Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.340
G. Gaudig, M. Krebs, A. Prager, S. Wichmann, M. Barney, S. Caporn, M. Emmel, C. Fritz, M. Graf, A. Grobe, S. Pacheco, S. Hogue-Hugron, S. Holztraeger, S. Irrgang, A. Kamarainen, E. Karofeld, G. Koch, J. F. Koebbing, Sanjeev Kumar, I. Matchutadze, C. Oberpaur, J. Oestmann, P. Raabe, D. Rammes, L. Rochefort, G. Schmilewksi, J. Sendžikaitė, A. Smolders, B. St-Hilaire, B. V. Riet, B. Wright, N. Wright, L. Zoch, H. Joosten
Sphagnum farming - the production of Sphagnum biomass on rewetted bogs - helps towards achieving global climate goals by halting greenhouse gas emissions from drained peat and by replacing peat with a renewable biomass alternative. Large-scale implementation of Sphagnum farming requires a wide range of know-how, from initial species selection up to the final production and use of Sphagnum biomass based growing media in horticulture. This article provides an overview of relevant knowledge accumulated over the last 15 years and identifies open questions.
{"title":"Sphagnum farming from species selection to the production of growing media: A review","authors":"G. Gaudig, M. Krebs, A. Prager, S. Wichmann, M. Barney, S. Caporn, M. Emmel, C. Fritz, M. Graf, A. Grobe, S. Pacheco, S. Hogue-Hugron, S. Holztraeger, S. Irrgang, A. Kamarainen, E. Karofeld, G. Koch, J. F. Koebbing, Sanjeev Kumar, I. Matchutadze, C. Oberpaur, J. Oestmann, P. Raabe, D. Rammes, L. Rochefort, G. Schmilewksi, J. Sendžikaitė, A. Smolders, B. St-Hilaire, B. V. Riet, B. Wright, N. Wright, L. Zoch, H. Joosten","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.340","url":null,"abstract":"Sphagnum farming - the production of Sphagnum biomass on rewetted bogs - helps towards achieving global climate goals by halting greenhouse gas emissions from drained peat and by replacing peat with a renewable biomass alternative. Large-scale implementation of Sphagnum farming requires a wide range of know-how, from initial species selection up to the final production and use of Sphagnum biomass based growing media in horticulture. This article provides an overview of relevant knowledge accumulated over the last 15 years and identifies open questions.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"11 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.260
X. Pontevedra-Pombal, D. Castro, R. Carballeira, M. Souto, J. López‐Sáez, S. Díaz, M. Fraga, M. Valcárcel, E. García-Rodeja
The authors thank all researchers who have devoted effort to studying the Iberian peatlands. We are grateful to Christine Francis, native translator, for reviewing and correcting linguistic aspects of this manuscript. Our research has been made possible by the following project grants: INCITE09-200-019-PR (Xunta de Galicia Government); DESIREHAR2013-43701-P (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness); and Relictflora-P11-RNM7033 (Excellence Research Projects Program from the Andalusian Government).
作者感谢所有致力于研究伊比利亚泥炭地的研究人员。我们感谢本地翻译克里斯汀·弗朗西斯(Christine Francis)审阅和纠正本手稿的语言方面。我们的研究得到了以下项目资助:INCITE09-200-019-PR (Xunta de Galicia政府);DESIREHAR2013-43701-P(西班牙经济和竞争力部);和Relictflora-P11-RNM7033(安达卢西亚政府卓越研究项目计划)。
{"title":"Iberian acid peatlands: types, origin and general trends of development","authors":"X. Pontevedra-Pombal, D. Castro, R. Carballeira, M. Souto, J. López‐Sáez, S. Díaz, M. Fraga, M. Valcárcel, E. García-Rodeja","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.260","url":null,"abstract":"The authors thank all researchers who have devoted effort to studying the Iberian peatlands. We are grateful to Christine Francis, native translator, for reviewing and correcting linguistic aspects of this manuscript. Our research has been made possible by the following project grants: INCITE09-200-019-PR (Xunta de Galicia Government); DESIREHAR2013-43701-P (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness); and Relictflora-P11-RNM7033 (Excellence Research Projects Program from the Andalusian Government).","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67987369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-13DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.249
Sarah Cook, M. Peacock, C. Evans, S. Page, M. Whelan, V. Gauci, K. L. Khoon
Fluvial fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may represent an important loss for terrestrial carbon stores in the tropics. However, there is currently limited guidance on the preservation of tropical water samples for DOC analysis. Commonly employed preservation techniques such as freezing or acidification can limit degradation but may also alter sample properties, complicating DOC analysis. We examined the effects of cold storage at 4 °C on DOC concentration and quality in water samples collected from a tropical peat catchment. Samples were stored in the dark at 4 °C for periods of 6–12 weeks. Freeze/thaw experiments were also made. Mean DOC concentrations in samples stored for six weeks at 4 °C were 6.1 % greater than in samples stored at ambient room temperature (33 °C) over the same period. Changes in DOC concentrations, in two sample sets, during cold storage were 2.25 ± 2.9 mg L-1 (8 %) to 2.69 ± 1.4 mg L-1 (11 %) over a 12-week period. Freeze/thaw resulted in alterations in the optical properties of samples, and this in turn altered the calculated DOC concentrations by an average of 10.9 %. We conclude that cold storage at 4 °C is an acceptable preservation method for tropical DOC water samples, for moderate time periods, and is preferable to freezing or storage at ambient temperatures.
{"title":"Cold storage as a method for the long-term preservation of tropical dissolved organic carbon (DOC)","authors":"Sarah Cook, M. Peacock, C. Evans, S. Page, M. Whelan, V. Gauci, K. L. Khoon","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.249","url":null,"abstract":"Fluvial fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may represent an important loss for terrestrial carbon stores in the tropics. However, there is currently limited guidance on the preservation of tropical water samples for DOC analysis. Commonly employed preservation techniques such as freezing or acidification can limit degradation but may also alter sample properties, complicating DOC analysis. We examined the effects of cold storage at 4 °C on DOC concentration and quality in water samples collected from a tropical peat catchment. Samples were stored in the dark at 4 °C for periods of 6–12 weeks. Freeze/thaw experiments were also made. Mean DOC concentrations in samples stored for six weeks at 4 °C were 6.1 % greater than in samples stored at ambient room temperature (33 °C) over the same period. Changes in DOC concentrations, in two sample sets, during cold storage were 2.25 ± 2.9 mg L-1 (8 %) to 2.69 ± 1.4 mg L-1 (11 %) over a 12-week period. Freeze/thaw resulted in alterations in the optical properties of samples, and this in turn altered the calculated DOC concentrations by an average of 10.9 %. We conclude that cold storage at 4 °C is an acceptable preservation method for tropical DOC water samples, for moderate time periods, and is preferable to freezing or storage at ambient temperatures.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67987553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.212
B. Baranyai, H. Joosten, ROUND-LEAVED Sundew
Drosera rotundifolia is a perennial insectivorous herb which occupies open, wet, oligotrophic habitats such as acidic bogs and poor fens, and specifically grows in Sphagnum-dominated communities. Since mediaeval times the species has been collected from natural habitats and used as a remedy for coughs and pulmonary diseases. Due to the substantial decline of Drosera habitat, the plant has been protected in most European countries since the 1980s, which means that wild D. rotundifolia has become unavailable to the pharmaceutical industry. The persistent demand has stimulated research into the cultivation of Drosera in several European countries. These studies have shown that Drosera cultivation is time-consuming and not (yet) cost-effective, and there is a need for the development of cultivation methods. This article reviews the morphology, distribution, ecology and reproduction of Drosera rotundifolia; outlines its commercial use and nature conservation requirements; and describes previous research on its propagation and cultivation.
{"title":"Biology, ecology, use, conservation and cultivation of round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.): a review.","authors":"B. Baranyai, H. Joosten, ROUND-LEAVED Sundew","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.212","url":null,"abstract":"Drosera rotundifolia is a perennial insectivorous herb which occupies open, wet, oligotrophic habitats such as acidic bogs and poor fens, and specifically grows in Sphagnum-dominated communities. Since mediaeval times the species has been collected from natural habitats and used as a remedy for coughs and pulmonary diseases. Due to the substantial decline of Drosera habitat, the plant has been protected in most European countries since the 1980s, which means that wild D. rotundifolia has become unavailable to the pharmaceutical industry. The persistent demand has stimulated research into the cultivation of Drosera in several European countries. These studies have shown that Drosera cultivation is time-consuming and not (yet) cost-effective, and there is a need for the development of cultivation methods. This article reviews the morphology, distribution, ecology and reproduction of Drosera rotundifolia; outlines its commercial use and nature conservation requirements; and describes previous research on its propagation and cultivation.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67986668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-08DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.222
D. Wilson, D. Blain, J. Couwenberg, C. Evans, D. Murdiyarso, S. Page, F. Renou-Wilson, J. Rieley, A. Sirin, M. Strack, E. Tuittila
Drained organic soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. Rewetting these soils may reduce GHG emissions and could also create suitable conditions for return of the carbon (C) sink function characteristic of undrained organic soils. In this article we expand on the work relating to rewetted organic soils that was carried out for the 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Wetlands Supplement. We describe the methods and scientific approach used to derive the Tier 1 emission factors (the rate of emission per unit of activity) for the full suite of GHG and waterborne C fluxes associated with rewetting of organic soils. We recorded a total of 352 GHG and waterborne annual flux data points from an extensive literature search and these were disaggregated by flux type (i.e. CO2, CH4, N2O and DOC), climate zone and nutrient status. Our results showed fundamental differences between the GHG dynamics of drained and rewetted organic soils and, based on the 100 year global warming potential of each gas, indicated that rewetting of drained organic soils leads to: net annual removals of CO2 in the majority of organic soil classes; an increase in annual CH4 emissions; a decrease in N2O and DOC losses; and a lowering of net GHG emissions. Data published since the Wetlands Supplement (n = 58) generally support our derivations. Significant data gaps exist, particularly with regard to tropical organic soils, DOC and N2O. We propose that the uncertainty associated with our derivations could be significantly reduced by the development of country specific emission factors that could in turn be disaggregated by factors such as vegetation composition, water table level, time since rewetting and previous land use history.
{"title":"Greenhouse gas emission factors associated with rewetting of organic soils","authors":"D. Wilson, D. Blain, J. Couwenberg, C. Evans, D. Murdiyarso, S. Page, F. Renou-Wilson, J. Rieley, A. Sirin, M. Strack, E. Tuittila","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.222","url":null,"abstract":"Drained organic soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. Rewetting these soils may reduce GHG emissions and could also create suitable conditions for return of the carbon (C) sink function characteristic of undrained organic soils. In this article we expand on the work relating to rewetted organic soils that was carried out for the 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Wetlands Supplement. We describe the methods and scientific approach used to derive the Tier 1 emission factors (the rate of emission per unit of activity) for the full suite of GHG and waterborne C fluxes associated with rewetting of organic soils. We recorded a total of 352 GHG and waterborne annual flux data points from an extensive literature search and these were disaggregated by flux type (i.e. CO2, CH4, N2O and DOC), climate zone and nutrient status. Our results showed fundamental differences between the GHG dynamics of drained and rewetted organic soils and, based on the 100 year global warming potential of each gas, indicated that rewetting of drained organic soils leads to: net annual removals of CO2 in the majority of organic soil classes; an increase in annual CH4 emissions; a decrease in N2O and DOC losses; and a lowering of net GHG emissions. Data published since the Wetlands Supplement (n = 58) generally support our derivations. Significant data gaps exist, particularly with regard to tropical organic soils, DOC and N2O. We propose that the uncertainty associated with our derivations could be significantly reduced by the development of country specific emission factors that could in turn be disaggregated by factors such as vegetation composition, water table level, time since rewetting and previous land use history.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67986707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-28DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.202
M. Koskinen, Liisa Maanavilja, M. Nieminen, K. Minkkinen, E. Tuittila
Forestry-drained peatlands in the boreal region are currently undergoing restoration in order to bring these ecosystems closer to their natural (undrained) state. Drainage affects the methane (CH4) dynamics of a peatland, often changing sites from CH4 sources to sinks. Successful restoration of a peatland would include restoration of not only the surface vegetation and hydrology, but also the microbial populations and thus CH4 dynamics. As a pilot study, CH4 emissions were measured on two pristine, two drained and three restored boreal spruce swamps in southern Finland for one growing season. Restoration was successful in the sense that the water table level in the restored sites was significantly higher than in the drained sites, but it was also slightly higher than in the pristine sites. The restored sites were surprisingly large sources of CH4 (mean emissions of 52.84 mg CH4 m-2 d-1), contrasting with both the pristine (1.51 mg CH4 m-2 d-1) and the drained sites (2.09 mg CH4 m-2 d-1). More research is needed to assess whether the high CH4 emissions observed in this study are representative of restored spruce mires in general.
{"title":"High methane emissions from restored Norway spruce swamps in southern Finland over one growing season","authors":"M. Koskinen, Liisa Maanavilja, M. Nieminen, K. Minkkinen, E. Tuittila","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.202","url":null,"abstract":"Forestry-drained peatlands in the boreal region are currently undergoing restoration in order to bring these ecosystems closer to their natural (undrained) state. Drainage affects the methane (CH4) dynamics of a peatland, often changing sites from CH4 sources to sinks. Successful restoration of a peatland would include restoration of not only the surface vegetation and hydrology, but also the microbial populations and thus CH4 dynamics. As a pilot study, CH4 emissions were measured on two pristine, two drained and three restored boreal spruce swamps in southern Finland for one growing season. Restoration was successful in the sense that the water table level in the restored sites was significantly higher than in the drained sites, but it was also slightly higher than in the pristine sites. The restored sites were surprisingly large sources of CH4 (mean emissions of 52.84 mg CH4 m-2 d-1), contrasting with both the pristine (1.51 mg CH4 m-2 d-1) and the drained sites (2.09 mg CH4 m-2 d-1). More research is needed to assess whether the high CH4 emissions observed in this study are representative of restored spruce mires in general.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"17 1","pages":"02"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67986253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.203
Ully H. Kritzler, R. Artz, David W. Johnson
Understanding the climatic and biological factors that regulate soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux is crucial in peatlands because they contain a large proportion of terrestrial carbon (C). We predicted that rainfall reduction would increase soil CO2 efflux, and that cessation of below-ground allocation of recent plant assimilate would reduce soil CO2 efflux. These predictions were tested in the field using rainfall shelters that allowed a maximum of 40 % of rainfall onto 2 × 2 m plots by diverting rainwater from the shelter roofs with guttering, and by girdling stems of the dominant plant, Calluna vulgaris, for two years. We also used CO2-pulse labelling of intact monoliths at ambient CO2 concentrations to trace recent assimilate from plant shoots to roots, bulk soil, leachate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil CO2 efflux . Soil CO2 efflux in the sheltered plots increased in Year 1 but not in Year 2, and we found a positive relationship between soil CO2 efflux and water table depth. Our data indicate that lowering the water table below a critical threshold (15–20 cm) affects soil CO2 efflux. Girdling of C. vulgaris shoots resulted in no measurable reduction in soil CO2 efflux, while only ~3 % of 13C fixed by shoots was recovered in soil CO2 efflux and DOC in the 20 days after labelling. Our findings show that below-ground allocation of recent assimilate from C. vulgaris plants > 6 years old has little impact on soil CO2 efflux.
{"title":"Soil CO2 efflux in a degraded raised bog is regulated by water table depth rather than recent plant assimilate","authors":"Ully H. Kritzler, R. Artz, David W. Johnson","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.203","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the climatic and biological factors that regulate soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux is crucial in peatlands because they contain a large proportion of terrestrial carbon (C). We predicted that rainfall reduction would increase soil CO2 efflux, and that cessation of below-ground allocation of recent plant assimilate would reduce soil CO2 efflux. These predictions were tested in the field using rainfall shelters that allowed a maximum of 40 % of rainfall onto 2 × 2 m plots by diverting rainwater from the shelter roofs with guttering, and by girdling stems of the dominant plant, Calluna vulgaris, for two years. We also used CO2-pulse labelling of intact monoliths at ambient CO2 concentrations to trace recent assimilate from plant shoots to roots, bulk soil, leachate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil CO2 efflux . Soil CO2 efflux in the sheltered plots increased in Year 1 but not in Year 2, and we found a positive relationship between soil CO2 efflux and water table depth. Our data indicate that lowering the water table below a critical threshold (15–20 cm) affects soil CO2 efflux. Girdling of C. vulgaris shoots resulted in no measurable reduction in soil CO2 efflux, while only ~3 % of 13C fixed by shoots was recovered in soil CO2 efflux and DOC in the 20 days after labelling. Our findings show that below-ground allocation of recent assimilate from C. vulgaris plants > 6 years old has little impact on soil CO2 efflux.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67986410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.205
M. Rahgozar, M. Saberian
To accommodate major civil engineering projects in or in the vicinity of peatlands, it is essential to stabilise peat deposits. On the other hand, the accumulation of waste tyres in recent decades has caused environmental problems around the world. An effective remedy for both issues is to use scrap tyre material to stabilise problematic peat soils. This article reports an experimental investigation of the effects of adding shredded tyre chips on the stability and bearing capacity of peat soil. Peat soil samples from the Chaghakhor Wetland (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran) were mixed with sand at a constant dosage of 400 kg m-3 and different percentages (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % by weight) of shredded tyre chips. The unconfined compressive strength, effective cohesion, angle of internal friction and coefficient of permeability were measured for all of these mixtures. The results showed that adding shredded tyre chips significantly improved the geotechnical properties of the peat soil. The mixture with 10 % shredded tyre chips showed the highest unconfined compressive strength; the one with 15 % tyre chips exhibited the highest ductility; and adding 20 % shredded tyre chips provided the highest values for angle of internal friction, effective cohesion and coefficient of permeability. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) showed that the pore spaces in the stabilised peat were mostly filled with sand.
为了在泥炭地或其附近进行大型土木工程项目，必须稳定泥炭沉积物。另一方面，近几十年来，废旧轮胎的积累在世界各地造成了环境问题。解决这两个问题的有效方法是使用废旧轮胎材料来稳定有问题的泥炭土。本文报道了在泥炭土中加入轮胎碎屑对泥炭土稳定性和承载力影响的试验研究。从Chaghakhor湿地(伊朗Chaharmahal和Bakhtiari省)提取泥炭土样本，以400 kg m-3的恒定剂量与不同比例(按重量计为0%、5%、10%、15%和20%)的沙子混合。测试了所有混合料的无侧限抗压强度、有效黏聚力、内摩擦角和渗透系数。结果表明，轮胎碎屑的加入显著改善了泥炭土的岩土力学性能。掺10%轮胎碎料的混合料无侧限抗压强度最高;轮胎屑含量为15%时，其延展性最高;添加20%的轮胎碎屑，内摩擦角、有效黏聚力和透气性系数均达到最大值。扫描电镜(SEM)显示，稳定泥炭的孔隙空间主要被砂土填充。
{"title":"Geotechnical properties of peat soil stabilised with shredded waste tyre chips","authors":"M. Rahgozar, M. Saberian","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2015.OMB.205","url":null,"abstract":"To accommodate major civil engineering projects in or in the vicinity of peatlands, it is essential to stabilise peat deposits. On the other hand, the accumulation of waste tyres in recent decades has caused environmental problems around the world. An effective remedy for both issues is to use scrap tyre material to stabilise problematic peat soils. This article reports an experimental investigation of the effects of adding shredded tyre chips on the stability and bearing capacity of peat soil. Peat soil samples from the Chaghakhor Wetland (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran) were mixed with sand at a constant dosage of 400 kg m-3 and different percentages (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % by weight) of shredded tyre chips. The unconfined compressive strength, effective cohesion, angle of internal friction and coefficient of permeability were measured for all of these mixtures. The results showed that adding shredded tyre chips significantly improved the geotechnical properties of the peat soil. The mixture with 10 % shredded tyre chips showed the highest unconfined compressive strength; the one with 15 % tyre chips exhibited the highest ductility; and adding 20 % shredded tyre chips provided the highest values for angle of internal friction, effective cohesion and coefficient of permeability. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) showed that the pore spaces in the stabilised peat were mostly filled with sand.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67986569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.244
M. Lamentowicz, Sandra Słowińska, M. Słowiński, V. Jassey, B. Chojnicki, Monika K Reczuga, Małgorzata Zielińska, K. Marcisz, Łukasz Lamentowicz, Jan Barabach, M. Samson, P. Kołaczek, A. Buttler
Northern hemisphere peatlands are substantial carbon stores. However, recent climate change and human impacts (e.g., drainage and atmospheric nutrient deposition) may trigger the emission of their stored carbon to the atmosphere. Biodiversity losses are also an important consequence of those changes. Therefore, there is a need to recognise these processes in space and time. Global change experiments are often conducted to improve our understanding of the potential responses of various ecosystems to global warming and drought. Most of the experiments carried out in peatlands are focused on carbon balance and nitrogen deposition. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how fast peatlands respond to temperature changes and water-table lowering in the continental climate setting. This is important because continental regions account for a significant proportion of all northern hemisphere peatlands. A combination of short-term and long-term approaches in a single research project is especially helpful because it facilitates the correct interpretation of experimental data. Here we describe the CLIMPEAT project - a manipulative field experiment in a Sphagnum-dominated peatland supported by a high-resolution multi-proxy palaeoecological study. The design of the field experiment (e.g., treatments), methodology and biogeographical setting are presented. We suggest it is beneficial to support field experiments with an investigation of past environmental changes in the studied ecosystem, as human impacts during the past 300 years have already caused substantial changes in ecosystem functioning which may condition the response in experimental studies.
{"title":"Combining short-term manipulative experiments with long-term palaeoecological investigations at high resolution to assess the response of Sphagnum peatlands to drought, fire and warming","authors":"M. Lamentowicz, Sandra Słowińska, M. Słowiński, V. Jassey, B. Chojnicki, Monika K Reczuga, Małgorzata Zielińska, K. Marcisz, Łukasz Lamentowicz, Jan Barabach, M. Samson, P. Kołaczek, A. Buttler","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.244","url":null,"abstract":"Northern hemisphere peatlands are substantial carbon stores. However, recent climate change and human impacts (e.g., drainage and atmospheric nutrient deposition) may trigger the emission of their stored carbon to the atmosphere. Biodiversity losses are also an important consequence of those changes. Therefore, there is a need to recognise these processes in space and time. Global change experiments are often conducted to improve our understanding of the potential responses of various ecosystems to global warming and drought. Most of the experiments carried out in peatlands are focused on carbon balance and nitrogen deposition. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how fast peatlands respond to temperature changes and water-table lowering in the continental climate setting. This is important because continental regions account for a significant proportion of all northern hemisphere peatlands. A combination of short-term and long-term approaches in a single research project is especially helpful because it facilitates the correct interpretation of experimental data. Here we describe the CLIMPEAT project - a manipulative field experiment in a Sphagnum-dominated peatland supported by a high-resolution multi-proxy palaeoecological study. The design of the field experiment (e.g., treatments), methodology and biogeographical setting are presented. We suggest it is beneficial to support field experiments with an investigation of past environmental changes in the studied ecosystem, as human impacts during the past 300 years have already caused substantial changes in ecosystem functioning which may condition the response in experimental studies.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"18 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67987144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.231
E. D. Secco, Tuomas Haapalehto, J. Haimi, Kristian Meissner, T. Tahvanainen
The environmental importance of peatlands has stimulated efforts to restore their specific ecosystem structure and functions. Monitoring and assessment of the ecological state of the peatland is fundamental in restoration programmes. Most studies have focused on the responses of vegetation and, to a lesser extent, on testate amoebae (TA). To our knowledge, none have investigated whether these two groups show concordance in the context of restoration of drained peatland. Here we assess community concordance between TA and vegetation in boreal peatlands belonging to four different land use management classes (natural, drained, restored 3–7 years ago, and restored 9–12 years ago). TA and vegetation communities were concordant when all of the studied sites were compared. However, there was no concordance within management classes except for sites restored 3–7 years ago. We found that TA and vegetation communities are not surrogates of one another when measuring the success of restoration, and that thorough studies of both communities are required to build a holistic understanding of the changes during restoration from an ecosystem perspective. TA seemed to respond faster to changes caused by restoration and, hence, could be better early indicators of restoration success than plants. Furthermore, studies of the relationships between TA and plant communities could provide important insights to aid understanding of the link between the recovery of ecosystem structure and the reinstatement of ecosystem functions.
{"title":"Do testate amoebae communities recover in concordance with vegetation after restoration of drained peatlands","authors":"E. D. Secco, Tuomas Haapalehto, J. Haimi, Kristian Meissner, T. Tahvanainen","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2016.OMB.231","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental importance of peatlands has stimulated efforts to restore their specific ecosystem structure and functions. Monitoring and assessment of the ecological state of the peatland is fundamental in restoration programmes. Most studies have focused on the responses of vegetation and, to a lesser extent, on testate amoebae (TA). To our knowledge, none have investigated whether these two groups show concordance in the context of restoration of drained peatland. Here we assess community concordance between TA and vegetation in boreal peatlands belonging to four different land use management classes (natural, drained, restored 3–7 years ago, and restored 9–12 years ago). TA and vegetation communities were concordant when all of the studied sites were compared. However, there was no concordance within management classes except for sites restored 3–7 years ago. We found that TA and vegetation communities are not surrogates of one another when measuring the success of restoration, and that thorough studies of both communities are required to build a holistic understanding of the changes during restoration from an ecosystem perspective. TA seemed to respond faster to changes caused by restoration and, hence, could be better early indicators of restoration success than plants. Furthermore, studies of the relationships between TA and plant communities could provide important insights to aid understanding of the link between the recovery of ecosystem structure and the reinstatement of ecosystem functions.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67986444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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