{"title":"Cover and Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.2994/sajh-26-00000.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/sajh-26-00000.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"26 1","pages":"c1 - c2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45967518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00010.1
G. Cardozo, S. Naretto, Cecilia S. Blengini, M. Chiaraviglio
Abstract. Reproductive strategies can be characterized according to how often and when females reproduce, how much they invest, and how reproductive investment is distributed. Plasticity can lead to changes in reproductive strategies associated with some age/size classes. Therefore, elucidating associations between maternal morphological traits and reproductive investment over the lifespan will contribute to the understanding of the meaning of female phenotypic variability. Lizards have been an interesting model group for studying reproductive strategies from an ecological and evolutionary perspective in recent decades due to their life-history diversity. The aim of this work was to elucidate variations in the reproductive investment of females according to their multivariate morphology in order to understand if the expression of phenotypic variability is accompanied by variability in reproductive strategies of females in Salvator merianae. We found an annual-biennial pattern of reproduction dependent on female phenotype. Fat storage and follicle development were plastic traits that varied with female body size. Moreover, multiple phenotypic traits other than body length were signs of the reproductive value of a female; tail and abdominal perimeter were related to potential clutch mass and clutch size, respectively. Oviductal traits varied among females of different body length and were determinant of clutch size. Mass of total clutch and individual eggs varied independently of the number of offspring and were inversely related to interlimb length. Therefore, the variability found in the different reproductive traits associated to morphological traits indicates that variability in reproductive strategies is related to multivariate maternal phenotype, although the species does not exhibit discrete phenotypic differences. Resumen. Las estrategias reproductivas pueden ser caracterizadas de acuerdo a: cuán frecuente y cuándo las hembras se reproducen, cuánto invierten y de qué manera su inversión reproductiva es distribuida en las camadas. La plasticidad de los caracteres puede conducir a cambios en las estrategias reproductivas asociados con las clases de tamaño/edad. Por lo tanto, elucidar las asociaciones entre rasgos morfológicos maternos y la inversión reproductiva a lo largo de la vida contribuirá al entendimiento del significado de la variabilidad fenotípica de las hembras. Los lagartos han sido un interesante grupo modelo para el estudio de las estrategias reproductivas en las décadas recientes, tanto desde una perspectiva ecológica como evolutiva, debido a la diversidad de sus historias de vida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elucidar variaciones en la inversión reproductiva de las hembras de acuerdo a su morfología multivariada para comprender si la expresión de la variabilidad fenotípica está acompañada de variabilidad en las estrategias reproductivas de hembras de Salvator merianae. Nosotros encontramos un patrón de reproducción anual-bi
{"title":"Reproductive Strategies in Relation to Maternal Phenotype in a Model Lizard (Salvator merianae)","authors":"G. Cardozo, S. Naretto, Cecilia S. Blengini, M. Chiaraviglio","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00010.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00010.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Reproductive strategies can be characterized according to how often and when females reproduce, how much they invest, and how reproductive investment is distributed. Plasticity can lead to changes in reproductive strategies associated with some age/size classes. Therefore, elucidating associations between maternal morphological traits and reproductive investment over the lifespan will contribute to the understanding of the meaning of female phenotypic variability. Lizards have been an interesting model group for studying reproductive strategies from an ecological and evolutionary perspective in recent decades due to their life-history diversity. The aim of this work was to elucidate variations in the reproductive investment of females according to their multivariate morphology in order to understand if the expression of phenotypic variability is accompanied by variability in reproductive strategies of females in Salvator merianae. We found an annual-biennial pattern of reproduction dependent on female phenotype. Fat storage and follicle development were plastic traits that varied with female body size. Moreover, multiple phenotypic traits other than body length were signs of the reproductive value of a female; tail and abdominal perimeter were related to potential clutch mass and clutch size, respectively. Oviductal traits varied among females of different body length and were determinant of clutch size. Mass of total clutch and individual eggs varied independently of the number of offspring and were inversely related to interlimb length. Therefore, the variability found in the different reproductive traits associated to morphological traits indicates that variability in reproductive strategies is related to multivariate maternal phenotype, although the species does not exhibit discrete phenotypic differences. Resumen. Las estrategias reproductivas pueden ser caracterizadas de acuerdo a: cuán frecuente y cuándo las hembras se reproducen, cuánto invierten y de qué manera su inversión reproductiva es distribuida en las camadas. La plasticidad de los caracteres puede conducir a cambios en las estrategias reproductivas asociados con las clases de tamaño/edad. Por lo tanto, elucidar las asociaciones entre rasgos morfológicos maternos y la inversión reproductiva a lo largo de la vida contribuirá al entendimiento del significado de la variabilidad fenotípica de las hembras. Los lagartos han sido un interesante grupo modelo para el estudio de las estrategias reproductivas en las décadas recientes, tanto desde una perspectiva ecológica como evolutiva, debido a la diversidad de sus historias de vida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elucidar variaciones en la inversión reproductiva de las hembras de acuerdo a su morfología multivariada para comprender si la expresión de la variabilidad fenotípica está acompañada de variabilidad en las estrategias reproductivas de hembras de Salvator merianae. Nosotros encontramos un patrón de reproducción anual-bi","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00046.1
Wendoline Gómez Franco, Geoffrey R. Smith, J. Lemos‐Espinal
Abstract. The ridged treefrog, Dryophytes plicatus, is currently categorized as threatened by the Mexican government. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the ecology or the conservation threats confronting D. plicatus. Here, we examine how aspects of the terrestrial (proportion of visits with evidence of livestock, distance to nearest trees) and aquatic (proportion of visits with water, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, water temperature, stream width, water depth, bank height, water velocity) habitat affects the distribution of D. plicatus along the Arroyo del Axolotes, a stream in the mountains surrounding Mexico City. The distribution of adult D. plicatus was positively related to the proportion of visits during which a study reach had water. The distribution of larval D. plicatus was negatively related to the proportion of visits with evidence of livestock and water velocity, and positively related to stream width. In conclusion, the extent of current anthropogenic impacts on the distribution of D. plicatus along the Arroyo los Axolotes is currently limited; however, the effects of humans on this relatively unspoiled stream is likely to increase.
摘要有脊的树蛙，又名plicatus，目前被墨西哥政府列为濒危物种。不幸的是，相对较少的了解生态或保护面临的威胁的D. plicatus。在这里，我们研究了陆地栖息地(有牲畜证据的访问比例，到最近树木的距离)和水生栖息地(有水的访问比例，溶解氧，总溶解固体，水温，河流宽度，水深，河岸高度，流速)如何影响D. plicatus沿Arroyo del Axolotes的分布，Arroyo del Axolotes是墨西哥城周围山区的一条河流。成虫分布与研究河段有水的到访比例呈正相关。蠓幼虫的分布与有家畜证据的访蝇比例和流速呈负相关，与河道宽度呈正相关。综上所述，目前人类活动对沿阿罗约河河蟹分布的影响程度有限;然而，人类对这条相对未受破坏的河流的影响可能会增加。
{"title":"The Role of Aquatic and Terrestrial Factors in Influencing the Abundance of Adult and Larval Dryophytes plicatus (Hylidae) Along the Arroyo Los Axolotes","authors":"Wendoline Gómez Franco, Geoffrey R. Smith, J. Lemos‐Espinal","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00046.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00046.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The ridged treefrog, Dryophytes plicatus, is currently categorized as threatened by the Mexican government. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the ecology or the conservation threats confronting D. plicatus. Here, we examine how aspects of the terrestrial (proportion of visits with evidence of livestock, distance to nearest trees) and aquatic (proportion of visits with water, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, water temperature, stream width, water depth, bank height, water velocity) habitat affects the distribution of D. plicatus along the Arroyo del Axolotes, a stream in the mountains surrounding Mexico City. The distribution of adult D. plicatus was positively related to the proportion of visits during which a study reach had water. The distribution of larval D. plicatus was negatively related to the proportion of visits with evidence of livestock and water velocity, and positively related to stream width. In conclusion, the extent of current anthropogenic impacts on the distribution of D. plicatus along the Arroyo los Axolotes is currently limited; however, the effects of humans on this relatively unspoiled stream is likely to increase.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"26 1","pages":"15 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00059.1
A. Marín, K. I. Sanchez, Mariana Morando, L. Avila
Abstract. Selective pressures vary throughout the range of a species distribution, thus favoring different phenotypes. Climate gradients in particular exert selection on the ecological and physiological performance of organisms, which often promotes morphological variation. In Patagonia, a region with harsh climatic conditions, the sister genera Phymaturus and Liolaemus include several widely co-distributed clades. One example is the Liolaemus bibronii complex and the Phymaturus patagonicus clade; these lineages differ in both morphological characteristics and life-history strategies. Co-distributed species may be similarly affected by shared environmental variables that predominate in their distributions, including patterns of morphological variation. In this study we identify and compare patterns of morphological variation in relation to geographical distribution. We used body size and head shape of species of the L. bibronii complex and the P. patagonicus clade throughout their distributions in Patagonia, and quantified the relationships between morphological variables with latitude and climatic variables. The results showed co-variation of body size and head shape between latitude and climatic variables in both clades, but these do not follow an evident pattern of morphological variation in co-distributed representatives of sister clades with different life histories and evolutionary characteristics.
{"title":"Phenotypic and Geographic Variation in Two Co-Distributed Patagonian Lizard Clades (Squamata, Liolaemini)","authors":"A. Marín, K. I. Sanchez, Mariana Morando, L. Avila","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00059.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00059.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Selective pressures vary throughout the range of a species distribution, thus favoring different phenotypes. Climate gradients in particular exert selection on the ecological and physiological performance of organisms, which often promotes morphological variation. In Patagonia, a region with harsh climatic conditions, the sister genera Phymaturus and Liolaemus include several widely co-distributed clades. One example is the Liolaemus bibronii complex and the Phymaturus patagonicus clade; these lineages differ in both morphological characteristics and life-history strategies. Co-distributed species may be similarly affected by shared environmental variables that predominate in their distributions, including patterns of morphological variation. In this study we identify and compare patterns of morphological variation in relation to geographical distribution. We used body size and head shape of species of the L. bibronii complex and the P. patagonicus clade throughout their distributions in Patagonia, and quantified the relationships between morphological variables with latitude and climatic variables. The results showed co-variation of body size and head shape between latitude and climatic variables in both clades, but these do not follow an evident pattern of morphological variation in co-distributed representatives of sister clades with different life histories and evolutionary characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"25 1","pages":"18 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42838911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00053.1
J. A. López, R. Ghirardi, M. F. Gutierrez, C. Antoniazzi, A. Lifschitz, L. Mesa
Abstract. Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic widely used in veterinary medicine around the world, and cattle injection with IVM is a common practice in wetlands of the Middle Paraná River. Approximately 45% of administered IVM is eliminated in livestock feces. Immediately after injection, cattle enter wetland for feeding and drinking, incorporating feces with IVM into aquatic systems, where it accumulates in the substrate, especially in sediments rich in organic matter. Thus, our objective was to experimentally assess the habitat selection of nektonic (Boana pulchella) and benthic (Physalaemus albonotatus) tadpoles between patches of substrate with and without IVM. The experimental units consisted of quadrangular plastic trays with the bottom divided into four internal quadrants, two filled to 1 cm depth with IVM-free substrate and the other two with substrate containing IVM (nominal IVM concentrations were 3000 ng/g substrate fresh weight), filled to 3 cm depth with water. We placed one tadpole in the center of each tray (B. pulchella: n = 22; P. albonotatus: n = 50) and visually recorded its position (IVM-free or IVM quadrants) every 1 h during the first 10 h, with a final observation at 24 h. The recovery concentration of IVM in the IVM quadrant substrate was 73.95% (percentage of target concentration) and was not detectable in the IVM-free quadrant. The frequency of observations of tadpoles was significantly higher in IVM-free quadrants than in IVM quadrants (B. pulchella: 57%; P. albonotatus: 58%), and this pattern did not differ between nektonic and benthic tadpoles. Thus, tadpoles of both species selected the quadrants free of IVM. The response of tadpoles to IVM merits investigation in a wider spectrum of species and different concentrations to better understand the effects of this emergent pollutant on amphibians. Resumen. La ivermectina (IVM) es un antiparasitario muy utilizado en medicina veterinaria en todo el mundo. Aproximadamente el 45% de la IVM administrada se elimina por las heces del ganado. En los humedales del río Paraná Medio, la inyección de IVM al ganado es una práctica común. Inmediatamente después de la inyección, el ganado ingresa al humedal para alimentarse y beber, incorporando heces con IVM a los sistemas acuáticos, donde se acumula en el sustrato, especialmente en sedimentos ricos en materia orgánica. Bajo este contexto, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar experimentalmente la selección de hábitat de renacuajos nectónicos (Boana pulchella) y bentónicos (Physalaemus albonotatus) entre parches de sustrato con y sin IVM. Las unidades experimentales consistieron en bandejas cuadrangulares de plástico con el fondo dividido en cuatro cuadrantes internos, dos de ellos llenos de 1 cm de profundidad con el sustrato libre de IVM y los otros dos llenos del sustrato con IVM (las concentraciones nominales de IVM fueron 3000 ng/g-1 peso fresco del sustrato) y llenas de agua (3 cm de profundidad). Colocamos un renacuajo en el centro de
摘要伊维菌素(IVM)是一种广泛应用于兽药的抗寄生虫药，在中帕拉河湿地给牛注射伊维菌素是一种常见的做法。大约45%的IVM在牲畜粪便中被消除。注射后，牛立即进入湿地进食和饮水，将含有IVM的粪便带入水生系统，并在基质中积累，特别是在富含有机质的沉积物中。因此，我们的目的是通过实验评估在有和没有IVM的基质斑块之间，水生蝌蚪(Boana pulchella)和底栖蝌蚪(Physalaemus albonotatus)的栖息地选择。实验单元由四边形塑料托盘组成，底部分为四个内部象限，其中两个象限填充不含IVM的底物至1cm深，另外两个象限填充含有IVM的底物(标称IVM浓度为3000 ng/g底物鲜重)，并填充至3cm深的水。我们在每个托盘的中心放置一只蝌蚪(B. pulchella: n = 22;albonotatus: n = 50)，在前10 h每隔1 h目测记录其位置(无ivvm或IVM象限)，24 h最后观察。IVM象限底物中IVM的回收率为73.95%(目标浓度的百分比)，在无ivvm象限中检测不到。无IVM象限蝌蚪的观察频率显著高于IVM象限蝌蚪的观察频率(B. pulchella: 57%;P. albonotatus: 58%)，这种模式在穴居蝌蚪和底栖蝌蚪之间没有差异。因此，两种蝌蚪都选择了没有IVM的象限。蝌蚪对IVM的反应值得在更广泛的物种和不同浓度下进行研究，以更好地了解这种紧急污染物对两栖动物的影响。Resumen。寄生虫病(IVM)是一种抗寄生虫药，在兽医学上有广泛的应用。大约有45%的人口在人口普查中减少了贫困。En los hummedales del río paran Medio, la inyección de IVM al ganado es una práctica común。在Inmediatamente de la inyeccion el ganado ingresa al humedal对位alimentarse y碧碧,incorporando hec con IVM的洛sistema acuaticos,在se acumula en el sustrato especialmente en积沉性器质性斜纹布rico。研究结果表明:1 .研究对象:1 .研究对象:1 .研究对象:1 .研究对象:1 .研究对象:selección de hábitat de renacuajos nectónicos (Boana pulchella) y bentónicos (Physalaemus albonotatus)Las unidades实验组成en bandejas cuadrangulares de plástico与el del didido cuatro cuadriantes internos, des des ellos los los deep didias de IVM与los los los los llenos del sudias de IVM (Las concentraciones nomales de IVM fueron 3000 ng/g / 1 peso fresco del sustrato)和llenas de agua (3 cm de prodidias)。Colocamos un renacuajo en el centro de cadada bandeja (B. pulchella): n = 22;P. albonotatus: n = 50) y registramos visualmente su posición (en cuadrantes libres de IVM o IVM)持续1 h，持续10 h, y una observación最终luego de 24 h。La concentración de recuperación de IVM en el sustrato del cuadrante IVM fute del 73.95% (porcentaje de La concentración objtivo)， mientras que no fudetectable en el cuadante libre de IVM。研究对象的观察频率及其对研究对象的显著性的影响(B. pulchella: 57%;P. albonotatus: 58%)， y este patrón no difirió entre los renacuajos nectónicos y bentónicos。Así， los renacuajos de ambas specieselectiontionon los cuadrantes libres de IVM。本文研究了不同浓度下的荧光光谱(más)对荧光光谱的影响，分析了荧光光谱对荧光光谱的影响，以及荧光光谱对荧光光谱的影响。
{"title":"Tadpoles select ivermectin-free substrates","authors":"J. A. López, R. Ghirardi, M. F. Gutierrez, C. Antoniazzi, A. Lifschitz, L. Mesa","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00053.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00053.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic widely used in veterinary medicine around the world, and cattle injection with IVM is a common practice in wetlands of the Middle Paraná River. Approximately 45% of administered IVM is eliminated in livestock feces. Immediately after injection, cattle enter wetland for feeding and drinking, incorporating feces with IVM into aquatic systems, where it accumulates in the substrate, especially in sediments rich in organic matter. Thus, our objective was to experimentally assess the habitat selection of nektonic (Boana pulchella) and benthic (Physalaemus albonotatus) tadpoles between patches of substrate with and without IVM. The experimental units consisted of quadrangular plastic trays with the bottom divided into four internal quadrants, two filled to 1 cm depth with IVM-free substrate and the other two with substrate containing IVM (nominal IVM concentrations were 3000 ng/g substrate fresh weight), filled to 3 cm depth with water. We placed one tadpole in the center of each tray (B. pulchella: n = 22; P. albonotatus: n = 50) and visually recorded its position (IVM-free or IVM quadrants) every 1 h during the first 10 h, with a final observation at 24 h. The recovery concentration of IVM in the IVM quadrant substrate was 73.95% (percentage of target concentration) and was not detectable in the IVM-free quadrant. The frequency of observations of tadpoles was significantly higher in IVM-free quadrants than in IVM quadrants (B. pulchella: 57%; P. albonotatus: 58%), and this pattern did not differ between nektonic and benthic tadpoles. Thus, tadpoles of both species selected the quadrants free of IVM. The response of tadpoles to IVM merits investigation in a wider spectrum of species and different concentrations to better understand the effects of this emergent pollutant on amphibians. Resumen. La ivermectina (IVM) es un antiparasitario muy utilizado en medicina veterinaria en todo el mundo. Aproximadamente el 45% de la IVM administrada se elimina por las heces del ganado. En los humedales del río Paraná Medio, la inyección de IVM al ganado es una práctica común. Inmediatamente después de la inyección, el ganado ingresa al humedal para alimentarse y beber, incorporando heces con IVM a los sistemas acuáticos, donde se acumula en el sustrato, especialmente en sedimentos ricos en materia orgánica. Bajo este contexto, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar experimentalmente la selección de hábitat de renacuajos nectónicos (Boana pulchella) y bentónicos (Physalaemus albonotatus) entre parches de sustrato con y sin IVM. Las unidades experimentales consistieron en bandejas cuadrangulares de plástico con el fondo dividido en cuatro cuadrantes internos, dos de ellos llenos de 1 cm de profundidad con el sustrato libre de IVM y los otros dos llenos del sustrato con IVM (las concentraciones nominales de IVM fueron 3000 ng/g-1 peso fresco del sustrato) y llenas de agua (3 cm de profundidad). Colocamos un renacuajo en el centro de","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"25 1","pages":"88 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47415921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00019.1
J. Pereira‐Ribeiro, Á. Ferreguetti, H. Bergallo, Carlos Frederico D. Rocha
Abstract. We studied the lizard assemblage from Vale Natural Reserve in Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, and evaluated the species distribution in three vegetation types with different levels of habitat heterogeneity, including dense forest environments and open areas with sandy soil. We conducted field sampling from September 2017 to January 2018 and used 30 standardized transects of 500 m in length, at least 1 km apart between them, distributed in the vegetation: coastal plain forest, sandy soil forest, and natural grassland. Lizards were sampled in the transects using the method of active search, by only one observer on each transect. We recorded 185 lizards, belonging to 16 species from eight families. We conclude that lizard assemblage in the studied area differs in relation to the richness and abundance among the vegetation types, with species being widely distributed in the three environments studied and species being characteristically exclusive to some habitats in the mosaic. In this context, there is a fundamental importance in the conservation of these environments, as impacts in some of the vegetation types can cause a population decline of some species.
{"title":"Lizard Assemblage in a Protected Area in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Species Composition, Richness, Abundance, and Distribution","authors":"J. Pereira‐Ribeiro, Á. Ferreguetti, H. Bergallo, Carlos Frederico D. Rocha","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00019.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00019.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We studied the lizard assemblage from Vale Natural Reserve in Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, and evaluated the species distribution in three vegetation types with different levels of habitat heterogeneity, including dense forest environments and open areas with sandy soil. We conducted field sampling from September 2017 to January 2018 and used 30 standardized transects of 500 m in length, at least 1 km apart between them, distributed in the vegetation: coastal plain forest, sandy soil forest, and natural grassland. Lizards were sampled in the transects using the method of active search, by only one observer on each transect. We recorded 185 lizards, belonging to 16 species from eight families. We conclude that lizard assemblage in the studied area differs in relation to the richness and abundance among the vegetation types, with species being widely distributed in the three environments studied and species being characteristically exclusive to some habitats in the mosaic. In this context, there is a fundamental importance in the conservation of these environments, as impacts in some of the vegetation types can cause a population decline of some species.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"25 1","pages":"34 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42320326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover and Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.2994/sajh-25-00000.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/sajh-25-00000.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"25 1","pages":"c1 - c2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43321712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00035.1
M. S. Akmentins, M. Boullhesen, Cecilia G. García, J. Martínez
Abstract. The advertisement call plays a fundamental role in species recognition in Oreobates. Despite the relevance of this taxonomic character, the advertisement call has not been described for more than half of the species of these direct-developing frogs. We describe the advertisement call of O. berdemenos from its type locality in Jujuy province, Argentina. We confirm the taxonomic identity of voucher specimens as O. berdemenos through molecular and morphological analyses. The advertisement call of O. berdemenos is a melodious trill composed of 10–16 notes with modulated amplitude and frequency. We compared the advertisement call of O. berdemenos to that of two populations assigned to O. discoidalis from Argentina and Bolivia. On this basis, we conclude that the population from Argentina is O. berdemenos, and we suggest that the taxonomic identity of the Bolivian population should be reviewed. We also describe the aggressive vocalization repertoire of O. berdemenos and compare territorial and encounter calls with the vocal repertoire previously assigned to O. discoidalis. With the present work, the advertisement calls and vocal repertoires of two of the three Oreobates species of Argentina have been described. Resumen. El canto de anuncio juega un rol preponderante para el reconocimiento de las especies del género Oreobates. A pesar de la relevancia de este caracter taxonómico, más de la mitad de estas ranas de desarrollo directo carecen de la descripción de sus cantos. En este trabajo describimos el canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos en su localidad tipo en la provincia de Jujuy, Argentina. Mediante análisis molecular y morfológico confirmamos la identidad taxonómica de los ejemplares de referencia como O. berdemenos. El canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos es un trino melodioso compuesto por 10–16 notas con amplitud y frecuencia moduladas. Comparamos el canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos con la descripción de los cantos asignados a la especie O. discoidalis en dos poblaciones de Argentina y Bolivia. Concluimos que el canto de Argentina pertenece a O. berdemenos y sugerimos que la identidad taxonómica de la población registrada en Bolivia debe ser revisada. Además, describimos el repertorio de vocalizaciones agresivas de O. berdemenos y comparamos los cantos territorial y agresivo con los previamente descritos para O. discoidalis. Con el presente trabajo, dos de las tres especies de Oreobates de Argentina cuentan con una descripción formal de sus cantos de anuncio y sus repertorios vocales.
摘要在Oreobates中，广告叫声在物种识别中起着重要作用。尽管这一分类学特征具有相关性，但在这些直接发育的青蛙中，有一半以上的物种没有描述过广告叫声。我们描述了来自阿根廷胡胡伊省的O. berdemenos的广告呼叫。通过分子和形态分析，确认了凭证标本的分类身份为O. berdemenos。O. berdemenos的广告叫声是一种由10-16个音符组成的具有调制幅度和频率的优美颤音。我们比较了来自阿根廷和玻利维亚的两个种群的盘状叶蠓的广告呼叫。在此基础上，我们认为来自阿根廷的种群是O. berdemenos，并建议对玻利维亚种群的分类身份进行审查。我们还描述了O. berdemenos的攻击性发声曲目，并将领土和遭遇呼叫与先前分配给O. diskidalis的声乐曲目进行了比较。通过目前的工作，已经描述了阿根廷三种Oreobates物种中的两种的广告呼叫和声音。Resumen。《联合国宪章》规定，在所有国家和地区都应遵守《联合国宪章》的规定。一个关于角色相关性的文件taxonómico, más关于角色相关性的文件más关于角色相关性的文件más关于角色相关性的文件más关于角色相关性的文件más关于角色相关性的文件。阿根廷胡胡伊省，阿根廷。Mediante análisis molecular y morfológico confirmamos la identidad taxonómica de los ejemplares de reference como . berdemenos。El canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos是由三种旋律组成的计算机，10-16不是由频率模块组成的振幅。比较两章关于阿根廷与玻利维亚之间的关系，特别是关于阿根廷与玻利维亚之间的关系。结论:1 .关于阿根廷和玻利维亚之间的关系的结论:1 .关于玻利维亚的关系的结论:关于玻利维亚的关系的结论:taxonómica关于玻利维亚的关系的结论:población关于玻利维亚的关系的结论:修订。Además，描述了O. berdemenos的vocalizaciones侵略性的汇编，通过比较los cantos领土，通过比较los cantos previente描述了O. disidalis。在此，我向大家介绍了阿根廷的三种不同的音乐，并向大家介绍了阿根廷的三种不同的音乐。
{"title":"The Matching Game: Reassigning the Advertisement Call to Oreobates berdemenos Pereyra et al., 2014 (Anura: Strabomantidae)","authors":"M. S. Akmentins, M. Boullhesen, Cecilia G. García, J. Martínez","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00035.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00035.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The advertisement call plays a fundamental role in species recognition in Oreobates. Despite the relevance of this taxonomic character, the advertisement call has not been described for more than half of the species of these direct-developing frogs. We describe the advertisement call of O. berdemenos from its type locality in Jujuy province, Argentina. We confirm the taxonomic identity of voucher specimens as O. berdemenos through molecular and morphological analyses. The advertisement call of O. berdemenos is a melodious trill composed of 10–16 notes with modulated amplitude and frequency. We compared the advertisement call of O. berdemenos to that of two populations assigned to O. discoidalis from Argentina and Bolivia. On this basis, we conclude that the population from Argentina is O. berdemenos, and we suggest that the taxonomic identity of the Bolivian population should be reviewed. We also describe the aggressive vocalization repertoire of O. berdemenos and compare territorial and encounter calls with the vocal repertoire previously assigned to O. discoidalis. With the present work, the advertisement calls and vocal repertoires of two of the three Oreobates species of Argentina have been described. Resumen. El canto de anuncio juega un rol preponderante para el reconocimiento de las especies del género Oreobates. A pesar de la relevancia de este caracter taxonómico, más de la mitad de estas ranas de desarrollo directo carecen de la descripción de sus cantos. En este trabajo describimos el canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos en su localidad tipo en la provincia de Jujuy, Argentina. Mediante análisis molecular y morfológico confirmamos la identidad taxonómica de los ejemplares de referencia como O. berdemenos. El canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos es un trino melodioso compuesto por 10–16 notas con amplitud y frecuencia moduladas. Comparamos el canto de anuncio de O. berdemenos con la descripción de los cantos asignados a la especie O. discoidalis en dos poblaciones de Argentina y Bolivia. Concluimos que el canto de Argentina pertenece a O. berdemenos y sugerimos que la identidad taxonómica de la población registrada en Bolivia debe ser revisada. Además, describimos el repertorio de vocalizaciones agresivas de O. berdemenos y comparamos los cantos territorial y agresivo con los previamente descritos para O. discoidalis. Con el presente trabajo, dos de las tres especies de Oreobates de Argentina cuentan con una descripción formal de sus cantos de anuncio y sus repertorios vocales.","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"25 1","pages":"28 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45384952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00044.1
S. Viveros-Peredo, C. Ahuja-Aguirre, Lorena López-deBuen, Belisario Domínguez-Mancera
Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the growth pattern of farmed Crocodylus moreletii individuals from hatchling to juvenile. A total of 3,743 crocodiles (3,098 males and 645 females) were included. Crocodiles hatched from artificially incubated eggs. Individuals were classified into three age categories: (1) neonate (0–4 months), (2) developing (4–12 months), and (3) juvenile (12–27 months). Seven biometric evaluations were conducted. The first one was at 4 d after hatching, and the following evaluations were at 4, 8, 12, 17, 22, and 27 months of age. In each evaluation, the total length, weight, and sex of each individual were registered. Crocodiles were subsequently classified into three growth groups: (1) fast: length and weight greater than 1 SD from the mean, (2) average: length and weight within 1 SD from the mean, and (3) slow: length and weight lower than 1 SD from the mean. Linear polynomial (LPN), quadratic polynomial (QPN), and three-parameter sigmoidal (SIG3) models were used to evaluate length and weight as a function of age to describe growth. For length and weight, SIG3 and QPN, respectively, produced the highest R2 in all growth groups and the general population. LPN did not fit the weight data. The models that best fitted length and weight in relation to age were SIG3 and QPN, so both could be used to evaluate the growth pattern in other populations of farmed young Crocodylus moreletii. Resumen. El estudio determinó el patrón de crecimiento de individuos de Crocodylus moreletii criados en granja desde neonatos hasta juveniles. Se incluyeron 3743 cocodrilos (3098 machos y 645 hembras) que eclosionaron de huevos incubados artificialmente. Los animales se clasificaron en tres categorías de edad: (1) Neonatos (0–4 meses), (2) en desarrollo (4–12 meses), y (3) juveniles (12–27 meses). Los neonatos incluyeron recién eclosionados (0–4 días) y de 4 días a 4 meses. La temperatura ambiente a la que se mantuvieron fue 32.8 ± 0.2°C recién eclosionados, 31.8 ± 2.3°C neonatos y 31.5 ± 3.1°C en desarrollo y juveniles. La dieta de los animales se basó en hígado de pollo picado y harina de pescado adicionados con vitaminas A, D3, E, B12, B3 y calcio y estuvo disponible ad libitum. Los neonatos y en desarrollo se alimentaron diario y los juveniles seis veces por semana. Se hicieron siete evaluaciones biométricas en todos los animales. La primera fue 4 días después de eclosionar y las siguientes a los 4, 8, 12, 17, 22 y 27 meses de edad. En cada evaluación se registró longitud total, peso y sexo de cada individuo. Se usó estadística descriptiva para determinar la media ± DE de longitud y peso para hembras y machos en cada evaluación. Los cocodrilos se clasificaron en tres grupos de crecimiento: (1) Rápido: longitud y peso mayor de 1 SD de la media; (2) promedio: longitud y peso dentro de 1 SD de la media; (3) lento: longitud y peso menor de 1 SD de la media. Se usó un modelo polinomial lineal (LPN), polinomial cuadrático (QPN) y
摘要本研究的目的是确定养殖鳄鱼个体从孵化到幼鱼的生长模式。总共有3,743条鳄鱼(3,098条雄性和645条雌性)被纳入其中。鳄鱼从人工孵化的卵中孵化出来。将个体分为3个年龄段:(1)新生儿(0-4个月)、(2)发育期(4-12个月)和(3)幼年(12-27个月)。进行了七次生物特征评估。第一次评估是在孵化后第4天，接下来的评估是在4、8、12、17、22和27个月龄。在每次评估中，记录了每个个体的总长度、体重和性别。随后将鳄鱼分为三个生长组:(1)快速生长组:长度和体重比平均值大1个标准差;(2)平均生长组:长度和体重比平均值小1个标准差;(3)缓慢生长组:长度和体重比平均值小1个标准差。使用线性多项式(LPN)、二次多项式(QPN)和三参数sigmoidal (SIG3)模型来评估长度和体重作为年龄的函数来描述生长。对于长度和体重，SIG3和QPN分别在所有生长组和普通群体中产生最高的R2。LPN不符合权重数据。SIG3和QPN是最适合体长和体重与年龄关系的模型，因此这两个模型都可以用来评估其他养殖幼鳄种群的生长模式。Resumen。El estudio determinó El patrón关于大鳄幼鳄个体的研究。其中包括3743个椰子(3098个雄性，645个雌性)，它们是人工种植的。10种动物分类:(1)新生动物(0-4种)，(2)幼兽(4-12种)，(3)幼兽(12-27种)。10个新生儿包括4个个体(0-4 días)、4个个体(días)和4个个体(meses)。成虫的环境温度为32.8±0.2°C，幼虫为31.8±2.3°C，幼虫为31.5±3.1°C。La dieta de los动物看到basó en hígado de pollo picado和harina de pescado adiciados与维生素A, D3, E, B12, B3和钙的一次性和自由。幼崽往往缺乏足够的营养，而幼崽则缺乏足够的营养。在动物实验中对生物变异进行了更深入的现场评价。La primera fue 4 días despuacei de eclosionar . 4、8、12、17、22和27个meses de edad。En cada evaluación se registró纵向总，性别与个体。Se usó estadística descriptiva para determinar la media±DE DE longitude y peso para embras y machos en cada evaluación。Los cocodrilos se classiacaron en treres groupos de recimiento:(1) Rápido:纵向由peso mayor de 1 SD de la media;(2) promedio:纵向由peso dentro为1 SD的介质;(3)放映机:经比索放映机1次放映机1次放映机。使用usó unmodelo polynomial linear (LPN)，多项式cuadrático (QPN) y s型de tres parámetros (SIG3)参数评价纵向y peso en función de la edad参数描述el recimiento。Para longitude by peso, SIG3 by QPN, tuviererla mayor R2 en to los groups by la población general。El LPN no se ajustó a los datos del peso。Los modelos que major se a longitudinal by peso estudio fueron SIG3 y QPN, y poror tanto podrían usassar para evaluationel patrón de recimiento en otras polaciones de Crocodylus moreletii jóvenes en granja。
{"title":"Growth Pattern of Farmed Morelet's Crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii) from Hatchlings to Juveniles","authors":"S. Viveros-Peredo, C. Ahuja-Aguirre, Lorena López-deBuen, Belisario Domínguez-Mancera","doi":"10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00044.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-20-00044.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the growth pattern of farmed Crocodylus moreletii individuals from hatchling to juvenile. A total of 3,743 crocodiles (3,098 males and 645 females) were included. Crocodiles hatched from artificially incubated eggs. Individuals were classified into three age categories: (1) neonate (0–4 months), (2) developing (4–12 months), and (3) juvenile (12–27 months). Seven biometric evaluations were conducted. The first one was at 4 d after hatching, and the following evaluations were at 4, 8, 12, 17, 22, and 27 months of age. In each evaluation, the total length, weight, and sex of each individual were registered. Crocodiles were subsequently classified into three growth groups: (1) fast: length and weight greater than 1 SD from the mean, (2) average: length and weight within 1 SD from the mean, and (3) slow: length and weight lower than 1 SD from the mean. Linear polynomial (LPN), quadratic polynomial (QPN), and three-parameter sigmoidal (SIG3) models were used to evaluate length and weight as a function of age to describe growth. For length and weight, SIG3 and QPN, respectively, produced the highest R2 in all growth groups and the general population. LPN did not fit the weight data. The models that best fitted length and weight in relation to age were SIG3 and QPN, so both could be used to evaluate the growth pattern in other populations of farmed young Crocodylus moreletii. Resumen. El estudio determinó el patrón de crecimiento de individuos de Crocodylus moreletii criados en granja desde neonatos hasta juveniles. Se incluyeron 3743 cocodrilos (3098 machos y 645 hembras) que eclosionaron de huevos incubados artificialmente. Los animales se clasificaron en tres categorías de edad: (1) Neonatos (0–4 meses), (2) en desarrollo (4–12 meses), y (3) juveniles (12–27 meses). Los neonatos incluyeron recién eclosionados (0–4 días) y de 4 días a 4 meses. La temperatura ambiente a la que se mantuvieron fue 32.8 ± 0.2°C recién eclosionados, 31.8 ± 2.3°C neonatos y 31.5 ± 3.1°C en desarrollo y juveniles. La dieta de los animales se basó en hígado de pollo picado y harina de pescado adicionados con vitaminas A, D3, E, B12, B3 y calcio y estuvo disponible ad libitum. Los neonatos y en desarrollo se alimentaron diario y los juveniles seis veces por semana. Se hicieron siete evaluaciones biométricas en todos los animales. La primera fue 4 días después de eclosionar y las siguientes a los 4, 8, 12, 17, 22 y 27 meses de edad. En cada evaluación se registró longitud total, peso y sexo de cada individuo. Se usó estadística descriptiva para determinar la media ± DE de longitud y peso para hembras y machos en cada evaluación. Los cocodrilos se clasificaron en tres grupos de crecimiento: (1) Rápido: longitud y peso mayor de 1 SD de la media; (2) promedio: longitud y peso dentro de 1 SD de la media; (3) lento: longitud y peso menor de 1 SD de la media. Se usó un modelo polinomial lineal (LPN), polinomial cuadrático (QPN) y","PeriodicalId":48691,"journal":{"name":"South American Journal of Herpetology","volume":"25 1","pages":"76 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47793898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-21-00037.1
Iván Sandoval Hernández, Mahmood Sasa Marín, J. S. Monrós González, J. R. Bolaños Montero, Juan Sánchez Ramírez
Abstract. Crocodilians are known to interact substantially with humans. Conflicts are observed when both species share a habitat and are documented worldwide. In Costa Rica, this conflict has been detected along with increases in human activities. For this reason, we undertook a study to identify potential crocodile habitats and the areas of interaction with humans on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts and the Northern Zone of Costa Rica. This work was performed during 2019 and 2020 in both regions, and determination of the potential habitat of crocodiles was made through analysis of the elevation, topography, drainage net, flooding areas, mangrove areas, and rivers and their outlets. To identify areas of human–crocodile interactions, a map of the potential habitat was used and changes to those habitats were analyzed (e.g., road density, population density, and the density of the populated core). The relationship between species was established to predict interaction hotspots between humans and crocodiles. The habitats with high potential for crocodiles on the Pacific slope correspond to 18% of the study area, and the medium potential habitat to 54%. Within the Central Pacific, there are few areas at higher elevations or with a large index of urbanism; these low potential habitats represent 27% of the study area. In the Central Pacific, the high and medium potential habitats together represent 72% of the study area. On the Caribbean slope, the high potential habitat was identified in areas closer to the coast mainly in the North and Central Caribbean (corresponding to 29% of the study area), while 66% of the study area was labeled as medium potential habitat. In the Northern area, most of the habitat was identified as medium potential, there being only small fragments recognized as high potential habitat. In the Northern Zone and Caribbean Zone, the areas at higher elevation with some land development were identified as low potential habitat (4%). Importantly, 96% of the area of the Caribbean slope and the Northern Zone were identified as high or medium potential habitat. Resumen. Se sabe que los cocodrilos son un grupo que interactúa intensamente con los humanos. Los conflictos se observan cuando ambas especies comparten el hábitat lo cual está documentado en todo el mundo. En Costa Rica, este conflicto se ha detectado en zonas que presentan actividades humanas. Por esta razón, identificamos el hábitat potencial del cocodrilo, además identificamos las áreas de interacción con humanos en las costas del Pacífico, Caribe y la Zona Norte de Costa Rica. Este trabajo se realizó durante 2019 y 2020 en ambas regiones, y la determinación del hábitat potencial de los cocodrilos se realizó mediante el análisis de la altitud, topografía, red de drenaje, áreas de inundación, áreas de manglares y ríos y sus desembocaduras. Para identificar áreas de interacciones entre humanos y cocodrilos, se utilizó un mapa del hábitat potencial y se analizó la alteración del
摘要众所周知，鳄鱼与人类有很大的互动。当两个物种共享栖息地时，就会发生冲突，并在世界范围内记录在案。在哥斯达黎加，这种冲突伴随着人类活动的增加而被发现。出于这个原因，我们进行了一项研究，以确定太平洋和加勒比海岸以及哥斯达黎加北部地区潜在的鳄鱼栖息地和与人类互动的地区。这项工作于2019年和2020年在这两个地区进行，通过分析海拔、地形、排水网、洪涝区、红树林区、河流及其出口，确定了鳄鱼的潜在栖息地。为了确定人类与鳄鱼相互作用的区域，使用了潜在栖息地的地图，并分析了这些栖息地的变化(例如道路密度、人口密度和人口稠密的核心密度)。物种间关系的建立是为了预测人类和鳄鱼之间的互动热点。太平洋坡面鳄鱼高潜力生境占研究区总面积的18%，中等潜力生境占研究区总面积的54%。在中太平洋地区，海拔较高或城市化指数较高的地区很少;这些低潜力生境占研究面积的27%。在中太平洋，高和中等潜力生境共占研究面积的72%。在加勒比斜坡上，高潜力栖息地主要位于加勒比北部和中部靠近海岸的地区(占研究区域的29%)，而66%的研究区域被标记为中等潜力栖息地。在北部地区，大部分生境被确定为中等潜力，只有一小部分被确定为高潜力生境。在北部地区和加勒比地区，海拔较高且有一些土地开发的地区被确定为低潜在栖息地(4%)。重要的是，加勒比斜坡区和北部地区96%的面积被确定为高或中等潜在栖息地。Resumen。我们说，我们的椰子是我们的，我们的椰子是我们的，我们的椰子是我们的。这些冲突都是观察到的，包括观察到的和观察到的。在哥斯达黎加，我们发现了一种冲突，即发现了一种与人类有关的活动。穷人razón, identificamos el hábitat potential del cocodrilo, además identificamos las áreas de interacción con humanos en las costas del Pacífico，加勒比地区la zone de north Costa Rica。埃斯特找工作2019 y 2020 se realizo杜兰特在安巴地区,y la determinacion del栖息地潜在de los cocodrilos se realizo mediante el分析de la altitud topografia,红色de drenaje地区de inundacion de manglares y y sus desembocaduras里奥斯。Para identiar áreas de interacciones entre humanos y cocodrilos, se utilizó un mapa del hábitat potential y se analizó la alteración del hábitat (densidad de carteras, densidad de población y densidad de población)。La relación entre especies se estableció para prepretos críticos de interacción entre humanos y cocodrilos。Los hábitats con alto potential para cocodrilos en la vertiente del Pacífico对应18% del área de estudio, el hábitat de potential medium(54%)。Dentro del Pacífico Central hay pocas áreas de elevada海拔高度为con con evado índice de urbanismo, estos son hábitats de bajo潜力代表el 27% (del área de estudio)。在el Pacífico Central, los hábitats潜在中转站占72% (del área estudiada)。En la verente del Caribe, el hábitat potential alto se identificó En áreas más cercanas和la costa principalmente En el caribbean north and Central (29% del área de estudio)， mientras que el 66% del área se etiquetó como hábitat de potential media。En la Zona Norte, la mayor partite del hábitat se identificó como de potential medium, habiendo solo pequeños fragmentos reconocidos como hábitat potential alto。在北部和加勒比地区，áreas de mayor海拔高度和algún desarrollo领土fueron identificadcomo hábitat de bajo潜力(4%)。重要的是，我们的研究结果表明:96%的研究结果área与北部地区的研究结果一致，hábitat与中等潜力的研究结果一致。
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