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The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression. 病毒RNA降解因子在阻断宿主基因表达中的作用。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Epub Date: 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-012345
Léa Gaucherand, Marta Maria Gaglia

Many viruses induce shutoff of host gene expression (host shutoff) as a strategy to take over cellular machinery and evade host immunity. Without host shutoff activity, these viruses generally replicate poorly in vivo, attesting to the importance of this antiviral strategy. In this review, we discuss one particularly advantageous way for viruses to induce host shutoff: triggering widespread host messenger RNA (mRNA) decay. Viruses can trigger increased mRNA destruction either directly, by encoding RNA cleaving or decapping enzymes, or indirectly, by activating cellular RNA degradation pathways. We review what is known about the mechanism of action of several viral RNA degradation factors. We then discuss the consequences of widespread RNA degradation on host gene expression and on the mechanisms of immune evasion, highlighting open questions. Answering these questions is critical to understanding how viral RNA degradation factors regulate host gene expression and how this process helps viruses evade host responses and replicate.

许多病毒诱导宿主基因表达的关闭(宿主关闭),作为接管细胞机制和逃避宿主免疫的一种策略。如果没有宿主关闭活性,这些病毒在体内的复制通常很差,这证明了这种抗病毒策略的重要性。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了病毒诱导宿主关闭的一种特别有利的方式:触发广泛的宿主信使核糖核酸(mRNA)衰变。病毒可以通过编码RNA切割或去帽酶直接或通过激活细胞RNA降解途径间接触发mRNA破坏增加。我们综述了几种病毒RNA降解因子的作用机制。然后,我们讨论了广泛的RNA降解对宿主基因表达和免疫逃避机制的影响,强调了悬而未决的问题。回答这些问题对于理解病毒RNA降解因子如何调节宿主基因表达以及这一过程如何帮助病毒逃避宿主反应和复制至关重要。
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引用次数: 8
Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors Encoded by β- and γ-Herpesviruses. β-和γ-疱疹病毒编码的病毒G蛋白偶联受体
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-113942
Mette M Rosenkilde, Naotaka Tsutsumi, Julius M Knerr, Dagmar F Kildedal, K Christopher Garcia

Herpesviruses are ancient large DNA viruses that have exploited gene capture as part of their strategy to escape immune surveillance, promote virus spreading, or reprogram host cells to benefit their survival. Most acquired genes are transmembrane proteins and cytokines, such as viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), chemokines, and chemokine-binding proteins. This review focuses on the vGPCRs encoded by the human β- and γ-herpesviruses. These include receptors from human cytomegalovirus, which encodes four vGPCRs: US27, US28, UL33, and UL78; human herpesvirus 6 and 7 with two receptors: U12 and U51; Epstein-Barr virus with one: BILF1; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus with one: open reading frame 74, ORF74. We discuss ligand binding, signaling, and structures of the vGPCRs in light of robust differences from endogenous receptors. Finally, we briefly discuss the therapeutic targeting of vGPCRs as future treatment of acute and chronic herpesvirus infections.

疱疹病毒是一种古老的大型DNA病毒,利用基因捕获作为其策略的一部分来逃避免疫监视,促进病毒传播,或重新编程宿主细胞以有利于其生存。大多数获得性基因是跨膜蛋白和细胞因子,如病毒G蛋白偶联受体(vgpcr)、趋化因子和趋化因子结合蛋白。本文对人β-和γ-疱疹病毒编码的vgpcr进行了综述。这些包括来自人巨细胞病毒的受体,其编码四种vgpcr: US27、US28、UL33和UL78;人疱疹病毒6号和7号具有两种受体:U12和U51;Epstein-Barr病毒1:BILF1;和卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒有一个:开放阅读框74,ORF74我们讨论了配体结合,信号和结构的vgpcr与内源性受体的强大差异。最后,我们简要讨论了vgpcr靶向治疗急性和慢性疱疹病毒感染的未来治疗。
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引用次数: 10
Citrus Tristeza Virus: From Pathogen to Panacea. 柑橘Tristeza病毒:从病原体到灵丹妙药。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-114412
Svetlana Y Folimonova, Yong-Duo Sun

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most destructive viral pathogen of citrus. During the past century, CTV induced grave epidemics in citrus-growing areas worldwide that have resulted in a loss of more than 100 million trees. At present, the virus continues to threaten citrus production in many different countries. Research on CTV is accompanied by distinctive challenges stemming from the large size of its RNA genome, the narrow host range limited to slow-growing Citrus species and relatives, and the complexity of CTV populations. Despite these hurdles, remarkable progress has been made in understanding the CTV-host interactions and in converting the virus into a tool for crop protection and improvement. This review focuses on recent advances that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying CTV infection. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the development of means to control CTV diseases and, ultimately, turn this virus into an ally.

柑橘tristeza virus (CTV)是柑橘最具破坏性的病毒病原体。在过去的一个世纪里,CTV在世界各地的柑橘种植区引起了严重的流行病,造成了1亿多棵树的损失。目前,该病毒继续威胁着许多不同国家的柑橘生产。由于CTV的RNA基因组较大,寄主范围狭窄,仅局限于生长缓慢的柑橘类及其近缘种,以及CTV种群的复杂性,CTV的研究面临着独特的挑战。尽管存在这些障碍,但在了解ctv -宿主相互作用以及将病毒转化为作物保护和改良工具方面取得了显著进展。本文综述了近年来有关CTV感染机制的研究进展。了解这些机制对于开发控制CTV疾病的手段并最终将该病毒转化为盟友至关重要。
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引用次数: 4
Viruses in Subsurface Environments. 地下环境中的病毒。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093020-015957
Jennifer Wirth, Mark Young

Over the past 20 years, our knowledge of virus diversity and abundance in subsurface environments has expanded dramatically through application of quantitative metagenomic approaches. In most subsurface environments, viral diversity and abundance rival viral diversity and abundance observed in surface environments. Most of these viruses are uncharacterized in terms of their hosts and replication cycles. Analysis of accessory metabolic genes encoded by subsurface viruses indicates that they evolved to replicate within the unique features of their environments. The key question remains: What role do these viruses play in the ecology and evolution of the environments in which they replicate? Undoubtedly, as more virologists examine the role of viruses in subsurface environments, new insights will emerge.

在过去的20年里,通过应用定量宏基因组方法,我们对地下环境中病毒多样性和丰度的了解得到了极大的扩展。在大多数地下环境中,病毒的多样性和丰度与在地表环境中观察到的病毒多样性和丰度相当。这些病毒中的大多数在宿主和复制周期方面没有特征。对亚表面病毒编码的附属代谢基因的分析表明,它们进化为在其环境的独特特征中复制。关键问题仍然存在:这些病毒在其复制的生态和进化环境中扮演什么角色?毫无疑问,随着越来越多的病毒学家研究病毒在地下环境中的作用,新的见解将会出现。
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引用次数: 2
The Ecology of Viral Emergence. 病毒出现的生态学。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-015057
E. Holmes
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on human health, economic well-being, and societal function. It is essential that we use this generational experience to better understand the processes that underpin the emergence of COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases. Herein, I review the mechanisms that determine why and how viruses emerge in new hosts, as well as the barriers to this process. I show that traditional studies of virus emergence have an inherent anthropocentric bias, with disease in humans considered the inevitable outcome of virus emergence, when in reality viruses are integral components of a global ecosystem characterized by continual host jumping with humans also transmitting their viruses to other animals. I illustrate these points using coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, as a case study. I also outline the potential steps that can be followed to help mitigate and prevent future pandemics, with combating climate change a central component. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)大流行对人类健康、经济福祉和社会功能产生了深远影响。我们必须利用这一代人的经验来更好地理解新冠肺炎和其他人畜共患疾病出现的过程。在此,我回顾了决定病毒为什么以及如何在新宿主中出现的机制,以及这一过程的障碍。我表明,对病毒出现的传统研究具有固有的以人类为中心的偏见,人类疾病被认为是病毒出现的必然结果,而事实上,病毒是全球生态系统的组成部分,其特征是宿主不断跳跃,人类也将病毒传播给其他动物。我用冠状病毒,包括严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2,作为一个案例研究来说明这些观点。我还概述了可以采取的潜在步骤,以帮助缓解和预防未来的流行病,其中应对气候变化是一个核心组成部分。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 15
Tobacco Mosaic Virus and the History of Molecular Biology. 烟草花叶病毒与分子生物学的历史。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-014520
A. Creager
The history of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) includes many firsts in science, beginning with its being the first virus identified. This review offers an overview of a history of research on TMV, with an emphasis on its close connections to the emergence and development of molecular biology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的历史包括许多科学上的第一次,从它是第一种被发现的病毒开始。这篇综述概述了TMV的研究历史,重点介绍了它与分子生物学的出现和发展的密切联系。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 6
Nuclear Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription of HIV-1. HIV-1的核衣壳剥离和逆转录。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-020922-110929
Thorsten G. Müller, V. Zila, B. Müller, H. Kräusslich
After cell entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication involves reverse transcription of the RNA genome, nuclear import of the subviral complex without nuclear envelope breakdown, and integration of the viral complementary DNA into the host genome. Here, we discuss recent evidence indicating that completion of reverse transcription and viral genome uncoating occur in the nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm, as previously thought, and suggest a testable model for nuclear import and uncoating. Multiple recent studies indicated that the cone-shaped capsid, which encases the genome and replication proteins, not only serves as a reaction container for reverse transcription and as a shield from innate immune sensors but also may constitute the elusive HIV-1 nuclear import factor. Rupture of the capsid may be triggered in the nucleus by completion of reverse transcription, by yet-unknown nuclear factors, or by physical damage, and it appears to occur in close temporal and spatial association with the integration process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在进入细胞后,人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)的复制包括RNA基因组的逆转录,亚病毒复合体的核输入而不破坏核膜,以及病毒互补DNA整合到宿主基因组中。在这里,我们讨论了最近的证据表明,逆转录完成和病毒基因组脱壳发生在细胞核而不是细胞质中,如以前认为的那样,并提出了一个可测试的核输入和脱壳模型。最近的多项研究表明,包裹着基因组和复制蛋白的锥形衣壳不仅是逆转录的反应容器和对先天免疫传感器的屏蔽,而且可能是难以捉摸的HIV-1核输入因子。在细胞核中,逆转录的完成、未知的核因子或物理损伤可能触发衣壳破裂,并且与整合过程在时间和空间上密切相关。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2022年9月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 13
Shifting the Immune Memory Paradigm: Trained Immunity in Viral Infections. 改变免疫记忆模式:病毒感染中的训练免疫。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-072546
E. Taks, S. Moorlag, M. Netea, J. van der Meer
Trained immunity is defined as the de facto memory characteristics induced in innate immune cells after exposure to microbial stimuli after infections or certain types of vaccines. Through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells after exposure to these stimuli, trained immunity induces an enhanced nonspecific protection by improving the inflammatory response upon restimulation with the same or different pathogens. Recent studies have increasingly shown that trained immunity can, on the one hand, be induced by exposure to viruses; on the other hand, when induced, it can also provide protection against heterologous viral infections. In this review we explore current knowledge on trained immunity and its relevance for viral infections, as well as its possible future uses. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
训练免疫被定义为先天免疫细胞在感染或某些类型的疫苗暴露于微生物刺激后所诱导的事实上的记忆特征。暴露于这些刺激后,通过先天免疫细胞的表观遗传和代谢重编程,经过训练的免疫通过改善相同或不同病原体再刺激时的炎症反应,诱导增强的非特异性保护。最近的研究越来越多地表明,一方面,经过训练的免疫力可以通过接触病毒来诱导;另一方面,当诱导时,它也可以提供对异源病毒感染的保护。在这篇综述中,我们探讨了目前关于训练免疫及其与病毒感染的相关性的知识,以及它可能的未来用途。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2022年9月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 7
The Case for Studying New Viruses of New Hosts. 研究新宿主的新病毒的案例。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-112915
M. Stenglein
Virology has largely focused on viruses that are pathogenic to humans or to the other species that we care most about. There is no doubt that this has been a worthwhile investment. But many transformative advances have been made through the in-depth study of relatively obscure viruses that do not appear on lists of prioritized pathogens. In this review, I highlight the benefits that can accrue from the study of viruses and hosts off the beaten track. I take stock of viral sequence diversity across host taxa as an estimate of the bias that exists in our understanding of host-virus interactions. I describe the gains that have been made through the metagenomic discovery of thousands of new viruses in previously unsampled hosts as well as the limitations of metagenomic surveys. I conclude by suggesting that the study of viruses that naturally infect existing and emerging model organisms represents an opportunity to push virology forward in useful and hard to predict ways.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
病毒学主要关注对人类或我们最关心的其他物种具有致病性的病毒。毫无疑问,这是一项有价值的投资。但通过对未出现在优先病原体名单上的相对模糊的病毒进行深入研究,已经取得了许多变革性进展。在这篇综述中,我强调了对病毒和宿主的研究可以带来的好处。我对宿主分类群中的病毒序列多样性进行了评估,以估计我们对宿主-病毒相互作用的理解中存在的偏差。我描述了通过在以前未采样的宿主中发现数千种新病毒的宏基因组所取得的进展,以及宏基因组调查的局限性。最后,我建议,对自然感染现有和新兴模式生物的病毒的研究代表着一个机会,可以以有用且难以预测的方式推动病毒学的发展。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 4
Crowning Touches in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication Complex Structure and Function. Crowning涉及正链RNA病毒基因组复制复合体的结构和功能。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2022-05-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092920-021307
M. Nishikiori, J. D. den Boon, Nuruddin Unchwaniwala, P. Ahlquist
Positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest genetic class of eukaryotic viruses, include coronaviruses and many other established and emerging pathogens. A major target for understanding and controlling these viruses is their genome replication, which occurs in virus-induced membrane vesicles that organize replication steps and protect double-stranded RNA intermediates from innate immune recognition. The structure of these complexes has been greatly illuminated by recent cryo-electron microscope tomography studies with several viruses. One key finding in diverse systems is the organization of crucial viral RNA replication factors in multimeric rings or crowns that among other functions serve as exit channels gating release of progeny genomes to the cytosol for translation and encapsidation. Emerging results suggest that these crowns serve additional important purposes in replication complex assembly, function, and interaction with downstream processes such as encapsidation. The findings provide insights into viral function and evolution and new bases for understanding, controlling, and engineering positive-strand RNA viruses. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
正链RNA病毒是真核病毒中最大的遗传类别,包括冠状病毒和许多其他已建立和正在出现的病原体。了解和控制这些病毒的一个主要目标是它们的基因组复制,它发生在病毒诱导的膜囊泡中,组织复制步骤并保护双链RNA中间体免受先天免疫识别。最近对几种病毒的冷冻电子显微镜断层扫描研究极大地阐明了这些复合物的结构。在不同系统中的一个关键发现是在多聚体环或冠中组织关键的病毒RNA复制因子,这些因子和其他功能一起作为出口通道,门控子代基因组释放到胞质溶胶中进行翻译和包壳。新出现的结果表明,这些牙冠在复制复杂的组装、功能以及与下游过程(如包壳)的相互作用中具有额外的重要目的。这些发现为了解病毒的功能和进化提供了见解,并为理解、控制和工程化正链RNA病毒提供了新的基础。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年9月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Annual Review of Virology
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