路线的增加是这项研究的主要焦点,但研究发现,2018年至2019年期间公共交通系统的其他变化也在决定学生可以和不可以进入哪些学校方面发挥了作用。这项研究的结果强调了在评估政策选择时仔细考虑不同影响的相互作用的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Mobility-as-a-Service users: insights from a trial in Sydney 移动即服务用户:来自悉尼试验的见解
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00612-2
Göran Smith, David A. Hensher, Chinh Ho, Camila Balbontin
Abstract The positive effects that Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is envisioned to have on transport can only be reaped if people are using MaaS. Yet, the understanding of the user perspective on MaaS is incomplete and primarily based on experiments with non-users. To address this shortcoming, this paper reports user experiences from a trial of a high-level MaaS service in Sydney, Australia. Based on questionnaires and interviews, it analyses who participated in the trial and why, and whether the trial experience satisfied their motives. The contribution to the literature on MaaS is three-fold. Firstly, most of the people that participated in the trial were frequent users of both public transport and private cars. This supports the notion that multi-modal travellers are likely early adopters of MaaS and contradicts the fear that MaaS does not appeal to private car users. Secondly, a desire to contribute to innovation and curiosity about MaaS were the main motives for signing up for the trial, which highlights the important role an inviting setting for experimentation, such as a trial, can play in stimulating MaaS adoption. Thirdly, many participants struggled with making the trialled service work for them and on average they seemed to value the support and feedback functions higher than other service features. This underscores the novelty of MaaS, compared to existing service models, and reiterates the notion that more than an app and a few subscription plans is needed to make MaaS useful for users.
移动即服务(MaaS)设想对交通产生的积极影响只有在人们使用MaaS的情况下才能实现。然而,对MaaS的用户视角的理解是不完整的,并且主要基于对非用户的实验。为了解决这一缺点,本文报告了在澳大利亚悉尼试用高级MaaS服务的用户体验。基于问卷调查和访谈,它分析了谁参加了试验,为什么,以及试验经验是否满足他们的动机。对MaaS文献的贡献有三个方面。首先,参与试验的大多数人都是公共交通和私家车的常客。这支持了一种观点,即多式联运的旅行者可能是MaaS的早期采用者,并反驳了MaaS对私家车用户没有吸引力的担忧。其次,对创新做出贡献的愿望和对MaaS的好奇心是报名参加试验的主要动机,这突出了一个有吸引力的实验环境(如试验)在刺激MaaS采用方面可以发挥的重要作用。第三,许多参与者努力使试用服务为他们工作,平均而言,他们似乎更重视支持和反馈功能,而不是其他服务功能。与现有的服务模式相比,这强调了MaaS的新颖性,并重申了一个概念,即要使MaaS对用户有用,需要的不仅仅是一个应用程序和几个订阅计划。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling public attitude towards drone delivery in Germany 模拟德国公众对无人机送货的态度
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00606-0
Robin Kellermann, Tobias Biehle, Hamid Mostofi
Abstract Background Last-mile delivery by drone is expected to be a promising innovation for future urban logistics. However, in addition to adoption of services by customers, leveraging this delivery method will depend essentially on a positive public perception of such services in urban airspace. Objective This article provides novel and comprehensive insights into factors driving or impeding citizens' attitudes towards drone delivery. Methodology The article develops a structural equation model that derives from a sequential exploratory mixed methods design. In the first step, factors affecting attitudes towards drone delivery were identified within the scope of five focus groups and converted into the development of a questionnaire. In the second step, a German population-representative survey was conducted through telephone interviews, which provided reliable data to test the model (n = 819). Results Expected risks (particularly stress due to traffic in lower airspace, noise, and visual disturbances), as well as expected benefits (particularly fast and time-flexible delivery), significantly affect attitudes towards drone-based delivery, while the individual level of technological openness (technophilia) does not have a significant association. Moreover, the model reveals that the expected risks of drone deliveries are stronger associated with public attitude than with expected benefits. Conclusions The provided framework suggests fashioning policies and drone delivery applications that focus on mitigating social, spatial, and visual risks while achieving maximum utility for customers.
无人机最后一英里配送有望成为未来城市物流的一项创新。然而,除了客户采用服务之外,利用这种交付方法将主要取决于公众对城市空域中此类服务的积极看法。本文对影响或阻碍公民对无人机送货态度的因素提供了新颖而全面的见解。本文建立了一种基于顺序探索性混合方法设计的结构方程模型。在第一步中,在五个焦点小组的范围内确定影响对无人机交付态度的因素,并将其转化为调查问卷的开发。第二步,通过电话访谈的方式进行德国人口代表性调查,为模型的检验提供了可靠的数据(n = 819)。结果预期风险(特别是低空域交通、噪音和视觉干扰造成的压力)和预期收益(特别是快速和时间灵活的交付)显著影响对无人机交付的态度,而个人水平的技术开放性(技术癖)没有显著关联。此外,该模型还显示,无人机配送的预期风险与公众态度的关系大于与预期收益的关系。所提供的框架建议制定政策和无人机交付应用,重点是减轻社会、空间和视觉风险,同时为客户实现最大效用。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the impacts of the demerit points system on traffic law violations and driver involvement in road accidents in Israel 评估记分制度对以色列违反交通法规和司机参与道路事故的影响
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00613-1
Victoria Gitelman, Etti Doveh, Anna Korchatov, Wafa Elias, Shalom Hakkert
Abstract Demerit points systems (DPS) have been used in many countries as a means for improving road safety, by monitoring traffic law violations of drivers and applying corrective measures to repeat offenders, while knowledge on their safety impacts is yet incomplete. This study examined the DPS impacts on committing traffic offenses and accident involvement of drivers, in Israel, based on files of the national Licensing Authority and complementary accident files. Models were developed to evaluate changes in violation and accident rates of drivers, who underwent the DPS corrective measures, in after the treatment related to the before period, and accounting for changes observed in the matched comparison-groups. The findings showed that during the three-year period after the measures' implementation, the decrease in committing violations was of 70%, and simultaneously, there was a decrease in drivers' accident involvement, on average, of 1% in severe accidents and of 11% in total injury accidents. The effects were consistent across various groups of drivers by the corrective measures applied and the type of license. The study results support the continued use of the DPS, to improve drivers' behaviors and road safety. To increase its impacts at the national level, the DPS implementation should be supported by stable police enforcement and publicity efforts.
记分制度(DPS)在许多国家被用作改善道路安全的一种手段,通过监测违反交通法规的司机,并对屡犯者采取纠正措施,而对其安全影响的了解尚不完整。本研究基于国家执照局的档案和补充的事故档案,考察了DPS对以色列司机交通违法和事故卷入的影响。开发模型来评估接受DPS纠正措施的驾驶员在治疗后与治疗前相关的违章率和事故率的变化,并考虑匹配对照组中观察到的变化。结果表明,在实施该措施后的三年内,违规行为减少了70%,同时,驾驶员的事故卷入率平均下降了1%,严重事故平均下降了1%,总伤害事故平均下降了11%。根据所采用的纠正措施和许可证类型,不同组的驾驶员的效果是一致的。研究结果支持继续使用DPS,以改善驾驶员的行为和道路安全。为了增加其在国家一级的影响,DPS的实施应得到稳定的警察执法和宣传工作的支持。
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引用次数: 0
MaaS modelling: a review of factors, customers’ profiles, choices and business models MaaS建模:对因素、客户概况、选择和商业模式的回顾
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00597-y
Carolina Cisterna, Negarsadat Madani, Claudia Bandiera, Francesco Viti, Mario Cools
Abstract Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) system is regarded as one of the emerging solutions to offer integrated, seamless, and flexible multi-modal mobility services as an alternative to privately owned mobility resources. MaaS is expected to change the way users will choose their modes of transport to reach their daily activities, and how service providers will generate profits, cooperate, and compete. To successfully deploy MaaS to reach the intended goals, it is critical to develop feasible and sustainable models that capture the diverse needs of customers as well as the diverse and often competing objectives of service providers. This paper aims to provide a general modelling framework and a critical and descriptive analysis of the relevant literature relating all main actors in the MaaS ecosystem, and identify and discuss all factors that are considered relevant, focusing on the actor’s decision-making processes and their correlations. This review shows the large variety and interaction of factors influencing MaaS adoption and their impact on forecasting MaaS appeal. It is also observed that current travel behaviour and multi-modal transport models are not fully capturing the diverse travel needs and choices of potential MaaS users. Recent advancements in agent-based simulation and discrete choice modelling offer potential solutions to address this gap, and future research should aim in that direction. Finally, the review analyses the interaction between MaaS actors, including customers, service providers, the government, and the MaaS Broker, highlighting the complexity of the modelling process comprising all actors of the MaaS ecosystem. Therefore, it is recommended to prioritise future research in exploring these areas.
移动即服务(MaaS)系统被认为是一种新兴的解决方案,提供集成的、无缝的、灵活的多模式移动服务,作为私有移动资源的替代方案。预计MaaS将改变用户选择交通方式来完成日常活动的方式,以及服务提供商如何产生利润、合作和竞争。为了成功地部署MaaS以达到预期目标,开发可行且可持续的模型至关重要,这些模型可以捕获客户的不同需求以及服务提供商的不同且经常相互竞争的目标。本文旨在提供一个通用的建模框架,并对MaaS生态系统中所有主要参与者的相关文献进行批判性和描述性分析,并确定和讨论所有被认为相关的因素,重点关注参与者的决策过程及其相关性。这篇综述显示了影响MaaS采用的各种因素和相互作用,以及它们对预测MaaS吸引力的影响。研究还发现,当前的出行行为和多式联运模式并没有充分反映潜在MaaS用户的不同出行需求和选择。基于主体的仿真和离散选择建模的最新进展为解决这一差距提供了潜在的解决方案,未来的研究应该朝着这个方向发展。最后,本文分析了MaaS参与者(包括客户、服务提供商、政府和MaaS经纪人)之间的相互作用,强调了包含MaaS生态系统所有参与者的建模过程的复杂性。因此,建议未来的研究优先探索这些领域。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable mobility in smart cities: a document study of mobility initiatives of mid-sized Nordic smart cities 智慧城市的可持续移动性:北欧中型智慧城市移动性倡议的文件研究
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00610-4
Daniela Müller-Eie, Ioannis Kosmidis
Abstract The smart city concept is being viewed as part of the urban future, integrating technological advances, multi-sectorial collaboration, and innovative open markets with strategic goals and ambitions to achieve sustainable urban development. Smart mobility is considered a vital element of the smart city, given that urban transport systems should become more efficient and sustainable. With this in mind, we raise the question: how sustainable is smart mobility? To answer this, we review smart city strategies and measures of fourteen mid-sized cities of the Nordic Smart Cities Network, identifying smart mobility goals together with proposed or implemented mobility measures. We evaluate how they align with sustainable mobility and how effective they are with the help of two analytical frameworks: a) the EU’s Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning (SUMP) objectives and b) the S.M.A.R.T. objectives. In doing so, we assess to which degree smart mobility strategies and measures in Nordic smart cities contribute to sustainable urban mobility and development, and how they contribute to achieving sustainable and smart city goals in terms of feasibility and accountability. The study reveals that measures mainly address the SUMP objectives relating to efficiency and environment, with little focus on inclusive and safe mobility planning that caters to attractive cities and high quality of urban life. Another finding is that smart mobility measures are relatively conventional, and their goals and ambitions are often stated on an abstract level and rarely measurable with specific indicators. Thus, there seems to be a lack of feasibility and accountability related to smart mobility measures, as well as a lack of focus on social sustainability.
智慧城市概念被视为城市未来的一部分,它将技术进步、多部门合作和创新开放市场与实现可持续城市发展的战略目标和雄心相结合。智能交通被认为是智慧城市的重要组成部分,因为城市交通系统应该变得更加高效和可持续。考虑到这一点,我们提出了一个问题:智能交通的可持续性如何?为了回答这个问题,我们回顾了北欧智慧城市网络中14个中型城市的智慧城市战略和措施,确定了智能移动目标以及拟议或实施的移动措施。我们在两个分析框架的帮助下评估它们如何与可持续交通保持一致,以及它们的有效性:a)欧盟的可持续城市交通规划(SUMP)目标和b) S.M.A.R.T.目标。在此过程中,我们评估了北欧智慧城市的智能交通战略和措施对可持续城市交通和发展的贡献程度,以及它们如何在可行性和问责制方面为实现可持续和智能城市目标做出贡献。研究表明,这些措施主要是为了解决与效率和环境相关的SUMP目标,很少关注包容性和安全的交通规划,以迎合有吸引力的城市和高质量的城市生活。另一个发现是,智能移动出行措施相对传统,它们的目标和抱负往往是在抽象层面上陈述的,很少有具体指标可以衡量。因此,似乎缺乏与智能交通措施相关的可行性和问责制,也缺乏对社会可持续性的关注。
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引用次数: 0
Criticality dimension-based probabilistic framework to detect near crashes in a roundabout 基于临界维数的环形交叉路口近碰撞概率检测框架
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00602-4
Juan Trullos, Meng Zhang, Marek Junghans, Kay Gimm
Abstract Background Preventing fatal traffic accidents towards Vision Zero is a challenge for the society. The collection of critical events from video recorded traffic data is of essential value for a better understanding on how and under what circumstances critical situations evolve. Identified behavioral patterns and derived infrastructural measures cannot only help to make driving safer, but also help to mature automated driving functions (ADFs) to make automated vehicles drive and interact more like humans especially in challenging situations. One flaw when developing ADFs is the dependency on synthetic simulated traffic scenarios. Method In this paper, a novel probability-based framework is proposed allowing to measure the degree of criticality C(d) based on two dimensions explaining risk: severity ( delta-v ) and proximity (distance). Results This metric is applied on real data of a roundabout. An initial evaluation of it was conducted using both a novel proposed method that takes the reaction of the second vehicle merged into account, and a practical application that shows a potential correlation between the traffic expert's perceived risk and the metric. Conclusion Quantifying risk on each of the collected real traffic scenarios makes testing ADFs possible in further more reliable and significant scenarios like near-crashes.
背景预防致命交通事故实现“零愿景”是社会面临的挑战。从视频记录的交通数据中收集关键事件对于更好地了解关键情况如何以及在何种情况下演变具有重要价值。确定的行为模式和衍生的基础设施措施不仅有助于提高驾驶安全性,还有助于成熟的自动驾驶功能(adf),使自动驾驶车辆更像人类驾驶和互动,特别是在具有挑战性的情况下。开发adf的一个缺陷是依赖于合成的模拟交通场景。本文提出了一种新的基于概率的框架,允许基于解释风险的两个维度来测量临界C(d)的程度:严重性(delta-v)和接近性(距离)。结果将该指标应用于环形交叉路口的实际数据。对其进行了初步评估,采用了一种将第二辆车的反应考虑在内的新方法,以及一种实际应用,显示了交通专家的感知风险与度量之间的潜在相关性。量化每个收集到的真实交通场景的风险,可以进一步在更可靠和重要的场景(如近碰撞)中测试adf。
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引用次数: 0
Association of risk perception and transport mode choice during the temporary closure of a major inner-city road bridge: results of a cross-sectional study 临时关闭市内主要公路桥期间风险感知与运输方式选择的关联:一项横断面研究的结果
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00608-y
Pascal Kemmerer, Benedikt Brach, Thomas Kubiak, Susanne Singer, Emilio A. L. Gianicolo
Abstract Background Since air pollution and physical inactivity pose major public health risks, switching from cars to alternatives like public transport, cycling, and walking is important. Therefore, it is beneficial to identify key events for changes of mode choice. Methods We examined the association between risk perception and mode choice during the temporary closure of a road bridge between two major German cities in early 2020 using binary and multinomial regression models. Results 679 people participated in the survey. We found that 22% of car users switched to alternatives. The higher the perceived health risk from traffic-related air pollution, the more likely car users switched to alternatives (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76, 95% CI [1.14, 2.71]). Discussion Attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were associated with maintaining but not with switching transport modes. In conclusion, the closure of a main road bridge may present a key event. To explain mode choice, risk perception is a potential extension to the theory of planned behavior.
由于空气污染和缺乏运动构成了重大的公共健康风险,从汽车转向公共交通、骑自行车和步行等替代品非常重要。因此,识别模式选择变化的关键事件是有益的。我们使用二元和多项回归模型研究了2020年初德国两个主要城市之间的公路桥临时关闭期间风险感知与模式选择之间的关系。结果679人参与调查。我们发现,22%的汽车使用者转而选择其他汽车。与交通相关的空气污染的健康风险越高,汽车使用者越有可能转向其他选择(优势比[OR] = 1.76, 95% CI[1.14, 2.71])。态度、主观规范和感知行为控制与转运方式的维持相关,而与转运方式的转换无关。总之,主干道桥梁的关闭可能是一个关键事件。为了解释模式选择,风险感知是计划行为理论的潜在延伸。
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引用次数: 0
Factors that make public transport systems attractive: a review of travel preferences and travel mode choices 公共交通系统吸引人的因素:对出行偏好和出行方式选择的回顾
3区 工程技术 Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-023-00609-x
Jessica Göransson, Henrik Andersson
Abstract Background Many regions worldwide are struggling to create a mode shift from private cars to more sustainable transport modes. While there are many reviews regarding travellers’ preferences and travel mode choices, there is a lack of an updated review that provides a comprehensive overview of the factors that make public transport systems attractive. Aim This review aims to fill the knowledge gap by offering insights into the factors influencing travel behaviour and the demand for public transport. It has two primary objectives: • Summarize general conclusions drawn from international literature reviews. • Present specific insights on the topic pertaining to the Nordic countries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review with a Nordic focus regarding public transport preferences and travel mode choices. The special focus on these countries is motivated by their relatively more ambitious policies for reducing emissions in the transport sector compared to many other countries, and their relatively high usage of public transport today. Methods To achieve these objectives, we conducted a review of existing literature. This review encompassed international literature reviews and included an examination of results from the Nordic countries. Findings The findings show that reliability and frequency are important factors for creating an attractive public transport supply. However, there is only limited evidence regarding the impact of improvements in these attributes on public transport demand, so this needs more research. This review highlights the importance of understanding the underlying motivations for travel mode choice and provides recommendations on areas for further investigation to understand the attractiveness of public transport supply.
世界上许多地区都在努力实现从私家车到更可持续的交通方式的转变。虽然有许多关于旅行者偏好和出行方式选择的评论,但缺乏对公共交通系统具有吸引力的因素进行全面概述的最新评论。本综述旨在通过深入了解影响出行行为和公共交通需求的因素来填补知识空白。它有两个主要目标:•总结从国际文献综述得出的一般结论。•就有关北欧国家的主题提出具体见解。据我们所知,这是第一次以北欧为重点的关于公共交通偏好和出行方式选择的综述。特别关注这些国家的动机是,与许多其他国家相比,它们在减少运输部门排放方面的政策相对更为雄心勃勃,而且它们今天的公共交通使用率相对较高。方法为了达到这些目的,我们对现有文献进行了回顾。这篇综述包括国际文献综述,并包括对北欧国家结果的研究。调查结果显示,可靠性和频率是创造一个有吸引力的公共交通供应的重要因素。然而,关于这些属性的改善对公共交通需求的影响的证据有限,因此这需要更多的研究。这篇综述强调了了解出行方式选择的潜在动机的重要性,并就进一步研究公共交通供应吸引力的领域提出了建议。
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