Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00032.1
J. Cossel, Jonathan E. Twining, Austin S. Reich, Kelsey Roberts
Abstract. The vocalizations of many species of frogs in the megadiverse genus Pristimantis are unknown. Among those species lacking details is Pristimantis pardalis (leopard robber frog). Our objective was to describe the advertisement call of this species based on populations from Costa Rica and Panama. We obtained digital audio recordings of 235 vocalizations from 10 frogs and analyzed them using the software packages Raven Pro and Seewave for program R. First, we evaluated the effects of reverberation on the fine-scale temporal properties of P. pardalis vocalizations. We found that reverberation artificially inflated note duration 4–13 times; consequently, we limited our selection of each call to include only the initial burst of sound energy during temporal analysis. We found P. pardalis calls consist of 1–5 short, high-energy notes producing a “tik” sound. The notes have a mean duration of 0.006 (± 0.002) seconds and a mean dominant frequency of 2.56 (± 0.13) kHz. Qualitatively, their vocalizations are very similar to those of the closely related P. altae. Note durations and dominant frequencies from the population of P. pardalis in Panama were more similar to those of P. altae than to those of the P. pardalis population from Costa Rica. Further work should be done to assess the taxonomic status of these populations. Our results will facilitate field identification and contribute to future integrative taxonomic efforts.
{"title":"Temporal and Spectral Analysis of the Advertisement Call of Pristimantis pardalis (Leopard Robber Frog)","authors":"J. Cossel, Jonathan E. Twining, Austin S. Reich, Kelsey Roberts","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00032.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00032.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The vocalizations of many species of frogs in the megadiverse genus Pristimantis are unknown. Among those species lacking details is Pristimantis pardalis (leopard robber frog). Our objective was to describe the advertisement call of this species based on populations from Costa Rica and Panama. We obtained digital audio recordings of 235 vocalizations from 10 frogs and analyzed them using the software packages Raven Pro and Seewave for program R. First, we evaluated the effects of reverberation on the fine-scale temporal properties of P. pardalis vocalizations. We found that reverberation artificially inflated note duration 4–13 times; consequently, we limited our selection of each call to include only the initial burst of sound energy during temporal analysis. We found P. pardalis calls consist of 1–5 short, high-energy notes producing a “tik” sound. The notes have a mean duration of 0.006 (± 0.002) seconds and a mean dominant frequency of 2.56 (± 0.13) kHz. Qualitatively, their vocalizations are very similar to those of the closely related P. altae. Note durations and dominant frequencies from the population of P. pardalis in Panama were more similar to those of P. altae than to those of the P. pardalis population from Costa Rica. Further work should be done to assess the taxonomic status of these populations. Our results will facilitate field identification and contribute to future integrative taxonomic efforts.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47377119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-22-00002.1
Gustavo Adolfo Pisso-Florez, Andrés Felipe Liévano-Bonilla, Glib Mazepa, Kevin P. Mulder, H. Ramírez-Chaves
Abstract. The Malvasá rocket frog, Hyloxalus pinguis, is a poorly studied species with a restricted distribution and limited data on its natural history. Its taxonomic status is also uncertain, with some researchers considering it to be a junior synonym of H. pulchellus. We explore the differences between H. pinguis and other species within the genus, update its distribution, including two new localities, describe its vocalizations, and provide the first genetic data and images in life. The species is known exclusively from disturbed areas within high Andean ecosystems in southwestern Colombia at 2,930–3,205 m above sea level (a.s.l.). All new localities were close to small creeks and wetlands. The vocalizations comprise a long train of single notes with 2–13 notes per call, 42–43 notes per minute, and a dominant frequency of 3,488–4,048 Hz, which differs from related species in the genus. Mitochondrial data suggest that H. pinguis is sister to H. delatorreae and not part of the H. pulchellus clade as previously suspected. Two specimens described as H. pulchellus are placed separately from the main H. pulchellus clade and require taxonomic revision, including a specimen from Monte Olivo (Ecuador) that groups with H. pinguis but is highly divergent (uncorrected pairwise distance of 3.9% for 16S). This could either be a divergent mitochondrial lineage of H. pinguis that would extend its range substantially to the south or be an undescribed taxon in need of further study. Overall, the mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstructions, genetic distances, and distinct vocalization calls suggest that H. pinguis is a valid species and not a junior synonym of H. pulchellus, and its small known distribution make it a conservation priority. Further systematic research on Hyloxalus is needed, including the collection of nuclear genetic data, to fully understand this understudied genus that likely harbors additional undescribed diversity.
{"title":"Distribution Update, Advertisement Call, and Phylogenetic Position of the Malvasá Rocket Frog, Hyloxalus pinguis (Anura: Dendrobatidae)","authors":"Gustavo Adolfo Pisso-Florez, Andrés Felipe Liévano-Bonilla, Glib Mazepa, Kevin P. Mulder, H. Ramírez-Chaves","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-22-00002.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-22-00002.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Malvasá rocket frog, Hyloxalus pinguis, is a poorly studied species with a restricted distribution and limited data on its natural history. Its taxonomic status is also uncertain, with some researchers considering it to be a junior synonym of H. pulchellus. We explore the differences between H. pinguis and other species within the genus, update its distribution, including two new localities, describe its vocalizations, and provide the first genetic data and images in life. The species is known exclusively from disturbed areas within high Andean ecosystems in southwestern Colombia at 2,930–3,205 m above sea level (a.s.l.). All new localities were close to small creeks and wetlands. The vocalizations comprise a long train of single notes with 2–13 notes per call, 42–43 notes per minute, and a dominant frequency of 3,488–4,048 Hz, which differs from related species in the genus. Mitochondrial data suggest that H. pinguis is sister to H. delatorreae and not part of the H. pulchellus clade as previously suspected. Two specimens described as H. pulchellus are placed separately from the main H. pulchellus clade and require taxonomic revision, including a specimen from Monte Olivo (Ecuador) that groups with H. pinguis but is highly divergent (uncorrected pairwise distance of 3.9% for 16S). This could either be a divergent mitochondrial lineage of H. pinguis that would extend its range substantially to the south or be an undescribed taxon in need of further study. Overall, the mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstructions, genetic distances, and distinct vocalization calls suggest that H. pinguis is a valid species and not a junior synonym of H. pulchellus, and its small known distribution make it a conservation priority. Further systematic research on Hyloxalus is needed, including the collection of nuclear genetic data, to fully understand this understudied genus that likely harbors additional undescribed diversity.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43667170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00033.1
P. M. Leiva, M. Lábaque, C. Piña, M. Simoncini
Abstract. Studies on crocodilians indicate that energy investment in reproduction is conditioned by prey availability, which is in turn affected by rainfall. Therefore, environmental variables may affect individual body condition (BC) and physiological condition (PC). We evaluated the influence of climatic factors on the BC and PC of wild reproductive female Caiman latirostris and their performance in different seasons. We found no relationship between female BC and climatic variables, which indicates that only females that have managed to overcome a minimum required BC can reproduce and suggests that the minimum BC is not fixed. Females with higher BC produced nests with greater hatching success, proving that if there is a minimum energy threshold that triggers reproduction; once the threshold is surpassed the excess energy may be invested in quality of progeny. We observed that as rainfall increases in river headwaters in March–April, clutch size decreases, indicating that in years with lower rainfall, only larger females may reproduce. Regarding PC, muscle fatty acid (FA) indicated C18:2 has a strong association with minimum temperatures in September, suggesting that temperatures of the first warm months determine the availability of food. Also, variation in plasma FA are associated with precipitation in October and December, showing that precipitation influences diet and PC. We conclude that rainfall and minimum ambient temperatures modulate the reproduction of C. latirostris and the dynamics of the population as a whole. Also, BC is a useful indicator for evaluating reproductive performance and PC is a useful indicator to evaluate nutritional status of populations. Resumen. Estudios en cocodrilianos indican que la energía invertida en reproducción es condicionada por la disponibilidad de presas, el que a su vez es afectado por las precipitaciones. Por lo tanto, variables ambientales podrían afectar la condición corporal (CC) y condición fisiológica (CF) de los individuos. Evaluamos la influencia de los factores climáticos en CC y CF en la reproducción de hembras silvestres de Caiman latirostris y su performance en diferentes temporadas. No encontramos relación entre la CC de las hembras y variables climáticas, lo que indica que solo las hembras que alcanzan una CC mínima requerida se reproducirán; lo que sugiere que esta CC mínimo no es fijo. Las hembras con mayor CC produjeron nidos con mayor éxito de eclosión, lo que demuestra que si hay un umbral mínimo de energía que desencadena la reproducción, una vez superado el umbral el exceso de energía puede invertirse en la calidad de la progenie. Observamos que, a medida que aumentan las precipitaciones en las cabeceras de los ríos durante marzo–abril, disminuye el tamaño de las puestas, lo que indica que en los años con menos precipitaciones sólo se reproducen las hembras de mayor tamaño. En cuanto a la CF, el ácido graso (AG) muscular C18:2 tiene una fuerte asociación con las temperaturas míni
摘要对鳄鱼的研究表明，繁殖的能量投入取决于猎物的可用性，而猎物的可用性又受降雨的影响。因此，环境变量可能影响个体身体状况(BC)和生理状况(PC)。研究了气候因素对野生繁殖雌凯门鳄BC和PC的影响及其在不同季节的表现。我们发现雌性的BC和气候变量之间没有关系，这表明只有那些设法克服了最低BC要求的雌性才能繁殖，并且表明最低BC不是固定的。BC值较高的雌鸟筑巢孵化成功率更高，这证明，如果有一个最低能量阈值，就会触发繁殖;一旦超过这个阈值，多余的能量就会投入到后代的质量上。我们观察到，3 - 4月，随着河流源头降雨量的增加，产卵数量减少，表明在降雨量较少的年份，只有较大的雌虫才能繁殖。在PC方面，肌肉脂肪酸(FA)表明C18:2与9月份的最低温度有很强的相关性，表明第一个温暖月份的温度决定了食物的可得性。此外，血浆FA的变化与10月和12月的降水有关，表明降水影响饮食和PC。我们得出结论，降雨和最低环境温度调节了黑桫椤的繁殖和种群的整体动态。BC是评价种群繁殖性能的有效指标，PC是评价种群营养状况的有效指标。Resumen。Estudios en cocodrilianos indican que la energía invertida and reproducción es condiada por la disabilidad de presas, el que a suveas as as影响pecectado la降水。Por lo tanto，变量ambientales podrían afectar la condición下士(CC) y condición fisiológica (CF) de los individuos。通过不同时期的绩效评估对各因素的影响climáticos en CC和CF en la reproducción de embras silvestres de Caiman latirostris。No encontramos relación centre la CC de las hembras y variables climáticas, lo que indicque que solo las hembras que alcanzan una CC mínima requerida se reproducirán;不，不，不，不，不，不，不。Las hembras con mayor CC producdjeron nidos con mayor阴郁阴郁的eclosión，阴郁阴郁的阴郁阴郁的mínimo阴郁阴郁的energía阴郁阴郁的reproducción，阴郁阴郁的阴郁阴郁的energía阴郁阴郁的阴郁阴郁的阴郁阴郁的阴郁阴郁的阴郁阴郁。天文台，一个媒体，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水，发现了大量的降水tamaño。En guanto a la CF, el ácido graso (AG) muscular C18:2 tiene una fuerte asociación con las temperature mínimas En septiembre, lo que sugiere que las temperature de los primeros meses cálidos determinan la disponidad de alimento。Además, la variación de los perfiles de AG plasmáticos estociada a las。Además, la CC es un指标útil para - evaluation el rendimiento reproductive - index . la CC es un指标útil para - evaluation el estado nutrition de las poblaciones。
{"title":"Influence of Climatic Variables on Corporal Attributes of Adult Female Caiman and Their Relationship with Reproductive Success","authors":"P. M. Leiva, M. Lábaque, C. Piña, M. Simoncini","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00033.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00033.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Studies on crocodilians indicate that energy investment in reproduction is conditioned by prey availability, which is in turn affected by rainfall. Therefore, environmental variables may affect individual body condition (BC) and physiological condition (PC). We evaluated the influence of climatic factors on the BC and PC of wild reproductive female Caiman latirostris and their performance in different seasons. We found no relationship between female BC and climatic variables, which indicates that only females that have managed to overcome a minimum required BC can reproduce and suggests that the minimum BC is not fixed. Females with higher BC produced nests with greater hatching success, proving that if there is a minimum energy threshold that triggers reproduction; once the threshold is surpassed the excess energy may be invested in quality of progeny. We observed that as rainfall increases in river headwaters in March–April, clutch size decreases, indicating that in years with lower rainfall, only larger females may reproduce. Regarding PC, muscle fatty acid (FA) indicated C18:2 has a strong association with minimum temperatures in September, suggesting that temperatures of the first warm months determine the availability of food. Also, variation in plasma FA are associated with precipitation in October and December, showing that precipitation influences diet and PC. We conclude that rainfall and minimum ambient temperatures modulate the reproduction of C. latirostris and the dynamics of the population as a whole. Also, BC is a useful indicator for evaluating reproductive performance and PC is a useful indicator to evaluate nutritional status of populations. Resumen. Estudios en cocodrilianos indican que la energía invertida en reproducción es condicionada por la disponibilidad de presas, el que a su vez es afectado por las precipitaciones. Por lo tanto, variables ambientales podrían afectar la condición corporal (CC) y condición fisiológica (CF) de los individuos. Evaluamos la influencia de los factores climáticos en CC y CF en la reproducción de hembras silvestres de Caiman latirostris y su performance en diferentes temporadas. No encontramos relación entre la CC de las hembras y variables climáticas, lo que indica que solo las hembras que alcanzan una CC mínima requerida se reproducirán; lo que sugiere que esta CC mínimo no es fijo. Las hembras con mayor CC produjeron nidos con mayor éxito de eclosión, lo que demuestra que si hay un umbral mínimo de energía que desencadena la reproducción, una vez superado el umbral el exceso de energía puede invertirse en la calidad de la progenie. Observamos que, a medida que aumentan las precipitaciones en las cabeceras de los ríos durante marzo–abril, disminuye el tamaño de las puestas, lo que indica que en los años con menos precipitaciones sólo se reproducen las hembras de mayor tamaño. En cuanto a la CF, el ácido graso (AG) muscular C18:2 tiene una fuerte asociación con las temperaturas míni","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43678564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00049.1
Francis L. S. Caldas, Gabriela Santos Tupy, J. S. V. Luduvice, José Leilton Vilanova-Júnior, Whendel Silva Rodrigues, R. G. Faria
Abstract. Competition can generate different ecomorphological patterns resulting in trade-offs, considering that certain resources are better used than others. We investigated how three species of Boana share resources in Serra de Itabaiana National Park and how morphology and environment cause trade-offs in interactions. We hypothesized that the large body size of B. faber might favor coexistence, allowing niche segregation with the other, smaller species B. albomarginata and B. pombali. Data collection occurred in the dry season of 2019 through active search at 18:00–22:00. We obtained microhabitat data for the species, recorded morphometric measurements, and analyzed gastrointestinal contents. There is evidence of resource partitioning in vertical space, as the large species occurs at ground level while the smaller congeners are found on higher perches. We hypothesize that lower sites can better support the large B. faber at our study site. There are no differences in the trophic niche, as prey volumes did not differ among the three species. Nevertheless, the size factor rendered low niche overlaps between B. faber and B. albomarginata, which are the phylogenetically closest species. Moreover, the species consumed typical prey of certain height ranges and accessed different items with high energy or hydric value. We believe that the sampling period performed in the dry season provides important trade-offs between the species studied with body size and ecological factors being crucial in this.
摘要考虑到某些资源比其他资源得到更好的利用，竞争可以产生不同的生态形态模式，从而产生权衡。我们调查了三种Boana如何在Serra de Itabaiana国家公园共享资源，以及形态和环境如何导致相互作用的权衡。我们假设，B.faber的大体型可能有利于共存，允许与其他较小的物种B.albomarginata和B.pombali进行生态位分离。通过18:00-22:00的主动搜索，数据采集发生在2019年旱季。我们获得了该物种的微生境数据，记录了形态计量学测量结果，并分析了胃肠道内容物。有证据表明，垂直空间中存在资源分配，因为大型物种出现在地面，而小型同类则出现在较高的栖息处。我们假设较低的位点可以更好地支持我们研究位点的大型B.faber。营养生态位没有差异，因为三个物种之间的猎物数量没有差异。然而，大小因素导致B.faber和B.albomarginata之间的生态位重叠较低，这两个物种是系统发育上最接近的物种。此外，该物种消耗了特定高度范围的典型猎物，并获得了具有高能量或高氢能价值的不同物品。我们认为，在旱季进行的采样期为所研究的物种之间提供了重要的权衡，其中体型和生态因素至关重要。
{"title":"Trade-Offs between Ecomorphology and Autoecology Enable the Coexistence of Tree Frogs (Hylidae: Boana spp.) during the Dry Season in an Atlantic Forest Area of Northeastern Brazil","authors":"Francis L. S. Caldas, Gabriela Santos Tupy, J. S. V. Luduvice, José Leilton Vilanova-Júnior, Whendel Silva Rodrigues, R. G. Faria","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00049.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00049.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Competition can generate different ecomorphological patterns resulting in trade-offs, considering that certain resources are better used than others. We investigated how three species of Boana share resources in Serra de Itabaiana National Park and how morphology and environment cause trade-offs in interactions. We hypothesized that the large body size of B. faber might favor coexistence, allowing niche segregation with the other, smaller species B. albomarginata and B. pombali. Data collection occurred in the dry season of 2019 through active search at 18:00–22:00. We obtained microhabitat data for the species, recorded morphometric measurements, and analyzed gastrointestinal contents. There is evidence of resource partitioning in vertical space, as the large species occurs at ground level while the smaller congeners are found on higher perches. We hypothesize that lower sites can better support the large B. faber at our study site. There are no differences in the trophic niche, as prey volumes did not differ among the three species. Nevertheless, the size factor rendered low niche overlaps between B. faber and B. albomarginata, which are the phylogenetically closest species. Moreover, the species consumed typical prey of certain height ranges and accessed different items with high energy or hydric value. We believe that the sampling period performed in the dry season provides important trade-offs between the species studied with body size and ecological factors being crucial in this.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49423041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00018.1
Dener das Neves-da-Silva, B. Soares, C. W. Castelo Branco, Ana Maria Paulino Telles de Carvalho-e-Silva
Abstract. Tadpoles display a wide variation in both ecology and morphology. Their ecomorphological variation can be characterized by classification schemes based on specific traits or quantifying traits representing ecological differences. Here, we describe the ecomorphospace of tadpoles inhabiting Atlantic Forest streams and compare it to a widely used ecomorphological guild classification scheme. Ecomorphological traits were quantified from linear measurements of the larval body plan, oral disc position, and flagella presence. We recorded 19 tadpole species classified into seven ecomorphological guilds. Nektonic and neustonic species were clear-cut segregated from the remaining guilds. Nonetheless, the benthic-nektonic axis of ecomorphological variation harbors an intermediary guild between the nektonic and the benthic species. A clustering approach failed to retrieve the ecomorphological guilds primarily by not discerning differences among benthic specialized guilds. Hence, despite the common application of ecomorphological traits to characterize tadpole functional diversity, it seems that alternative traits are necessary to achieve such a goal.
{"title":"Ecological Guilds Display Different Morphological Traits in Tadpoles Inhabiting Neotropical Streams","authors":"Dener das Neves-da-Silva, B. Soares, C. W. Castelo Branco, Ana Maria Paulino Telles de Carvalho-e-Silva","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00018.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00018.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Tadpoles display a wide variation in both ecology and morphology. Their ecomorphological variation can be characterized by classification schemes based on specific traits or quantifying traits representing ecological differences. Here, we describe the ecomorphospace of tadpoles inhabiting Atlantic Forest streams and compare it to a widely used ecomorphological guild classification scheme. Ecomorphological traits were quantified from linear measurements of the larval body plan, oral disc position, and flagella presence. We recorded 19 tadpole species classified into seven ecomorphological guilds. Nektonic and neustonic species were clear-cut segregated from the remaining guilds. Nonetheless, the benthic-nektonic axis of ecomorphological variation harbors an intermediary guild between the nektonic and the benthic species. A clustering approach failed to retrieve the ecomorphological guilds primarily by not discerning differences among benthic specialized guilds. Hence, despite the common application of ecomorphological traits to characterize tadpole functional diversity, it seems that alternative traits are necessary to achieve such a goal.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44654434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00049.1
C. Crespo, I. Ramos, S. Cisint, Ana L. Iruzubieta-Villagra, S. Fernández
Abstract. In amphibians, the presence in the fertilization medium of diffusible components from the jelly coat, called diffusible factors, is indispensable. However, few studies of anuran species have characterized the biomolecule capable of inducing the acrosome reaction. Our previous studies of a species of anuran amphibian (Rhinella arenarum) from the Andean Yungas of northwestern Argentina demonstrated that uterine oocytes that contain the jelly coat lose fertilizability in the insemination medium depending on washing time and washing medium. Such loss can be reversed by the addition of all the proteins and glycoproteins from the diffusible factor (DF), an effect that reaches a maximum with the addition of exogenous Ca2+. In the present study, we employed an experimental model to demonstrate the biological effect of DF and of four purified protein fractions from DF on conditioning coelomic oocytes. Our experiments demonstrated that only purified fraction 2 of DF, which contains only a 74 KDa diffusible glycoprotein (gp74), caused characteristic modifications on the surface of the conditioned coelomic oocytes, identical to the ones generated by the acrosomal lysine solution. These modifications of the oocytes did not occur in the absence of sperm in the medium. Furthermore, previous treatment of a sperm suspension with gp74 and later incubation of the supernatant obtained from this pretreatment with the conditioned coelomic oocytes caused the same lytic effect on the oocyte surface, confirming that gp74 participates by inducing the release of the acrosomal content in the insemination medium. These results are a new contribution to the knowledge on the fertilization of this anuran species and allow us to continue with the study of the gp74 receptor in the spermatozoon.
{"title":"Biological Effect of the Jelly Coat Diffusible Biomolecule of Rhinella arenarum in the Gametic Interaction during Fertilization","authors":"C. Crespo, I. Ramos, S. Cisint, Ana L. Iruzubieta-Villagra, S. Fernández","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00049.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00049.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In amphibians, the presence in the fertilization medium of diffusible components from the jelly coat, called diffusible factors, is indispensable. However, few studies of anuran species have characterized the biomolecule capable of inducing the acrosome reaction. Our previous studies of a species of anuran amphibian (Rhinella arenarum) from the Andean Yungas of northwestern Argentina demonstrated that uterine oocytes that contain the jelly coat lose fertilizability in the insemination medium depending on washing time and washing medium. Such loss can be reversed by the addition of all the proteins and glycoproteins from the diffusible factor (DF), an effect that reaches a maximum with the addition of exogenous Ca2+. In the present study, we employed an experimental model to demonstrate the biological effect of DF and of four purified protein fractions from DF on conditioning coelomic oocytes. Our experiments demonstrated that only purified fraction 2 of DF, which contains only a 74 KDa diffusible glycoprotein (gp74), caused characteristic modifications on the surface of the conditioned coelomic oocytes, identical to the ones generated by the acrosomal lysine solution. These modifications of the oocytes did not occur in the absence of sperm in the medium. Furthermore, previous treatment of a sperm suspension with gp74 and later incubation of the supernatant obtained from this pretreatment with the conditioned coelomic oocytes caused the same lytic effect on the oocyte surface, confirming that gp74 participates by inducing the release of the acrosomal content in the insemination medium. These results are a new contribution to the knowledge on the fertilization of this anuran species and allow us to continue with the study of the gp74 receptor in the spermatozoon.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43738353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00012.1
F. J. Zamora‐Camacho, M. Comas, Guillem Pascual, G. Moreno-Rueda
Abstract. Marking methods that do not affect survival are crucial to study anuran demography. Toe-clipping is among the most frequent marking methods in anurans. Nonetheless, the potential effect of toe-clipping on locomotion—and consequently on survival—is controversial. We studied a free-ranging population of Iberian green frogs (Pelophylax perezi) to test whether toe-clipping reduces jumping distance. Also, we compared return rates of frogs identified by toe-clipping and tagging with passive integrated transponders (PITs) after 1 year. We found no effect of toe-clipping on jumping distance, which minimizes the likelihood of toe-clipping diminishing return rates. Accordingly, we detected similar return rates in frogs marked by toe-clipping and PIT-tagging. Both techniques proved similarly efficient, although toe-clipping is cheaper and faster than PIT-tagging. Resumen. Para estudiar la demografía de los anuros, son cruciales métodos de marcaje que no afecten a la supervivencia. El corte de dedos está entre los métodos de marcaje más frecuentes en los anuros. Sin embargo, el efecto potencial del corte de dedos sobre la locomoción—y, en consecuencia, sobre la supervivencia—es controvertido. En este trabajo, estudiamos una población silvestre de rana verde común (Pelophylax perezi) para testar si el corte de dedos reduce la distancia de salto. Al cabo de un año, también comparamos las tasas de retorno—y, por ende, la supervivencia—de ranas sometidas a corte de dedos o a marcaje por PIT. No encontramos efecto del corte de dedos en la distancia de salto de estas ranas, lo que minimiza la posibilidad de que el corte de dedos afecte a las tasas de retorno. En consonancia, detectamos tasas de retorno similares en ranas marcadas por corte de dedos y por PIT. Ambas técnicas demostraron una eficiencia similar, aunque el corte de dedos es más barato y rápido que el marcaje por PIT.
{"title":"The Effect of Toe-Clipping on Locomotor Performance and Return Rates in a Frog","authors":"F. J. Zamora‐Camacho, M. Comas, Guillem Pascual, G. Moreno-Rueda","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00012.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00012.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Marking methods that do not affect survival are crucial to study anuran demography. Toe-clipping is among the most frequent marking methods in anurans. Nonetheless, the potential effect of toe-clipping on locomotion—and consequently on survival—is controversial. We studied a free-ranging population of Iberian green frogs (Pelophylax perezi) to test whether toe-clipping reduces jumping distance. Also, we compared return rates of frogs identified by toe-clipping and tagging with passive integrated transponders (PITs) after 1 year. We found no effect of toe-clipping on jumping distance, which minimizes the likelihood of toe-clipping diminishing return rates. Accordingly, we detected similar return rates in frogs marked by toe-clipping and PIT-tagging. Both techniques proved similarly efficient, although toe-clipping is cheaper and faster than PIT-tagging. Resumen. Para estudiar la demografía de los anuros, son cruciales métodos de marcaje que no afecten a la supervivencia. El corte de dedos está entre los métodos de marcaje más frecuentes en los anuros. Sin embargo, el efecto potencial del corte de dedos sobre la locomoción—y, en consecuencia, sobre la supervivencia—es controvertido. En este trabajo, estudiamos una población silvestre de rana verde común (Pelophylax perezi) para testar si el corte de dedos reduce la distancia de salto. Al cabo de un año, también comparamos las tasas de retorno—y, por ende, la supervivencia—de ranas sometidas a corte de dedos o a marcaje por PIT. No encontramos efecto del corte de dedos en la distancia de salto de estas ranas, lo que minimiza la posibilidad de que el corte de dedos afecte a las tasas de retorno. En consonancia, detectamos tasas de retorno similares en ranas marcadas por corte de dedos y por PIT. Ambas técnicas demostraron una eficiencia similar, aunque el corte de dedos es más barato y rápido que el marcaje por PIT.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41650369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-22-00038.1
Katyuscia Araujo-Vieira, A. C. C. Lourenço, J. V. A. Lacerda, Mariana L. Lyra, Boris L. Blotto, S. Ron, D. Baldo, M. Pereyra, Ángela M. Suárez-Mayorga, Délio Baêta, Rodrigo B. Ferreira, C. Barrio-Amorós, C. Borteiro, Reuber A. Brandão, C. A. Brasileiro, M. A. Donnelly, M. J. Dubeux, J. Köhler, F. Kolenc, Felipe Sá Fortes Leite, N. M. Maciel, I. Nunes, V. Orrico, P. Peloso, T. Pezzuti, S. Reichle, Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, H. R. da Silva, M. Sturaro, J. A. Langone, P. Garcia, M. Rodrigues, D. Frost, W. Wheeler, T. Grant, José P. Pombal, C. Haddad, J. Faivovich
Abstract. Scinax is the most species-rich genus of Neotropical treefrogs, with 129 currently recognized species divided between two major clades, the S. catharinae and S. ruber clades. The S. catharinae clade includes 52 species currently placed in the S. perpusillus and S. catharinae groups, whereas the S. ruber clade is composed of 77 species, 13 of which are included in two species groups: the S. rostratus and S. uruguayus groups, with all 64 remaining species being unassigned to any group. Although some studies have addressed the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, its relationships remain poorly understood. To test the monophyly of the genus, its major clades, and the currently recognized species groups, and the relationships within and among them, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis including sequences of five mitochondrial (portions of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I, and 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, plus three intervening tRNAs) and six nuclear genes (portions of chemokine receptor type 4, proopiomelanocortin, seven in absentia homolog 1, recombination activating gene 1, rhodopsin exon 1, and tyrosinase), and 159 phenotypic characters. The dataset included 121 of the 129 known species of Scinax and many unnamed species. Most species are represented by multiple specimens, including topotypic material for approximately 52% of the species. As a result of this analysis, we partition Scinax into three genera. We restrict Scinax to most species of the former S. ruber clade and divide its species among 13 species groups: the S. auratus, S. boesemani, S. cruentomma, S. danae, S. elaeochroa, S. eurydice, S. funereus, S. fuscomarginatus, S. fuscovarius, S. granulatus, S. nasicus, S. rostratus, and S. squalirostris groups; only one species (S. pachycrus) remains unassigned to any group. To eliminate the paraphyly of Scinax, we redefine Julianus—originally erected for the S. uruguayus group—to include the former S. camposseabrai. We recognize Ololygon for the species of the former S. catharinae clade and divide its species among seven species groups: the O. agilis, O. argyreornata, O. belloni, O. cardosoi, O. catharinae, O. feioi, and O. perpusilla groups. All species groups of the three recognized genera of Scinaxini are discussed, diagnosed, characterized—in many cases using phenotypic synapomorphies—and taxonomic comments are provided for many species. Our study further revealed 57 candidate species, an increase of 44.2% of the recognized species in the tribe, highlighting how far we are from fully understanding the diversity of this clade of Neotropical treefrogs.
{"title":"Treefrog Diversity in the Neotropics: Phylogenetic Relationships of Scinaxini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)","authors":"Katyuscia Araujo-Vieira, A. C. C. Lourenço, J. V. A. Lacerda, Mariana L. Lyra, Boris L. Blotto, S. Ron, D. Baldo, M. Pereyra, Ángela M. Suárez-Mayorga, Délio Baêta, Rodrigo B. Ferreira, C. Barrio-Amorós, C. Borteiro, Reuber A. Brandão, C. A. Brasileiro, M. A. Donnelly, M. J. Dubeux, J. Köhler, F. Kolenc, Felipe Sá Fortes Leite, N. M. Maciel, I. Nunes, V. Orrico, P. Peloso, T. Pezzuti, S. Reichle, Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, H. R. da Silva, M. Sturaro, J. A. Langone, P. Garcia, M. Rodrigues, D. Frost, W. Wheeler, T. Grant, José P. Pombal, C. Haddad, J. Faivovich","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-22-00038.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-22-00038.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Scinax is the most species-rich genus of Neotropical treefrogs, with 129 currently recognized species divided between two major clades, the S. catharinae and S. ruber clades. The S. catharinae clade includes 52 species currently placed in the S. perpusillus and S. catharinae groups, whereas the S. ruber clade is composed of 77 species, 13 of which are included in two species groups: the S. rostratus and S. uruguayus groups, with all 64 remaining species being unassigned to any group. Although some studies have addressed the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, its relationships remain poorly understood. To test the monophyly of the genus, its major clades, and the currently recognized species groups, and the relationships within and among them, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis including sequences of five mitochondrial (portions of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I, and 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, plus three intervening tRNAs) and six nuclear genes (portions of chemokine receptor type 4, proopiomelanocortin, seven in absentia homolog 1, recombination activating gene 1, rhodopsin exon 1, and tyrosinase), and 159 phenotypic characters. The dataset included 121 of the 129 known species of Scinax and many unnamed species. Most species are represented by multiple specimens, including topotypic material for approximately 52% of the species. As a result of this analysis, we partition Scinax into three genera. We restrict Scinax to most species of the former S. ruber clade and divide its species among 13 species groups: the S. auratus, S. boesemani, S. cruentomma, S. danae, S. elaeochroa, S. eurydice, S. funereus, S. fuscomarginatus, S. fuscovarius, S. granulatus, S. nasicus, S. rostratus, and S. squalirostris groups; only one species (S. pachycrus) remains unassigned to any group. To eliminate the paraphyly of Scinax, we redefine Julianus—originally erected for the S. uruguayus group—to include the former S. camposseabrai. We recognize Ololygon for the species of the former S. catharinae clade and divide its species among seven species groups: the O. agilis, O. argyreornata, O. belloni, O. cardosoi, O. catharinae, O. feioi, and O. perpusilla groups. All species groups of the three recognized genera of Scinaxini are discussed, diagnosed, characterized—in many cases using phenotypic synapomorphies—and taxonomic comments are provided for many species. Our study further revealed 57 candidate species, an increase of 44.2% of the recognized species in the tribe, highlighting how far we are from fully understanding the diversity of this clade of Neotropical treefrogs.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47526995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover and Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.2994/sajh-27-00000.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/sajh-27-00000.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47857721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00002.1
M. L. Bustos, Matías N. Sánchez, G. Teibler, M. E. Peichoto
Abstract. This study aimed to evaluate the status of parasitic infections of colubrid snakes living in serpentariums in northeastern Argentina. Specimens were analyzed through clinical examination and coproparasitological surveys. In cases of death, specimens were necropsied, and histopathological exams were performed to determine its cause(s). Out of 30 specimens examined from 12 different species, parasites were found in 25 of them (83%). Nematodes were most common, with rhabdiasid and ascaridid helminths accounting for 57% and 40% of all infections, respectively. Further, the ascarid Hexametra boddaertii was identified in a specimen of Erythrolamprus aesculapii. Coccidian, digenean, and pentastomid parasites were also found less frequently. We identified the pentastomids Raillietiella furcocerca and Cephalobaena tetrapoda in specimens of Pseudablabes patagoniensis. We revealed systemic lesions induced by endoparasites, including enteritis and detachment of the gut mucosa by ascarids, tissue granulomas by rhabdiasids, and pulmonary microhemorrhages by pentastomids. Additionally, rhabdiasid-induced lesions in Duvernoy's gland were shown for the first time. Regarding ectoparasites, we identified the tick Amblyomma dissimile in a specimen of P. patagoniensis. On the whole, this study provides relevant information about the prevalence and pathophysiological effects of parasites on captive colubrids and paves the way for treatment strategies of such infections.
{"title":"Parasitic Fauna of Captive Snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Northeastern Argentina","authors":"M. L. Bustos, Matías N. Sánchez, G. Teibler, M. E. Peichoto","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00002.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00002.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study aimed to evaluate the status of parasitic infections of colubrid snakes living in serpentariums in northeastern Argentina. Specimens were analyzed through clinical examination and coproparasitological surveys. In cases of death, specimens were necropsied, and histopathological exams were performed to determine its cause(s). Out of 30 specimens examined from 12 different species, parasites were found in 25 of them (83%). Nematodes were most common, with rhabdiasid and ascaridid helminths accounting for 57% and 40% of all infections, respectively. Further, the ascarid Hexametra boddaertii was identified in a specimen of Erythrolamprus aesculapii. Coccidian, digenean, and pentastomid parasites were also found less frequently. We identified the pentastomids Raillietiella furcocerca and Cephalobaena tetrapoda in specimens of Pseudablabes patagoniensis. We revealed systemic lesions induced by endoparasites, including enteritis and detachment of the gut mucosa by ascarids, tissue granulomas by rhabdiasids, and pulmonary microhemorrhages by pentastomids. Additionally, rhabdiasid-induced lesions in Duvernoy's gland were shown for the first time. Regarding ectoparasites, we identified the tick Amblyomma dissimile in a specimen of P. patagoniensis. On the whole, this study provides relevant information about the prevalence and pathophysiological effects of parasites on captive colubrids and paves the way for treatment strategies of such infections.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48706825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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