Physical Communication最新文献

Hybrid FSO/RF and UWOC system for enabling terrestrial–underwater communication: Performance analysis 实现陆地与水下通信的 FSO/RF 和 UWOC 混合系统：性能分析

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102540

Neha Payal, Devendra Singh Gurjar

This work examines the performance of the terrestrial–underwater communication system utilizing hybrid free space optics (FSO)/radio-frequency (RF) and underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) links. Here, the base station communicates with the underwater vehicle via a decode-and-forward (DF) based relay (buoy) in two phases. In the first phase, a hybrid FSO/RF link is used to transmit signal to the buoy, where the RF link acts as an alternative link to increase the reliability of the system, and in the next phase, the buoy forwards signal to the underwater vehicle through the UWOC link. To enhance the reliability of the RF link, the buoy is deployed with multiple antennas, and it exploits a maximal ratio combining scheme on the received RF signals. The analysis takes into consideration some primary variables that influence the system’s performance, such as atmospheric turbulence, attenuation, temperature gradient, air bubbles, water salinity variations, pointing errors, and detection techniques. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability, system throughput, and average channel capacity in terms of the Meijer-

G

and bivariate Fox-

H

functions are derived. Simulation results are presented to validate the analytical expressions and disclose valuable findings.

这项研究考察了利用混合自由空间光学（FSO）/射频（RF）和水下无线光通信（UWOC）链路的陆地-水下通信系统的性能。在这里，基站通过一个基于解码和前向（DF）的中继器（浮标）分两个阶段与水下航行器通信。在第一阶段，使用 FSO/RF 混合链路向浮标传输信号，其中 RF 链路作为替代链路以提高系统的可靠性；在下一阶段，浮标通过 UWOC 链路向水下航行器转发信号。为了提高射频链路的可靠性，浮标上部署了多个天线，并对接收到的射频信号采用最大比值组合方案。分析考虑了影响系统性能的一些主要变量，如大气湍流、衰减、温度梯度、气泡、水盐度变化、指向误差和探测技术。根据 Meijer-G 和双变量 Fox-H 函数，得出了中断概率、系统吞吐量和平均信道容量的闭式表达式。仿真结果验证了分析表达式，并揭示了有价值的发现。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing performance of end-to-end communication system using Attention Mechanism-based Sparse Autoencoder over Rayleigh fading channel 利用基于注意机制的稀疏自动编码器提升瑞利衰减信道上端到端通信系统的性能

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102534

Safalata S. Sindal, Y.N. Trivedi

Deep learning has revolutionized communication systems by introducing innovative approaches to address channel impairments through end-to-end models. Autoencoders, a type of deep learning architecture, are adept at learning compact data representations. However, conventional autoencoders in end-to-end models can suffer from overfitting, which limits their effectiveness in noisy communication environments. To address this issue, we propose a Sparse Autoencoder-based (SAE) model that enforces sparsity and promotes the extraction of robust features. Despite its effectiveness, the SAE model may still lack the ability to focus on the most relevant features of the input data. To overcome this limitation, we further introduce an Attention Mechanism-based Sparse Autoencoder (ASA) model. This model integrates the feature extraction capabilities of a sparse autoencoder with an attention mechanism that selectively highlights informative features of the signal. Through simulations, we demonstrate that both proposed models significantly improve

M

-PSK and

M

-QAM communication system performance. When trained at 7 dB, both proposed models exhibit significant performance improvements at higher testing average SNRs. Our results show that the SAE model outperforms the conventional Maximum Likelihood Detection (MLD) model and baseline autoencoder systems but suffers from error floor issues. The SAE model suffers from an error floor at average SNRs beyond 16 dB for BPSK and 14 dB for higher-order modulation schemes. As the value of

M

increases, the performance gap between the MLD and the proposed SAE model narrows. The ASA model, however, effectively mitigates the error floor observed in the SAE model for all values of

M

and across all modulation schemes. This research highlights the benefits of integrating an attention mechanism with SAE, resulting in enhanced robustness and reliability in communication systems characterized by improved accuracy and reduced error rates.

深度学习引入了创新方法，通过端到端模型解决信道损伤问题，从而彻底改变了通信系统。自动编码器是深度学习架构的一种，善于学习紧凑的数据表示。然而，端到端模型中的传统自动编码器可能存在过拟合问题，从而限制了其在高噪声通信环境中的有效性。为解决这一问题，我们提出了一种基于稀疏自动编码器（SAE）的模型，该模型可加强稀疏性并促进鲁棒特征的提取。尽管 SAE 模型很有效，但它可能仍然缺乏关注输入数据中最相关特征的能力。为了克服这一局限，我们进一步引入了基于注意力机制的稀疏自动编码器（ASA）模型。该模型集成了稀疏自动编码器的特征提取能力和注意力机制，后者可选择性地突出信号的信息特征。通过仿真，我们证明这两种模型都能显著提高 M-PSK 和 M-QAM 通信系统的性能。当在 7 dB 下进行训练时，在测试平均信噪比较高的情况下，这两种建议的模型都表现出显著的性能改进。我们的结果表明，SAE 模型的性能优于传统的最大似然检测 (MLD) 模型和基线自动编码器系统，但存在误差下限问题。当 BPSK 的平均信噪比超过 16 dB 和高阶调制方案的平均信噪比超过 14 dB 时，SAE 模型会出现误差下限。随着 M 值的增加，MLD 与拟议的 SAE 模型之间的性能差距也在缩小。然而，ASA 模型能有效缓解 SAE 模型在所有 M 值和所有调制方案中观察到的误差下限。这项研究强调了将注意力机制与 SAE 相结合的好处，从而增强了通信系统的鲁棒性和可靠性，提高了准确性并降低了错误率。

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引用次数: 0

Modified fractional power allocation for downlink cell-free massive MIMO systems 下行链路无小区大规模多输入多输出系统的修正分数功率分配

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102537

Xiaohui Zhang, Dongle Wang, Ling Xing, Honghai Wu

Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) significantly improves the spectral efficiency (SE) performance compared to conventional centralized mMIMO through its distributed antenna architecture. Fractional power allocation (FPA) algorithm is widely used for scalable power control with good performance in downlink (DL) of cell-free mMIMO. In this paper, we propose modified FPA (MFPA) and generalized FPA (GFPA) strategies for centralized and distributed precoding in the DL of cell-free networks, respectively. For the former, we abandon the traditional normalization of precoding vectors and introduce three adjustment parameters, which can dynamically adjust the power allocation of the DL according to the actual channel conditions. Regarding the latter, the GFPA strategy finds effective channel factors suitable for various distributed precoding schemes and correlates them with the power allocation coefficients of each user equipment (UE), enabling power allocation to adapt to multiple precoding schemes. Analysis and simulation results demonstrate that, under the MFPA strategy, UEs with poorer channel conditions can achieve higher SE, but at the expense of other UEs with better channel conditions. Under the GFPA strategy, UEs with better channel conditions experience significant SE improvements without sacrificing UEs performance with poorer channel conditions.

与传统的集中式 mMIMO 相比，无小区大规模多输入多输出（mMIMO）通过其分布式天线架构显著提高了频谱效率（SE）性能。在无小区 mMIMO 的下行链路（DL）中，分数功率分配（FPA）算法被广泛用于可扩展的功率控制，并具有良好的性能。本文针对无小区网络下行链路中的集中式和分布式预编码，分别提出了改进型 FPA（MFPA）和广义 FPA（GFPA）策略。对于前者，我们放弃了传统的预编码向量归一化，引入了三个调整参数，可根据实际信道条件动态调整 DL 的功率分配。对于后者，GFPA 策略找到了适合各种分布式预编码方案的有效信道因子，并将其与每个用户设备（UE）的功率分配系数相关联，使功率分配能够适应多种预编码方案。分析和仿真结果表明，在 MFPA 策略下，信道条件较差的 UE 可以获得更高的 SE，但要以牺牲信道条件较好的其他 UE 为代价。在 GFPA 策略下，信道条件较好的 UE 可以显著提高 SE，而不会牺牲信道条件较差的 UE 的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Clustering based strategic 3D deployment and trajectory optimization of UAVs with A-star algorithm for enhanced disaster response 利用 A-star 算法对无人机进行基于聚类的战略性 3D 部署和轨迹优化，以增强灾害响应能力

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102536

Humairah Hamid, G.R. Begh

A broad spectrum of communication and information technologies is currently being investigated for their potential applications in disaster management. A high level of situational awareness, combined with a prompt and accurate response, is essential for the preservation of life during catastrophe scenarios. This study presents a novel communication strategy employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as aerial base stations for providing connectivity to the affected area. The system takes advantage of the flexibility and quick deployment characteristics of UAVs. The main focus is to determine the optimal UAV deployment along with trajectory planning to ensure connectivity in areas where conventional base stations are inaccessible. The proposed system employs two types of UAVs: cluster UAVs which act as stationary base stations and relay UAVs acting as mobile base stations. A three-step strategy is proposed to find the suitable location of cluster UAVs, optimize their height and power, and find the optimal trajectory of the relay UAVs to maximize the percentage of users served. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering is employed to determine the optimal horizontal location of cluster UAVs. An optimization problem is framed for finding out the optimal height and power for cluster UAVs. Heuristic-based A-star algorithm is used to find out the trajectory of the relay UAVs which can efficiently minimize the overall path length while avoiding obstacles. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate the performance enhancement by comparing it with the benchmark schemes.

目前正在研究各种通信和信息技术在灾害管理中的潜在应用。高水平的态势感知加上迅速准确的响应，对于在灾难情况下保护生命至关重要。本研究提出了一种新颖的通信战略，利用无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）作为空中基站，为灾区提供连接。该系统利用了无人飞行器灵活、快速部署的特点。主要重点是确定无人飞行器的最佳部署和轨迹规划，以确保在传统基站无法到达的地区实现连接。拟议的系统采用两种类型的无人机：作为固定基站的集群无人机和作为移动基站的中继无人机。该系统提出了一个三步战略，即寻找集群无人机的合适位置、优化其高度和功率，以及寻找中继无人机的最佳轨迹，以最大限度地提高服务用户的百分比。采用高斯混合模型（GMM）聚类确定集群无人机的最佳水平位置。为找出集群无人机的最佳高度和功率，提出了一个优化问题。采用基于启发式的 A-star 算法找出中继无人飞行器的轨迹，该轨迹可在避开障碍物的同时有效地最小化总路径长度。仿真结果证实了所提方法的有效性，并通过与基准方案的比较证明了其性能的提升。

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引用次数: 0

Joint RSU and agent vehicle cooperative localization using mmWave sensing 利用毫米波传感进行 RSU 和代理车辆联合协同定位

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102535

Yuanxin Liu , Demin Li , Xuemin Chen

In vehicle networks, accurate vehicle localization is crucial. This paper proposes a joint roadside unit (RSU) and agent vehicles cooperative localization framework based on dual-function radar-communication (DFRC) technology. It utilizes unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) to process DFRC signals and obtain vehicle status information. To improve the angle prediction accuracy of the agent vehicle, an angle fusion estimation scheme based on the maximum likelihood algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, a weighted method is introduced within the joint RSU and agent vehicle cooperative localization to enhance vehicle localization accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed angle fusion scheme reduces angle estimation error, and the joint RSU and agent vehicle localization framework significantly improves vehicle localization accuracy.

在车辆网络中，精确的车辆定位至关重要。本文提出了一种基于双功能雷达通信（DFRC）技术的联合路侧装置（RSU）和代理车辆合作定位框架。它利用无特征卡尔曼滤波（UKF）处理 DFRC 信号并获取车辆状态信息。为了提高代理车辆的角度预测精度，提出了一种基于最大似然算法的角度融合估计方案。此外，在 RSU 和代理车辆的联合协同定位中引入了一种加权方法，以提高车辆定位精度。实验结果表明，所提出的角度融合方案降低了角度估计误差，RSU 和代理车辆联合定位框架显著提高了车辆定位精度。

引用次数: 0

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Assisted NLOS Radar Anti Jamming Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 利用深度强化学习的可重构智能表面辅助 NLOS 雷达抗干扰

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102533

Muhammad Majid Aziz, Aamir Habib, Adnan Zafar

The complexity of the radar environment increases with technological advancement, especially when considering the difficulties presented by repeating jammers. These jammers can impede radar detection, especially when they create false targets in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations. This study focuses on optimizing the phase shifts of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) to address the problem of NLOS between a target and radar for detection in order to address these NLOS issues. Specifically, we investigate RIS phase shift optimization using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to address the challenges posed by repeating jammers across various dynamic scenarios. Our objective is to increase the radar system’s ability to detect actual targets in non-LOS scenarios when repeater jammers are present in the environment. According to the experimental results, this method offers a practical way to mitigate the effects of repeater jammers by improving radar detection performance in NLOS environments.

雷达环境的复杂性随着技术的进步而增加，特别是考虑到重复干扰器带来的困难。这些干扰器会阻碍雷达探测，尤其是在非视距（NLOS）情况下制造假目标。本研究侧重于优化可重构智能表面（RIS）的相移，以解决目标与雷达之间的非视距问题，从而解决这些非视距问题。具体来说，我们研究使用遗传算法（GA）优化 RIS 相移，以应对各种动态场景中重复干扰器带来的挑战。我们的目标是，当环境中存在中继干扰器时，提高雷达系统在非低视距场景中探测实际目标的能力。根据实验结果，该方法通过提高雷达在非近距离环境中的探测性能，为减轻中继干扰器的影响提供了一种实用方法。

引用次数: 0

Integrated sensing and communications waveform design: Fundamentals, applications, challenges 集成传感和通信波形设计：基础、应用、挑战

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102532

Zhongqiang Luo , Zaiqiang Wang

Integrated Sense of Communication (ISAC) is gradually becoming one of the core technologies in the sixth-generation mobile communication system. ISAC enhances spectrum efficiency and reduces equipment size, costs, and power consumption while minimizing interference between the two functions. The technology is introduced in terms of historical background and definition, application scenarios, current problems of ISAC technology, and the development history of ISAC technology. The latest research progress of ISAC technology is summarized in terms of waveform design, introducing sensing-centered waveform design, communication-centered waveform design, and sensing-communication joint waveform design, respectively. The ISAC waveform performance index introduces the performance aspects that need attention in waveform design to achieve improvement. It presents the application of ISAC technology in some recent emerging technologies and the current challenges and future outlook of ISAC waveform design.

综合通信感知（ISAC）正逐渐成为第六代移动通信系统的核心技术之一。ISAC 可提高频谱效率，缩小设备尺寸，降低成本和功耗，同时最大限度地减少两种功能之间的干扰。本文从 ISAC 技术的历史背景和定义、应用场景、当前 ISAC 技术存在的问题以及 ISAC 技术的发展历程等方面介绍了 ISAC 技术。从波形设计方面总结了 ISAC 技术的最新研究进展，分别介绍了以传感为中心的波形设计、以通信为中心的波形设计和传感-通信联合波形设计。ISAC 波形性能指标介绍了波形设计中需要注意的性能方面，以实现改进。介绍了 ISAC 技术在近期一些新兴技术中的应用，以及 ISAC 波形设计当前面临的挑战和未来展望。

引用次数: 0

Joint sensing interval and channel access optimization in energy harvesting hybrid active/passive symbiotic networks 能量收集混合主动/被动共生网络中的联合感知间隔和信道接入优化

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102531

Islam S. Abdelfattah , Ahmed F. Tayel , Ahmed Y. Zakariya , Ahmed H. Abd El-Malek , Sherif I. Rabia

The radio frequency spectrum became crowded because of the huge number of wireless devices, hence cognitive radio networks (CRNs) should increase the efficiency of spectrum utilization. Moreover, energy-saving techniques are becoming essential to prolong the devices’ life. Consequently, this work considers a hybrid active/passive (interweave/backscatter) symbiotic network while adopting the energy harvesting technology and applying the sensing interval concept. The sensing interval concept helps the secondary users (SUs) to transmit their data for consecutive time slots depending on the sensing result of the first time slot. This concept helps the SUs to reduce the consumed energy in sensing the channel each time slot. The hybrid transmission mode improves the spectrum utilization. The energy harvesting technology, the sensing interval concept, and the backscatter mode improve the energy efficiency. These spectrum utilization and energy efficient techniques are combined, for the first time, in one model. To deal with the mixed system state (the energy of the SUs which is fully observable state and the primary users activity which is partially observable state due to the imperfect sensing) and take the future rewards into consideration, a mixed observable Markov decision process is proposed. Moreover, we derive a closed form expression for the data outage probability of the backscatter transmission with/without spectrum sensing. The numerical results show that the proposed model prevails over the other models in the literature in terms of throughput and energy efficiency. Moreover, the interference on the primary user receiver due to applying the sensing interval concept is reduced by introducing a new penalty parameter.

由于无线设备数量庞大，无线电频谱变得拥挤不堪，因此认知无线电网络（CRN）应提高频谱利用效率。此外，节能技术对于延长设备寿命也变得至关重要。因此，本研究考虑了一种混合主动/被动（交织/反向散射）共生网络，同时采用了能量收集技术和感知间隔概念。感知间隔概念帮助次级用户（SU）根据第一个时隙的感知结果，在连续的时隙内传输数据。这一概念可帮助 SU 减少每个时隙感知信道时消耗的能量。混合传输模式提高了频谱利用率。能量收集技术、感知间隔概念和反向散射模式提高了能效。这些频谱利用率和能源效率技术首次结合在一个模型中。为了处理混合系统状态（SU 的能量是完全可观测的状态，而主用户的活动由于传感不完善而属于部分可观测的状态）并考虑到未来的回报，我们提出了一个混合可观测马尔可夫决策过程。此外，我们还推导出了有/无频谱感知的反向散射传输数据中断概率的闭合形式表达式。数值结果表明，所提出的模型在吞吐量和能效方面优于文献中的其他模型。此外，通过引入一个新的惩罚参数，减少了因应用感知间隔概念而对主用户接收器造成的干扰。

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引用次数: 0

Outage Probability Analysis For Dual-Hop Asymmetric Fading WBAN 双跳非对称衰落 WBAN 的中断概率分析

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102526

Insha Ashraf, A.H. Mir

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) involve wireless communication among resource constrained sensors located on the human body, which are used to capture physiological signals. A significant challenge faced by WBANs is their reliability. It is crucial to analyze the outage of the system to ensure improved reliability in the system design. This study focuses on analyzing the outage performance of dual hop WBANs under different fading scenarios, wherein the channel coefficients follow different distributions. Outage performance is evaluated using the CDF of the SNR of different fading scenarios. Furthermore, the outage performance of these fading distributions are compared to each other and a target outage probability of 10% was pre-set to evaluate the performance of the composite channels from worst to best. Results show that the minimum acceptable threshold SNRs at average SNR = 15 dB for Gamma-Weibull, Gamma-Log-Normal, Gamma-Rayleigh, Gamma–Gamma, Gamma-Rician and Gamma-Nakagami-m are - 4 dB, 2 dB, 4 dB, 6 dB, 8 dB and 10 dB respectively. The analytical outcomes for all the results for different cases are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. There is a lack of comprehensive frameworks in the literature that address all scenarios according to the authors’ knowledge.

无线体域网（WBANs）涉及位于人体上的资源有限的传感器之间的无线通信，这些传感器用于捕捉生理信号。WBAN 面临的一个重大挑战是其可靠性。分析系统的中断情况对确保提高系统设计的可靠性至关重要。本研究重点分析双跳 WBAN 在不同衰落场景下的中断性能，其中信道系数遵循不同的分布。利用不同衰落场景下信噪比的 CDF 来评估中断性能。此外，还对这些衰减分布的中断性能进行了比较，并预先设定了 10% 的目标中断概率，以评估复合信道从最差到最佳的性能。结果显示，平均 SNR = 15 dB 时，Gamma-Weibull、Gamma-Log-Normal、Gamma-Rayleigh、Gamma-Gamma、Gamma-Rician 和 Gamma-Nakagami-m 的最小可接受阈值 SNR 分别为 - 4 dB、2 dB、4 dB、6 dB、8 dB 和 10 dB。通过蒙特卡罗模拟验证了不同情况下所有结果的分析结果。根据作者的了解，文献中缺乏针对所有情况的综合框架。

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引用次数: 0

Retraction notice to “A robust multi-target localization algorithm for ISAC systems” [Physical Communication 66 (2024) 102426] 用于 ISAC 系统的稳健多目标定位算法》的撤稿通知[物理通信 66 (2024) 102426]

IF 2 4区计算机科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Physical Communication

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102530

Qiang Guo

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).

This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.

The author has plagiarized a paper that had already appeared in IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 5, pp. 3678-3689, 2024, doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3413172. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

本文已被撤稿：请参阅爱思唯尔撤稿政策 (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy)。应主编要求，本文已被撤稿。作者剽窃了一篇已发表在《IEEE 通信学会开放期刊》（IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society）上的论文，第 5 卷，第 3678-3689 页，2024 年，doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3413172。提交论文发表的条件之一是作者明确声明其作品为原创，未在其他出版物上发表过。重复使用任何数据都应适当注明出处。因此，这篇文章是对科学出版制度的严重滥用。科学界对此持非常强烈的看法，在此向该期刊的读者致歉，因为我们在投稿过程中没有发现这一点。

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引用次数: 0