Journal of Global Health最新文献

Background: Salmonella can be classified as either typhoidal or non-typhoidal. The former primarily causes invasive infections, while the latter typically results in self-limiting diarrhoea. Infections caused by invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) are becoming an emerging global health burden, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. While they account for thousands of deaths each year, we still lack systematic analysis on their burden and epidemiology in Asia, particularly in China.

Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Airiti Library, and the China Science and Technology Journal Database on 31 March 2024. The primary outcomes of interest included the spatiotemporal distribution of iNTS infection cases, patients' characteristics, and clinical outcomes. The secondary outcomes encompassed characterisation of isolates, medical histories, and medication usage. We used the Open Meta-Analyst software to estimate the case fatality rate.

Results: We included 199 publications for analysis. Eastern regions of China were identified as hotspots for infection, males and children were especially susceptible populations, while trauma and metabolic diseases emerged as major risk factors associated with infection. Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, and Enteritidis were the top three serovars responsible for infections, with the bloodstream being the most frequent site of invasion. The overall case-fatality rate of iNTS in China was 8.6% (95% confidence interval = 6.8-10.4).

Conclusions: In exploring the epidemiological trends of iNTS infections in China, we observed significant risk associations with both patient characteristics and pathogen-specific determinants. There is an urgent need to establish enhanced surveillance systems and implement geographically tailored interventions+, particularly in economically underdeveloped regions.

Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42024569499).

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the academic performance, financial health, scientific output, and student and staff mobility of higher education institutions globally. Here, we report on a retrospective analysis of the core activities at the University of Split, Croatia, from 2017 to 2023, with a focus on the pandemic's impact thereon.

Methods: Using interrupted time series analysis, we examined trends in student success, research output, financial indicators, and mobility patterns before, during, and after the pandemic, with a total of 34 indicators.

Results: We found no significant disruptions in academic performance, financial stability, or overall institutional operations at the university level, while the observed differences at the faculty level were unrelated to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that, in the observed period, the University of Split did not experience measurable pandemic-related disruptions in key academic, financial, and operational indicators. They emphasise the importance of institutional preparedness, digital adaptability, and financial diversification to ensure the stability and resilience of higher education institutions in future crises.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify the prevalence of TB among children admitted to hospital with severe illness and to document incidence of TB, survival, and growth in the six months following discharge from hospital in two TB-endemic countries.

Methods: We screened young children 2-23 months old enrolled in the Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network cohort and admitted to hospitals in Bangladesh and Uganda for participation. Eligible children underwent comprehensive diagnostic evaluation for TB and were followed during hospitalisation and for six months post-discharge. We classified children as having bacteriologically confirmed, clinically diagnosed, or unlikely TB using standardised clinical definitions and microbiologic testing of sputum samples. We compared clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, and their associations with TB disease classification and six-month growth and survival.

Results: Of 365 children eligible for participation, 17 (4.7%) were classified as bacteriologically confirmed, 46 (12%) clinically diagnosed, and 302 (83%) unlikely TB. Overall, 37 children were treated for TB; 18 (49%) during initial hospital admission and 19 (51%) during the six-month post-discharge period. All 17 children with bacteriologically confirmed TB survived through the post-discharge period and six-month survival did not differ by TB disease classification. Children with clinically diagnosed TB were more likely to be malnourished at enrolment, and anthropometric Z-scores were significantly lower among children classified as clinically diagnosed compared to unlikely TB throughout the post-discharge period.

Conclusions: One in 10 children hospitalised in two distinct TB-endemic countries required treatment for TB, with half of these TB treatment courses initiated within a six-month observational period following hospital discharge. Children who meet criteria for clinically diagnosed TB are at increased risk of poor growth during the six months following hospitalisation, regardless of TB treatment initiation. These unique findings highlight the need for post-discharge monitoring for both TB and growth trajectories among recently hospitalised young children in TB-endemic settings.

Background: Myopia progression through childhood to early adulthood can cause serious visual complications and impose a significant economic impact due to its high prevalence and associated management costs. This systematic literature review evaluates the economic impact, health care resource utilisation (HCRU), and cost-effectiveness of current myopia interventions.

Methods: The systematic literature review was performed via the OVID SP® platform (software version 04.07.00, Mumbai, India) covering literature from 2009-2024, with no geographic restriction. Economic evaluation studies used the Markov model and the risk-of-bias was assessed using the Drummond and Jefferson checklist. Abstracts and full texts were screened independently by two reviewers; uncertainties and disagreements were resolved through reconciliation or arbitration by a third independent reviewer.

Results: A total of 20 studies were included: 12 cost-effectiveness, four HCRU, and eight for health care costs across different age groups, with a predominance of studies from East Asia (China, Hong Kong, Singapore). Among the paediatric population, the most cost-effective interventions included digital strategies for early prevention and screening, low-dose atropine (0.05%) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 234 USD/Spherical Equivalent Refraction reduction, and non-pharmacological defocus incorporated multiple segment lenses (7074 USD/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained). In adults, ranibizumab was cost-effective (35 288 USD/QALY gained) for pathologic myopia, while small incision lenticule extraction surgery yielded long-term savings (15 USD/QALY gained). Economic burden was largely driven by vision correction procedures and specialist visits, with notable regional and socioeconomic disparities in Spain and China. In adults, HCRU (frequent treatment, monitoring, hospitalisation, and emergency visits) was higher for myopic choroidal neovascularisation compared to paediatric population, and direct costs exceeded indirect costs.

Conclusion: s Myopia presents a substantial economic burden, highlighting the need for optimising cost-effective interventions to reduce severity, prevent long-term vision loss, and lessen the financial burden. However, limited data, geographical bias, methodological inconsistencies, and heterogeneity in outcomes emphasise the need for more standardised, comprehensive evaluations to ensure broader applicability.

Background: Pakistan ranks third in global air-pollution burden, yet evidence on how its air quality-related policies are implemented remains fragmented. We aim to map the existing air quality policies in Pakistan, identify barriers to policy implementation, and highlight policy priorities for improving air quality governance.

Methods: We conducted a scoping review following Arksey-O'Malley and PRISMA-ScR guidelines to map national and provincial air-quality policies, describe their implementation, and identify barriers, facilitators and priority actions. Searches of PubMed, Scopus, and grey literature sources to January 2024 yielded 1438 records; 27 documents (eight peer-reviewed articles, 19 policy reports) met the inclusion criteria. We charted the data on policy characteristics, implementation status, and contextual factors. We synthesised the findings using a narrative descriptive approach.

Results: Seven federal and nine provincial instruments address air quality, including the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997), National Clean Air Policy (2023), and four provincial clean air action plans. Devolved governance, weak enforcement capacity, limited monitoring networks, and scarce, decentralised emissions data hamper implementation. Industrial and transport emissions dominate, while household solid-fuel use and open crop burning persist. Facilitators include recent adoption of Euro-V/VI fuel standards, growing citizen-science monitoring, and policy alignment with climate-change agendas. Priority actions are: a legally mandated federal-provincial task force; an integrated national emissions database combining ground and satellite data; incentive-based regulation with clear standards and fiscal levers; and public engagement through education, media, and community monitoring.

Conclusions: Pakistan has a range of air quality-related policies but lacks the coordinated governance, data infrastructure, and market incentives needed to translate its intent into cleaner air. Bridging these gaps is essential to avert a mounting public health crisis.

Registration: Open Science Foundation (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6ZAE9).

Background: The global prevalence of depression is on the rise, and has evolved into a major public health concern. Given that parental favouritism in childhood exerts a long-term impact on children's mental health, we aimed to explore its association depression in old age.

Methods: We retrieved 19 180 data points from 3836 individuals aged 60 years and over from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018, and 2020 waves, among whom depression was measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. We used logistic analysis to determine the relationship between parental favouritism in childhood and depression in old age, and the bootstrap method to analyse the mediating role of smoking, drinking, socialising, exercising, and sleep duration.

Results: Approximately 17% of older adults experienced parental favouritism during childhood. We found that parental favouritism significantly increased the probability of depression by 29.9% (β = 0.299; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.145, 0.453), as did mother's favouritism by 28.4% (β = 0.284; 95% CI = 0.117, 0.450), and father's favouritism by 23.6% (β = 0.236; 95% CI = 0.058, 0.415). Socialising (β = -0.0018; 95% CI = -0.0028, -0.0009), exercising (β = 0.0009; 95% CI = 0.0003, 0.0017), and sleep duration (β = 0.0046; 95% CI = 0.0015, 0.0076) mediated this relationship. An analysis of heterogeneity by gender found that women are more influenced by parental favouritism.

Conclusions: Parental favouritism in childhood significantly predicts the probability of depression in old age. Promoting socialising, exercising, and sleep duration could help to alleviate this issue. We also noted that women are more influenced by parental favouritism. These findings provide guidance for targeted interventions, such as mental health screening and promotion of healthy lifestyles.

Background: Up-to-date data from middle-income countries are needed to inform in-hospital feeding practices among small, vulnerable newborns. We aimed to quantify growth indicators and their associations with in-hospital diet for infants born very preterm or with a very low birth weight (VLBW) of 401-1500 g in 12 middle income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Methods: We performed an observational cohort study of infants born at 22-29 weeks' gestation or VLBW from 2018 to 2024 among Vermont Oxford Network member hospitals in 12 middle income countries. We used linear regression to estimate adjusted mean change in weight and head circumference (z-scores based on Fenton reference) from birth to hospital discharge by category of enteral diet at discharge/transfer (human milk only, mixed (human milk with formula and/or fortifier), and formula only), adjusting for confounders, in the entire cohort and stratified by birth weight and foetal growth status.

Results: Among 35 843 infants, the median length of stay was 50 days (interquartile range = 37, 65). Eighty-four percent were receiving at least some human milk at discharge (34% human milk only, 50% mixed, 16% formula only). Adjusted mean weight z-score declined by 1.40 in the human milk only group, 1.32 in the mixed group, and 1.17 in the formula only group. The adjusted estimated difference between mixed diet and formula only groups was 0.15 z-scores (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10, 0.20), and between the mixed and human milk only groups was 0.08 (95% CI = 0.00, 0.15). Head growth differed little between groups.

Conclusions: Human milk use was high at discharge in this vulnerable population of infants born at 22-29 weeks or VLBW in middle- income countries. Infants fed a mixed diet gain weight more slowly than infants fed only formula. Rigorous intervention studies are needed determine optimal nutrient delivery strategies for infants fed human milk in this context.

Background: Multimorbidity involving physical, psychological, and cognitive decline is a major public health challenge with poorly understood upstream risk factors. Circadian syndrome (CircS), which integrates metabolic, sleep, and mood dysregulation, is a potential predictor of this condition. We aimed to investigate the prospective association between baseline CircS and the incidence of distinct multimorbidity patterns.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 8262 participants aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, who were free of specified multimorbidity at baseline in 2011. We defined CircS as the presence of ≥4 of 7 components: central obesity, hypertension, dysglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, abnormal sleep duration, and depressive symptoms. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for four incident multimorbidity patterns over a seven-year follow-up.

Results: Over a median follow-up of seven years, baseline CircS was significantly associated with a higher risk of incident physical-psychological-cognitive multimorbidity (HR = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09, 2.02) and psychological-cognitive multimorbidity (HR = 1.38; 95% = CI 1.06, 1.79) after full adjustment. We noted a significant dose-response relationship. The population attributable fraction of CircS for physical-psychological-cognitive multimorbidity was 16.8%. Associations were more pronounced in women and participants without baseline chronic conditions.

Conclusions: CircS is a significant, integrative risk factor that precedes the onset of complex multimorbidity, particularly patterns involving cognitive and psychological decline. The co-occurrence of metabolic, sleep, and mood dysregulation appears to synergistically accelerate disease clustering. Our findings identify CircS as a critical target for early risk stratification and suggest that prevention strategies should promote circadian health.

Background: Risk prediction models for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been widely applied in clinical practice and in designing prevention policies globally, yet their accuracy across different regions with distinct epidemiological profiles remains uncertain. We examined the regional variation in risk distribution and agreement between these models.

Methods: We analysed 53 nationally representative health surveys in seven regions. Using the World Health Organization (WHO), SCORE2, and Framingham CVD risk prediction models, we estimated the respondents' 10-year CVD risk and categorised them into low-, moderate-, or high-risk groups.

Results: We included 86 430 individuals aged 40-69 years without a history of CVD in our analysis. Globally, CVD risk estimates differed substantially across models (WHO: 7.75%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.70-7.80; SCORE2: 3.72%; 95% CI = 3.69-3.75; Framingham: 12.42%; 95% CI = 12.34-12.50). We also noted regional disparities in identifying moderate- and high-risk subjects, particularly in South Asia (WHO: 12.57%; 95% CI = 11.63-13.51; SCORE2: 18.24%; 95% CI = 17.14-19.33; Framingham: 29.40%; 95% CI = 28.11-30.70), sub-Saharan Africa (WHO: 16.30%; 95% CI = 15.78-16.83; SCORE2: 22.69%; 95% CI = 22.09-23.28; Framingham: 33.85%; 95% CI = 33.18-34.52), East Asia & the Pacific (WHO: 21.06%; 95% CI = 20.57, 21.55; SCORE2: 31.03%; 95% CI = 30.47, 31.59; Framingham: 45.54%; 95% CI = 44.93-46.14), and Latin America & the Caribbean (WHO: 23.09%; 95% CI = 21.48-24.70; SCORE2: 41.56%; 95% CI = 39.68-43.44; Framingham: 55.83%; 95% CI = 53.94-57.72), with greater than two-fold differences across models. Agreement in classifying individuals into low-, moderate-, or high-risk groups remained relatively high across risk models (63.1%), but varied considerably across regions, from 73.91% in South Asia to 47.54% in Latin America & the Caribbean.

Conclusions: The CVD risk estimates produced by the WHO, SCORE2, and Framingham models varied significantly across regions, with poor consistency in identifying at-risk individuals in some regions. These discrepancies may lead to undertreatment and inefficient use of otherwise limited healthcare resources. Region-specific adaptations are needed to enhance risk targeting, promote equity, and improve the overall effectiveness of primary prevention.

Background: Previous epidemiological studies indicated a potential correlation between air pollution and anaemia, particularly in children, pregnant women, and the elderly. However, evidence is insufficient for workers exposed to air pollution while working in environments with other occupational hazards. Based on data from a substantial population of workers in southern China, we aimed to examine the relationships between different air pollutants and both haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and the prevalence of anaemia.

Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, we recruited 372 290 workers from the National Occupational Disease Surveillance Platform and utilised a mixed-effects model to explore the association of various air pollutants (including PM_2.5, PM₁₀, PM_coarse, O₃, and NO₂) with Hb concentration and the prevalence of anaemia. We ran stratified analyses by various demographic characteristics and occupational variabels.

Results: Each 5 μg/m³ increase in the concentration of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, PM_coarse, O₃, and NO₂ corresponds to a 2.037 g/L (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.938, 2.137), 1.096 g/L (95% CI = 1.040, 1.152), 1.412 g/L (95% CI = 1.313, 1.510), 0.518 g/L (95% CI = 0.489, 0.547), and 0.250 g/L (95% CI = 0.219, 0.281) decrease in Hb concentration, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia increased by 11.3% (95% CI = 7.3, 15.5), 5.0% (95% CI = 2.8, 7.3), and 4.5% (95% CI = 6, 8.5) for a 5 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and PM_coarse, respectively, with the impact being more pronounced in the non-benzene-exposed population. Subgroup analyses suggested potential variations in susceptibility to the same air pollutant across different demographics and occupational variables.

Conclusions: The Hb levels among the workers in our sample were associated with various atmospheric pollutants, with certain demographic and occupational subgroups being particularly vulnerable. These results highlight the need for targeted air pollution control and occupational health interventions, particularly for vulnerable demographic and occupational subgroups.