Lancet Hiv最新文献

Background: Compared with the general population, international migrants arriving in Europe face severe socioeconomic challenges that result in higher HIV prevalence and limited access to health care, potentially leading to negative outcomes. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the incidence of HIV-related outcomes among international migrants arriving in Europe compared with the incidence among the general population.

Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify studies investigating HIV-related outcomes in migrants and the general population living with HIV in Europe. Six authors (EDV, VP, VS, SDG, MC, and RN) independently searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception until July 22, 2023 (with an update on March 3, 2024), then screened titles and abstracts of all potentially eligible articles. Studies were included if they were observational studies; investigated clinical, virological, or immunological outcomes in migrants living with HIV; were conducted in Europe; had at least one control group of non-migrants living in a European country; and were in English. Titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility followed by a full-text assessment by two authors (EDV, VP, VS, SDG, MC, or RN). Data were extracted from articles using a structured Redcap form. Primary outcomes of our systematic review were (1) mortality, (2) AIDS-defining condition, (3) combined outcome of AIDS or death, (4) treatment discontinuation, (5) rate of loss to follow-up, (6) virological failure, and (7) immunological failure. Data were reported as relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios with their 95% CIs. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42024501191.

Findings: Of the 1316 articles identified (1297 in the initial search and 19 in the updated search), 19 were included in our systematic review, consisting of 104 676 participants who were followed up for a mean of 79·3 months. The meta-analysis, adjusted for potential confounders, showed that migrants present similar mortality risk (RR 0·88, 95% CI 0·75-1·04), but higher risk for AIDS-defining conditions (1·23, 1·14-1·34), treatment discontinuation (2·39, 1·49-3·29), loss to follow-up (2·53, 1·41-4·53), virological failure (1·80, 1·25-2·60), and immunological failure (3·70, 2·17-12·50) compared with the general population. In subanalyses for WHO regions, people originally from the African region had higher risk for HIV-related adverse outcomes.

Interpretation: Compared with the non-migrant population, migrants living in Europe with HIV face higher risks for progression to AIDS, loss to follow-up, treatment discontinuation, and virological and immunological failure. Interventions aimed to improve HIV care among migrants living in Europe are urgently needed.

Funding: None.

Background: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective and has been government subsidised in Australia since April, 2018. We examined HIV incidence over 5 years in a retrospective observational cohort of people who had received subsidised PrEP.

Methods: Linked de-identified dispensing records for all government-subsidised oral PrEP, HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART), and hepatitis C treatment were used. We included all people dispensed subsidised PrEP from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2023, and examined records up to Sept 30, 2023. Exposure was measured from date of first PrEP prescription and days covered by PrEP calculated for individuals based on quantity and date supplied. Assuming that HIV was diagnosed 30 days before ART initiation, we imputed the date of acquisition as the midpoint between the diagnosis and the later of the last PrEP prescription or 6 months before the diagnosis. We calculated HIV incidence and its predictors using Poisson regression.

Findings: We included 66 206 people dispensed PrEP: 64 757 (97·8%) were men; median age was 33 years (IQR 27-43). 207 people acquired HIV, with an overall incidence of 1·07 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 0·93-1·23). Incidence was 2·61 per 1000 person-years among those dispensed PrEP once only. Using this group as a comparator, those with 60% or more days covered by PrEP had a 78·5% reduction in incidence (0·56 per 1000 person-years, p<0·0001) and those with less than 60% days covered had a 61·6% reduction (0·99 per 1000 person-years, p=0·0045). Independent predictors of HIV acquisition were a record of hepatitis C treatment (9·83 per 1000 person-years, adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR] 8·70, 95% CI 4·86-15·56), only attending prescribers outside of areas with a high estimated prevalence of gay men (1·66 per 1000 person-years, aIRR 1·50, 1·08-2·09), age 18-29 years (1·33 per 1000 person-years, aIRR 1·56, 1·11-2·21), and earlier year of first PrEP.

Interpretation: The low observed incidence of HIV among people receiving government-subsidised PrEP highlights the success of a national programme of oral PrEP scale-up in achieving sustained reduction in community HIV transmission. However, incidence varied greatly, indicating that more research is needed to understand why people were not taking PrEP at times of risk and emphasising the need for new interventions focused on this population to achieve elimination of HIV transmission. Individuals dispensed PrEP once only and less frequent users might benefit from more support.

Funding: None.

To end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, we must leverage both the impactful message of U=U (undetectable equals untransmittable) and viral suppression to improve the wellbeing of individuals living with HIV, increase engagement with HIV services, and reduce barriers such as stigma, discrimination, and criminalisation. This message requires clear and unambiguous evidence-based narratives that emphasise the message that there is zero risk of sexual transmission when an undetectable viral load is maintained and negligible risk when viral suppression (as defined by 200-1000 copies per mL) is maintained. Dissemination of this information to individuals living with or affected by HIV, health-care workers, communities, the general public, and policy makers will increase awareness and credibility of this message and challenge deep-seated misperceptions. Furthermore, understanding the impact of this evidence underscores the necessity to urgently prioritise universal access to quality care, including viral load testing; leverage community leadership to address structural barriers; and monitor for ongoing success. Responsible and equitable messaging, which includes attention to women and marginalised groups, should be used to realise benefits for personal wellbeing and work towards an AIDS-free future.