Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.364
S. A. Howie, H. V. Meerveld
Descriptions of abiotic properties in bogs are often based on point measurements. To assess whether these point measurements are representative of their surrounding area, depth to water table (DTW), soil moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), the degree of peat humification and ash content were measured at 25 points in a 4 m × 4 m study site. The gravimetric moisture content of the peat samples varied little (coefficient of variation (CV): 2–4 %), while the volumetric moisture content (CV: 11 %) and DTW (CV: 48 %) were more variable. Pore water pH also varied little throughout the study site (CV: 1 %), but pore water EC was more variable (CV: 84 %). The degree of humification was generally within 1–2 points on the von Post scale. Ash content was fairly variable (CV: 61–100 %). Plant species composition varied across the study site in relation to microtopography and was, not surprisingly, most strongly influenced by DTW and near-surface soil moisture. Some point measurements in bogs (e.g. pH, gravimetric moisture content) are likely to be representative for an area of at least several square metres, while other variables (e.g. EC, volumetric moisture content, degree of humification, ash content) may need to be measured at more than one point to obtain a representative average.
{"title":"Are point measurements in a bog representative of their surrounding area","authors":"S. A. Howie, H. V. Meerveld","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.364","url":null,"abstract":"Descriptions of abiotic properties in bogs are often based on point measurements. To assess whether these point measurements are representative of their surrounding area, depth to water table (DTW), soil moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), the degree of peat humification and ash content were measured at 25 points in a 4 m × 4 m study site. The gravimetric moisture content of the peat samples varied little (coefficient of variation (CV): 2–4 %), while the volumetric moisture content (CV: 11 %) and DTW (CV: 48 %) were more variable. Pore water pH also varied little throughout the study site (CV: 1 %), but pore water EC was more variable (CV: 84 %). The degree of humification was generally within 1–2 points on the von Post scale. Ash content was fairly variable (CV: 61–100 %). Plant species composition varied across the study site in relation to microtopography and was, not surprisingly, most strongly influenced by DTW and near-surface soil moisture. Some point measurements in bogs (e.g. pH, gravimetric moisture content) are likely to be representative for an area of at least several square metres, while other variables (e.g. EC, volumetric moisture content, degree of humification, ash content) may need to be measured at more than one point to obtain a representative average.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2018.KHR.329
Samer Elshehawi, P. Grundling, M. Gabriel, A. Grootjans, J. Plicht
South Africa has a limited number of peatlands and most of them are relatively small compared to those in cooler temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. We gathered 40 basal peat samples representative of South Africa’s peatlands to explore their development during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Depth profiles of nine of them were also investigated using radiocarbon dating, which yielded information on past environmental changes affecting South African peatlands. The data showed three peaks in the frequency of peatland initiation, which are consistent with available climatic and sea level fluctuation data: one after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and two during the Mid to Late Holocene. Inland peatlands in mountain valleys showed optimal growing conditions during the glacial-interglacial transition, continuing until the Early-Holocene. This is due to the switch to the wet and warm interglacial climate. In contrast, coastal peatlands showed optimal initiation conditions over two phases during the Holocene, which is consistent with sea level rise peaks that led to optimal moist conditions occurring ca. 6,000–3,000 and 1,000 years ago. Sea level rise reduced groundwater drainage, which led to a rise in the primary groundwater table. However, data from some of the coastal peatlands indicate independence from the sea level fluctuation, and that they are rather controlled by climatic conditions and their local hydrogeomorphic setting, e.g. perched groundwater aquifers. Some peatland complexes show a pattern of phased initiation with peat initiation consistent with altitude difference, which could be due to a positive feedback of blocking caused by peat accumulation in lower reaches, reducing groundwater drainage to the sea.
{"title":"South African peatlands: A review of Late-Pleistocene-Holocene dvelopments using radiocarbon dating","authors":"Samer Elshehawi, P. Grundling, M. Gabriel, A. Grootjans, J. Plicht","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.KHR.329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.KHR.329","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa has a limited number of peatlands and most of them are relatively small compared to those in cooler temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. We gathered 40 basal peat samples representative of South Africa’s peatlands to explore their development during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Depth profiles of nine of them were also investigated using radiocarbon dating, which yielded information on past environmental changes affecting South African peatlands. The data showed three peaks in the frequency of peatland initiation, which are consistent with available climatic and sea level fluctuation data: one after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and two during the Mid to Late Holocene. Inland peatlands in mountain valleys showed optimal growing conditions during the glacial-interglacial transition, continuing until the Early-Holocene. This is due to the switch to the wet and warm interglacial climate. In contrast, coastal peatlands showed optimal initiation conditions over two phases during the Holocene, which is consistent with sea level rise peaks that led to optimal moist conditions occurring ca. 6,000–3,000 and 1,000 years ago. Sea level rise reduced groundwater drainage, which led to a rise in the primary groundwater table. However, data from some of the coastal peatlands indicate independence from the sea level fluctuation, and that they are rather controlled by climatic conditions and their local hydrogeomorphic setting, e.g. perched groundwater aquifers. Some peatland complexes show a pattern of phased initiation with peat initiation consistent with altitude difference, which could be due to a positive feedback of blocking caused by peat accumulation in lower reaches, reducing groundwater drainage to the sea.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-17DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.299
R. Andersen, Richard Taylor, N. Cowie, D. Svobodova, A. Youngson
In the UK, large areas of blanket bogs were afforested with non-native conifers between the 1960s and the 1980s. Following recognition of the detrimental effects of such practice on biodiversity and carbon stocks, large-scale restoration trials started in the late 1990s and are further supported by recent changes in policy. The removal of forestry from peatlands is likely to be a widespread land-use change in the coming decades and could affect adjacent freshwater systems. This study aimed to investigate whether forestry removal with drain blocking affected nearby spawning sites used by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We analysed the chemistry of hyporheic (beneath and just above the streambed) and surface water, and measured sediment deposition upstream of, within and downstream of a forestry block in the north of Scotland, during and after restoration management operations. We found no immediate effect of management except on potassium and zinc concentrations, which increased after restoration. The general lack of effect is attributed to catchment properties, including the small proportion of catchment (< 5 %) affected by management, and to dilution effects related to heavy precipitation during the intervention phase. We suggest that longer-term monitoring should be implemented as the sizes of areas undergoing restoration management increases.
{"title":"Assessing the effects of forest-to-bog restoration in the hyporheic zone at known Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawning sites","authors":"R. Andersen, Richard Taylor, N. Cowie, D. Svobodova, A. Youngson","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.299","url":null,"abstract":"In the UK, large areas of blanket bogs were afforested with non-native conifers between the 1960s and the 1980s. Following recognition of the detrimental effects of such practice on biodiversity and carbon stocks, large-scale restoration trials started in the late 1990s and are further supported by recent changes in policy. The removal of forestry from peatlands is likely to be a widespread land-use change in the coming decades and could affect adjacent freshwater systems. This study aimed to investigate whether forestry removal with drain blocking affected nearby spawning sites used by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We analysed the chemistry of hyporheic (beneath and just above the streambed) and surface water, and measured sediment deposition upstream of, within and downstream of a forestry block in the north of Scotland, during and after restoration management operations. We found no immediate effect of management except on potassium and zinc concentrations, which increased after restoration. The general lack of effect is attributed to catchment properties, including the small proportion of catchment (< 5 %) affected by management, and to dilution effects related to heavy precipitation during the intervention phase. We suggest that longer-term monitoring should be implemented as the sizes of areas undergoing restoration management increases.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48430388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-25DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.347
Joshua L. Ratcliffe, R. Payne, R. Payne, T. Sloan, B. Smith, S. Waldron, D. Mauquoy, A. Newton, Alistair R. Anderson, A. Henderson, R. Andersen
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was primarily funded by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (grant LG13STIR007), the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2015- 162), the British Ecological Society and the Royal Society. The research that generated the Gordonbush records was funded by SSE, ETP and EPSRC. We would also like to thank the RSPB, Patrick Sinclair, the Forestry Commission and SSE for granting access to the field sites and for help in retrieving the peat cores. Angela Creevy, David Braidwood and volunteers from Forsinard Flows NNR helped with the core collection while Prof. Stuart Gibb, Dr Chris Hayward and Norrie Russell provided valuable advice and assistance. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS The study was conceived by RJP and JLR. Fieldworkwas conducted by JLR, TJS, BS, RA, ARA, RJP, SWand AH. Data compilation was conducted by JLR andRJP. Labwork was conducted by JLR, BS and TJS.RJP, RA, ARA, AN, DM, SW and AH secured funding and supervised students. Data analysis was conducted by JLR and RJP. JLR and RJP wrote the first draft of the manuscript to which all authors contributed.
{"title":"Holocene carbon accumulation in the peatlands of northern Scotland","authors":"Joshua L. Ratcliffe, R. Payne, R. Payne, T. Sloan, B. Smith, S. Waldron, D. Mauquoy, A. Newton, Alistair R. Anderson, A. Henderson, R. Andersen","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.347","url":null,"abstract":"ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was primarily funded by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (grant LG13STIR007), the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2015- 162), the British Ecological Society and the Royal Society. The research that generated the Gordonbush records was funded by SSE, ETP and EPSRC. We would also like to thank the RSPB, Patrick Sinclair, the Forestry Commission and SSE for granting access to the field sites and for help in retrieving the peat cores. Angela Creevy, David Braidwood and volunteers from Forsinard Flows NNR helped with the core collection while Prof. Stuart Gibb, Dr Chris Hayward and Norrie Russell provided valuable advice and assistance. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS The study was conceived by RJP and JLR. Fieldworkwas conducted by JLR, TJS, BS, RA, ARA, RJP, SWand AH. Data compilation was conducted by JLR andRJP. Labwork was conducted by JLR, BS and TJS.RJP, RA, ARA, AN, DM, SW and AH secured funding and supervised students. Data analysis was conducted by JLR and RJP. JLR and RJP wrote the first draft of the manuscript to which all authors contributed.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47723825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.381
R. Andersen, N. Cowie, R. Payne, J. Subke
In the far north of Scotland, a vast and varied expanse of blanket peatland (Figure 1) extends across an area of 4,000 km within the historic counties of Caithness and Sutherland, from the foot of the mountains in the west to the coast in the east. It is the largest expanse of blanket mire in Europe (Lindsay et al. 1988) and the largest single terrestrial carbon store in the UK (Chapman et al. 2009). It is known as the Flow Country. The Flow Country has high conservation value, being of particular importance for its suite of breeding birds which includes the Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra), Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) and Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), and a refuge for many species normally found closer to the Arctic (Lindsay et al. 1988). The nature conservation importance of this area is reflected in the designation of over 1,300 km as Natura 2000 sites under the European Habitats and Birds Directives, including the largest terrestrial Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in the UK, and the current consideration of the Flow Country for World Heritage Site status.
在苏格兰的最北部，从西部的山脚到东部的海岸，在历史悠久的凯斯内斯县和萨瑟兰县范围内，有一片广阔而多样的地毯式泥炭地(图1)延伸了4000公里。它是欧洲最大的地毯式沼泽(Lindsay et al. 1988)和英国最大的单一陆地碳储量(Chapman et al. 2009)。它被称为流动国家。流动之国具有很高的保护价值，尤其重要的是它的一套繁殖鸟类，包括普通Scoter (Melanitta nigra)， Greenshank (Tringa nebularia)， Dunlin (Calidris alpina)， Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria)和Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus)，以及通常在北极附近发现的许多物种的避难所(Lindsay et al. 1988)。根据欧洲栖息地和鸟类指令，该地区超过1300公里的自然保护区被指定为自然2000点，包括英国最大的陆地特殊保护区(SAC)，以及目前正在考虑的流动国家世界遗产地位，这反映了该地区自然保护的重要性。
{"title":"The Flow Country Peatlands of Scotland: Foreword","authors":"R. Andersen, N. Cowie, R. Payne, J. Subke","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.381","url":null,"abstract":"In the far north of Scotland, a vast and varied expanse of blanket peatland (Figure 1) extends across an area of 4,000 km within the historic counties of Caithness and Sutherland, from the foot of the mountains in the west to the coast in the east. It is the largest expanse of blanket mire in Europe (Lindsay et al. 1988) and the largest single terrestrial carbon store in the UK (Chapman et al. 2009). It is known as the Flow Country. The Flow Country has high conservation value, being of particular importance for its suite of breeding birds which includes the Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra), Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) and Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), and a refuge for many species normally found closer to the Arctic (Lindsay et al. 1988). The nature conservation importance of this area is reflected in the designation of over 1,300 km as Natura 2000 sites under the European Habitats and Birds Directives, including the largest terrestrial Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in the UK, and the current consideration of the Flow Country for World Heritage Site status.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42966541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.315
T. Sloan, R. Payne, R. Payne, Alistair R. Anderson, C. Bain, S. Chapman, N. Cowie, P. Gilbert, R. Lindsay, D. Mauquoy, A. Newton, R. Andersen
Peatlands are a globally significant store of carbon. During the second half of the 20th century new planting techniques combined with tax incentives encouraged commercial forestry across large areas of peat bog in the UK, particularly in the Flow Country of northern Scotland. Such planting was controversial and was ultimately halted by removal of the tax incentives, and policies to prevent new planting. Here we review the literature on UK peatland afforestation in relation to carbon and climate implications, and identify key issues for future research. The effects of conifer planting on peat bog carbon storage in the UK are poorly understood. A large body of research on peatland forestry exists, particularly from naturally forested fen peatlands in Fennoscandia and Russia, but the different conditions in the UK mean that results are not directly transferable. Data on the responses of UK peat bogs to afforestation are required to address this shortfall. Studies are required that quantify the loss of carbon from the peat and evaluate it against the accumulation of carbon above and below ground in trees, considering the likely residence time of carbon in wood products.
{"title":"Peatland afforestation in the UK and consequences for carbon storage","authors":"T. Sloan, R. Payne, R. Payne, Alistair R. Anderson, C. Bain, S. Chapman, N. Cowie, P. Gilbert, R. Lindsay, D. Mauquoy, A. Newton, R. Andersen","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.315","url":null,"abstract":"Peatlands are a globally significant store of carbon. During the second half of the 20th century new planting techniques combined with tax incentives encouraged commercial forestry across large areas of peat bog in the UK, particularly in the Flow Country of northern Scotland. Such planting was controversial and was ultimately halted by removal of the tax incentives, and policies to prevent new planting. Here we review the literature on UK peatland afforestation in relation to carbon and climate implications, and identify key issues for future research. The effects of conifer planting on peat bog carbon storage in the UK are poorly understood. A large body of research on peatland forestry exists, particularly from naturally forested fen peatlands in Fennoscandia and Russia, but the different conditions in the UK mean that results are not directly transferable. Data on the responses of UK peat bogs to afforestation are required to address this shortfall. Studies are required that quantify the loss of carbon from the peat and evaluate it against the accumulation of carbon above and below ground in trees, considering the likely residence time of carbon in wood products.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42687304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74151
A. Šlepetienė, Kristina Amaleviciute-Volunge, J. Šlepetys, I. Liaudanskienė, J. Volungevicius
Soil drainage as well as soil cultivation and fertilization has considerable influence on the organic matter mineralization rate and changes in the profile structure. Our research suggested that quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peat soil are changing in response to the renaturalization processes and different management. The study set out to estimate chemical and physical properties of Pachiterric Histosol, qualitative and quantitative changes in carbon resulting from different management and renaturaliza tion processes. Wetland and peatland soils are among the largest organic carbon stocks, and their use contributes to carbon emissions or accumulation processes. The focus of our work is research into the peculiarities of organic carbon accumulation and transforma - tion as influenced by different land use of peat soil. Results on the chemical properties of Pachiterric Histosol showed the influence of management and renaturalization on mobile and by pyrophosphate solution extractable humic and fulvic acids and humification degree. We are also exploring the specificities of organic carbon variation in the context of peat renaturalization and are seeking to answer the question as how to optimize the use of peat soils and how to match up this with the renaturalization processes in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to organic carbon accumulation and conservation in the soil. mineralization rate and changes in the profile structure. Our research suggested that quantita tive and qualitative characteristics of peat soil are changing in response to the renaturalization processes and different management. The study set out to estimate chemical and physical prop erties of Pachiterric Histosol, qualitative and quantitative changes in carbon resulting from dif ferent management and renaturalization processes. Wetland and peatland soils are among the largest organic carbon stocks, and their use contributes to carbon emissions or accumulation processes. The focus of our work is research into the peculiarities of organic carbon accumula tion and transformation as influenced by different land use of peat soil. Results on the chemical properties of Pachiterric Histosol showed the influence of management and renaturalization on mobile and by pyrophosphate solution extractable humic and fulvic acids and humification degree. We are also exploring the specificities of organic carbon variation in the context of peat renaturalization and are seeking to answer the question as how to optimize the use of peat soils and how to match up this with the renaturalization processes in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to organic carbon accumulation and conservation in the soil.
{"title":"The Status of Pachiterric Histosol Properties as Influenced by Different Land Use","authors":"A. Šlepetienė, Kristina Amaleviciute-Volunge, J. Šlepetys, I. Liaudanskienė, J. Volungevicius","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74151","url":null,"abstract":"Soil drainage as well as soil cultivation and fertilization has considerable influence on the organic matter mineralization rate and changes in the profile structure. Our research suggested that quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peat soil are changing in response to the renaturalization processes and different management. The study set out to estimate chemical and physical properties of Pachiterric Histosol, qualitative and quantitative changes in carbon resulting from different management and renaturaliza tion processes. Wetland and peatland soils are among the largest organic carbon stocks, and their use contributes to carbon emissions or accumulation processes. The focus of our work is research into the peculiarities of organic carbon accumulation and transforma - tion as influenced by different land use of peat soil. Results on the chemical properties of Pachiterric Histosol showed the influence of management and renaturalization on mobile and by pyrophosphate solution extractable humic and fulvic acids and humification degree. We are also exploring the specificities of organic carbon variation in the context of peat renaturalization and are seeking to answer the question as how to optimize the use of peat soils and how to match up this with the renaturalization processes in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to organic carbon accumulation and conservation in the soil. mineralization rate and changes in the profile structure. Our research suggested that quantita tive and qualitative characteristics of peat soil are changing in response to the renaturalization processes and different management. The study set out to estimate chemical and physical prop erties of Pachiterric Histosol, qualitative and quantitative changes in carbon resulting from dif ferent management and renaturalization processes. Wetland and peatland soils are among the largest organic carbon stocks, and their use contributes to carbon emissions or accumulation processes. The focus of our work is research into the peculiarities of organic carbon accumula tion and transformation as influenced by different land use of peat soil. Results on the chemical properties of Pachiterric Histosol showed the influence of management and renaturalization on mobile and by pyrophosphate solution extractable humic and fulvic acids and humification degree. We are also exploring the specificities of organic carbon variation in the context of peat renaturalization and are seeking to answer the question as how to optimize the use of peat soils and how to match up this with the renaturalization processes in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to organic carbon accumulation and conservation in the soil.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77284153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74087
K. Able, C. Welsh, Ryan Larum
Salt marshes, especially those of Spartina alterniflora , are among the most productive habitats on Earth. The peat that is formed and accumulates there, as below-ground biomass, can be dispersed in a number of ways, through calving off the marsh edge along bays, in creeks, and other locations as occurs in the Mullica River – Great Bay estuary in southern New Jersey. Based on a variety of sampling approaches, including those collected by sidescan sonar and direct collection, we provide new insights into the ecological role of dispersed peat. Some of this is ice rafted on the marsh surface during storms. Elsewhere, and most commonly, it falls into the intertidal channels or flats where it may continue to support the growth of Spartina , and associated invertebrates such as Geukensia demissa . If it is deposited subtidally these may not be as likely, but in these situations the peat provides structured habitat for other animals such as fishes, crabs, shrimps, and bivalves.
{"title":"Salt Marsh Peat Dispersal: Habitat for Fishes, Decapod Crustaceans, and Bivalves","authors":"K. Able, C. Welsh, Ryan Larum","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74087","url":null,"abstract":"Salt marshes, especially those of Spartina alterniflora , are among the most productive habitats on Earth. The peat that is formed and accumulates there, as below-ground biomass, can be dispersed in a number of ways, through calving off the marsh edge along bays, in creeks, and other locations as occurs in the Mullica River – Great Bay estuary in southern New Jersey. Based on a variety of sampling approaches, including those collected by sidescan sonar and direct collection, we provide new insights into the ecological role of dispersed peat. Some of this is ice rafted on the marsh surface during storms. Elsewhere, and most commonly, it falls into the intertidal channels or flats where it may continue to support the growth of Spartina , and associated invertebrates such as Geukensia demissa . If it is deposited subtidally these may not be as likely, but in these situations the peat provides structured habitat for other animals such as fishes, crabs, shrimps, and bivalves.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"107 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78013985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79418
B. Topçuoğlu, M. Turan
The word known peat is growth on organic systems where the plant growth is fast, but soils are defined as a partially decomposed organic matter deposit due to poor aeration and low temperature grades [1]. Peat is also named as turf and turba in different literatures owing to its unique property to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The formation of such deposits is not related to particular climate regions, but it can occur wherever appropriate conditions are present. Organic soils are presented in all the continents of the world. Organic soils are mainly presented under tropical climates with above 60° northern latitudes, and about 450–500 million hectares of total world reserved areas. It is documented that about 150 million hectares of organic lands and about two-third of the world reserves are found in Russia and Canada [2].
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Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74144
J. Forsman, L. Korkiala-Tanttu, Pyry Piispanen
Construction of road embankments or other infrastructures on soft peat is a challenge. The main problems are high compressibility and rather low undrained shear strength of peat. Mass stabilization provides a solution to improve the properties of a peaty subgrade. Mass stabilization is a ground improvement method, where hardened soil mass is created by adding binder into soil and by controlled in situ mixing. Mass stabilization poses an alternative solution for conventional mass replacement or other techniques, which leave peat in place. The chapter deals with mass stabilization of soft peat soil. Specific attention is paid to design, research and construction considerations, and experience obtained during last three decades. Peat properties before and after stabilization, design methods including pre-testing, stabilization technique and machinery, quality control methods and practices, binder technology, long-term performance of mass stabilized peat, environmental effects, feasibility, applications, and limitations are all presented and discussed in this chapter. The long-term observations (during the last 25 years) have shown that the strength of stabilized peat has continued to increase in average 1.6 times from the strength of 30 days. Therefore, mass stabilization has proven to be a flexible ground improvement method for peat layers with maximum thickness of 8 m.
{"title":"Mass Stabilization as a Ground Improvement Method for Soft Peaty","authors":"J. Forsman, L. Korkiala-Tanttu, Pyry Piispanen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74144","url":null,"abstract":"Construction of road embankments or other infrastructures on soft peat is a challenge. The main problems are high compressibility and rather low undrained shear strength of peat. Mass stabilization provides a solution to improve the properties of a peaty subgrade. Mass stabilization is a ground improvement method, where hardened soil mass is created by adding binder into soil and by controlled in situ mixing. Mass stabilization poses an alternative solution for conventional mass replacement or other techniques, which leave peat in place. The chapter deals with mass stabilization of soft peat soil. Specific attention is paid to design, research and construction considerations, and experience obtained during last three decades. Peat properties before and after stabilization, design methods including pre-testing, stabilization technique and machinery, quality control methods and practices, binder technology, long-term performance of mass stabilized peat, environmental effects, feasibility, applications, and limitations are all presented and discussed in this chapter. The long-term observations (during the last 25 years) have shown that the strength of stabilized peat has continued to increase in average 1.6 times from the strength of 30 days. Therefore, mass stabilization has proven to be a flexible ground improvement method for peat layers with maximum thickness of 8 m.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78845489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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