Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-010336
Alejandro Ortigas-Vasquez, Moriah Szpara
The arrival of novel sequencing technologies throughout the past two decades has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of herpesvirus genomic diversity. Previously, herpesviruses were thought to exist as a family of DNA viruses with mostly identical genomes that evolved at much slower rates than RNA viruses. However, a growing body of evidence now suggests that herpesviruses exist as dynamic populations that possess standing variation and evolve at much faster rates than previously assumed. In this review, we explore how strategies such as deep sequencing, long-read sequencing, and haplotype reconstruction are allowing scientists to dissect the genomic composition of herpesvirus populations. We also discuss the challenges that need to be addressed before a detailed picture of herpesvirus diversity can emerge.
过去二十年中,新型测序技术的出现使我们对疱疹病毒基因组多样性的认识发生了范式转变。以前,人们认为疱疹病毒是 DNA 病毒家族的一种,其基因组大多相同,进化速度比 RNA 病毒慢得多。然而,现在越来越多的证据表明,疱疹病毒是作为动态种群存在的,它们拥有恒定的变异,进化速度比以前假设的要快得多。在这篇综述中,我们将探讨深度测序、长序列测序和单体型重建等策略是如何让科学家们剖析疱疹病毒种群的基因组组成的。我们还讨论了在详细了解疱疹病毒多样性之前需要应对的挑战。
{"title":"Embracing Complexity: What Novel Sequencing Methods Are Teaching Us About Herpesvirus Genomic Diversity.","authors":"Alejandro Ortigas-Vasquez, Moriah Szpara","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-010336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-010336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The arrival of novel sequencing technologies throughout the past two decades has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of herpesvirus genomic diversity. Previously, herpesviruses were thought to exist as a family of DNA viruses with mostly identical genomes that evolved at much slower rates than RNA viruses. However, a growing body of evidence now suggests that herpesviruses exist as dynamic populations that possess standing variation and evolve at much faster rates than previously assumed. In this review, we explore how strategies such as deep sequencing, long-read sequencing, and haplotype reconstruction are allowing scientists to dissect the genomic composition of herpesvirus populations. We also discuss the challenges that need to be addressed before a detailed picture of herpesvirus diversity can emerge.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141288748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-101531
Margaret R Dedloff, Helen M Lazear
Interferon lambda (IFN-λ, type III IFN, IL-28/29) is a family of antiviral cytokines that are especially important at barrier sites, including the maternal-fetal interface. Recent discoveries have identified important roles for IFN-λ during pregnancy, particularly in the context of congenital infections. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the activity of IFN-λ at the maternal-fetal interface, highlighting cell types that produce and respond to IFN-λ in the placenta, decidua, and endometrium. Further, we discuss the role of IFN-λ during infections with congenital pathogens including Zika virus, human cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, and Listeria monocytogenes. We discuss advances in experimental models that can be used to fill important knowledge gaps about IFN-λ-mediated immunity.
{"title":"Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Interferon Lambda at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.","authors":"Margaret R Dedloff, Helen M Lazear","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-101531","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-101531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interferon lambda (IFN-λ, type III IFN, IL-28/29) is a family of antiviral cytokines that are especially important at barrier sites, including the maternal-fetal interface. Recent discoveries have identified important roles for IFN-λ during pregnancy, particularly in the context of congenital infections. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the activity of IFN-λ at the maternal-fetal interface, highlighting cell types that produce and respond to IFN-λ in the placenta, decidua, and endometrium. Further, we discuss the role of IFN-λ during infections with congenital pathogens including Zika virus, human cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>. We discuss advances in experimental models that can be used to fill important knowledge gaps about IFN-λ-mediated immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141288800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111145
Jingen Zhu, Pan Tao, Ashok K Chopra, Venigalla B Rao
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed vaccinology. Rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines has saved countless lives. However, these platforms have inherent limitations including lack of durability of immune responses and mucosal immunity, high cost, and thermal instability. These and uncertainties about the nature of future pandemics underscore the need for exploring next-generation vaccine platforms. Here, we present a novel protein-based, bacteriophage T4 platform for rapid design of efficacious vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens. Full-length antigens can be displayed at high density on a 120 × 86 nm phage capsid through nonessential capsid binding proteins Soc and Hoc. Such nanoparticles, without any adjuvant, induce robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal responses when administered intranasally and confer sterilizing immunity. Combined with structural stability and ease of manufacture, T4 phage provides an excellent needle-free, mucosal pandemic vaccine platform and allows equitable vaccine access to low- and middle-income communities across the globe.
{"title":"Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform.","authors":"Jingen Zhu, Pan Tao, Ashok K Chopra, Venigalla B Rao","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed vaccinology. Rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines has saved countless lives. However, these platforms have inherent limitations including lack of durability of immune responses and mucosal immunity, high cost, and thermal instability. These and uncertainties about the nature of future pandemics underscore the need for exploring next-generation vaccine platforms. Here, we present a novel protein-based, bacteriophage T4 platform for rapid design of efficacious vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens. Full-length antigens can be displayed at high density on a 120 × 86 nm phage capsid through nonessential capsid binding proteins Soc and Hoc. Such nanoparticles, without any adjuvant, induce robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal responses when administered intranasally and confer sterilizing immunity. Combined with structural stability and ease of manufacture, T4 phage provides an excellent needle-free, mucosal pandemic vaccine platform and allows equitable vaccine access to low- and middle-income communities across the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-113023-110757
Danielle M. Heller, Viknesh Sivanathan, David J. Asai, Graham F. Hatfull
Research opportunities for undergraduate students are strongly advantageous, but implementation at a large scale presents numerous challenges. The enormous diversity of the bacteriophage population and a supportive programmatic structure provide opportunities to engage early-career undergraduates in phage discovery, genomics, and genetics. The Science Education Alliance (SEA) is an inclusive Research-Education Community (iREC) providing centralized programmatic support for students and faculty without prior experience in virology at institutions from community colleges to research-active universities to participate in two course-based projects, SEA-PHAGES (SEA Phage Hunters Advancing Genomic and Evolutionary Science) and SEA-GENES (SEA Gene-function Exploration by a Network of Emerging Scientists). Since 2008, the SEA has supported more than 50,000 undergraduate researchers who have isolated more than 23,000 bacteriophages of which more than 4,500 are fully sequenced and annotated. Students have functionally characterized hundreds of phage genes, and the phage collection has fueled the therapeutic use of phages for treatment of Mycobacterium infections. Participation in the SEA promotes student persistence in science education, and its inclusivity promotes a more equitable scientific community.
为本科生提供研究机会是非常有利的,但在大规模实施过程中会遇到许多挑战。噬菌体种群的巨大多样性和支持性的计划结构为早期职业本科生参与噬菌体发现、基因组学和遗传学研究提供了机会。科学教育联盟(SEA)是一个包容性的研究教育社区(iREC),为从社区学院到研究活跃的大学等机构中没有病毒学经验的学生和教师提供集中的项目支持,让他们参与两个基于课程的项目:SEA-PHAGES(SEA Phage Hunters Advancing Genomic and Evolutionary Science)和 SEA-GENES(SEA Gene-function Exploration by a Network of Emerging Scientists)。自 2008 年以来,SEA 已为 50,000 多名本科生研究人员提供了支持,他们分离出了 23,000 多种噬菌体,其中 4,500 多种已完成测序和注释。学生们对数百个噬菌体基因进行了功能定位,噬菌体的收集也促进了噬菌体在治疗分枝杆菌感染方面的应用。参与 SEA 促进了学生对科学教育的坚持,其包容性促进了更公平的科学界。
{"title":"SEA-PHAGES and SEA-GENES: Advancing Virology and Science Education","authors":"Danielle M. Heller, Viknesh Sivanathan, David J. Asai, Graham F. Hatfull","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-113023-110757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-113023-110757","url":null,"abstract":"Research opportunities for undergraduate students are strongly advantageous, but implementation at a large scale presents numerous challenges. The enormous diversity of the bacteriophage population and a supportive programmatic structure provide opportunities to engage early-career undergraduates in phage discovery, genomics, and genetics. The Science Education Alliance (SEA) is an inclusive Research-Education Community (iREC) providing centralized programmatic support for students and faculty without prior experience in virology at institutions from community colleges to research-active universities to participate in two course-based projects, SEA-PHAGES (SEA Phage Hunters Advancing Genomic and Evolutionary Science) and SEA-GENES (SEA Gene-function Exploration by a Network of Emerging Scientists). Since 2008, the SEA has supported more than 50,000 undergraduate researchers who have isolated more than 23,000 bacteriophages of which more than 4,500 are fully sequenced and annotated. Students have functionally characterized hundreds of phage genes, and the phage collection has fueled the therapeutic use of phages for treatment of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium</jats:italic> infections. Participation in the SEA promotes student persistence in science education, and its inclusivity promotes a more equitable scientific community.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-011616
Laurel E. Kelnhofer-Millevolte, Edward A. Arnold, Daniel H. Nguyen, Daphne C. Avgousti
Viruses are exemplary molecular biologists and have been integral to scientific discovery for generations. It is therefore no surprise that nuclear replicating viruses have evolved to systematically take over host cell function through astoundingly specific nuclear and chromatin hijacking. In this review, we focus on nuclear replicating DNA viruses—herpesviruses and adenoviruses—as key examples of viral invasion in the nucleus. We concentrate on critical features of nuclear architecture, such as chromatin and the nucleolus, to illustrate the complexity of the virus-host battle for resources in the nucleus. We conclude with a discussion of the technological advances that have enabled the discoveries we describe and upcoming steps in this burgeoning field.
病毒是分子生物学家的典范,世世代代都是科学发现不可或缺的一部分。因此,核复制病毒在进化过程中通过令人震惊的特异性核和染色质劫持系统性地接管宿主细胞功能也就不足为奇了。在这篇综述中,我们将重点讨论核复制 DNA 病毒--疱疹病毒和腺病毒--作为病毒入侵细胞核的关键实例。我们将重点放在核结构的关键特征上,如染色质和核仁,以说明病毒与宿主争夺细胞核资源的复杂性。最后,我们讨论了促成我们所述发现的技术进步以及这一新兴领域即将采取的措施。
{"title":"Controlling Much? Viral Control of Host Chromatin Dynamics","authors":"Laurel E. Kelnhofer-Millevolte, Edward A. Arnold, Daniel H. Nguyen, Daphne C. Avgousti","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-011616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-011616","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are exemplary molecular biologists and have been integral to scientific discovery for generations. It is therefore no surprise that nuclear replicating viruses have evolved to systematically take over host cell function through astoundingly specific nuclear and chromatin hijacking. In this review, we focus on nuclear replicating DNA viruses—herpesviruses and adenoviruses—as key examples of viral invasion in the nucleus. We concentrate on critical features of nuclear architecture, such as chromatin and the nucleolus, to illustrate the complexity of the virus-host battle for resources in the nucleus. We conclude with a discussion of the technological advances that have enabled the discoveries we describe and upcoming steps in this burgeoning field.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-023037
Aaron Embry, Don B. Gammon
Even if a virus successfully binds to a cell, defects in any of the downstream steps of the viral life cycle can preclude the production of infectious virus particles. Such abortive infections are likely common in nature and can provide fundamental insights into the cell and host tropism of viral pathogens. Research over the past 60 years has revealed an incredible diversity of abortive infections by DNA and RNA viruses in various animal cell types. Here we discuss the general causes of abortive infections and provide specific examples from the literature to illustrate the range of abortive infections that have been reported. We also discuss how abortive infections can have critical roles in shaping host immune responses and in the development of virus-induced cancers. Finally, we describe how abortive infections can be applied to basic and clinical research, underscoring the importance of understanding these fascinating aspects of virus biology.
即使病毒成功地与细胞结合,病毒生命周期中任何一个下游步骤的缺陷都可能导致无法产生有传染性的病毒粒子。这种流产感染在自然界中很可能很常见,并能让人们从根本上了解病毒病原体的细胞和宿主趋向性。过去 60 年的研究揭示了 DNA 和 RNA 病毒在各种动物细胞中终止感染的惊人多样性。在此,我们将讨论中止感染的一般原因,并提供文献中的具体实例来说明已报道的中止感染的范围。我们还讨论了终止感染如何在形成宿主免疫反应和发展病毒诱导的癌症中发挥关键作用。最后,我们介绍了中止感染如何应用于基础和临床研究,强调了了解病毒生物学这些迷人方面的重要性。
{"title":"Abortive Infection of Animal Cells: What Goes Wrong","authors":"Aaron Embry, Don B. Gammon","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-023037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-100422-023037","url":null,"abstract":"Even if a virus successfully binds to a cell, defects in any of the downstream steps of the viral life cycle can preclude the production of infectious virus particles. Such abortive infections are likely common in nature and can provide fundamental insights into the cell and host tropism of viral pathogens. Research over the past 60 years has revealed an incredible diversity of abortive infections by DNA and RNA viruses in various animal cell types. Here we discuss the general causes of abortive infections and provide specific examples from the literature to illustrate the range of abortive infections that have been reported. We also discuss how abortive infections can have critical roles in shaping host immune responses and in the development of virus-induced cancers. Finally, we describe how abortive infections can be applied to basic and clinical research, underscoring the importance of understanding these fascinating aspects of virus biology.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011544
Lindsay R. Wilson, Anita K. McElroy
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to Africa and the Middle East. RVFV infection can cause encephalitis, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Studies of RVFV encephalitis following percutaneous inoculation, as would occur following a mosquito bite, have historically been limited by a lack of consistent animal models. In this review, we describe new insights into the pathogenesis of RVFV and the opportunities provided by new mouse models. We underscore the need to consider viral strain and route of inoculation when interpreting data obtained using animal models. We discuss the trafficking of RVFV and the role of host genetics and immunity in modulating the pathogenesis of RVFV encephalitis. We also explore potential strategies to prevent and treat central nervous system disease caused by RVFV and discuss remaining knowledge gaps.
{"title":"Rift Valley Fever Virus Encephalitis: Viral and Host Determinants of Pathogenesis","authors":"Lindsay R. Wilson, Anita K. McElroy","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011544","url":null,"abstract":"Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to Africa and the Middle East. RVFV infection can cause encephalitis, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Studies of RVFV encephalitis following percutaneous inoculation, as would occur following a mosquito bite, have historically been limited by a lack of consistent animal models. In this review, we describe new insights into the pathogenesis of RVFV and the opportunities provided by new mouse models. We underscore the need to consider viral strain and route of inoculation when interpreting data obtained using animal models. We discuss the trafficking of RVFV and the role of host genetics and immunity in modulating the pathogenesis of RVFV encephalitis. We also explore potential strategies to prevent and treat central nervous system disease caused by RVFV and discuss remaining knowledge gaps.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-013037
Edward C. Holmes
The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has evoked heated debate and strong accusations, yet seemingly little resolution. I review the scientific evidence on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent spread through the human population. The available data clearly point to a natural zoonotic emergence within, or closely linked to, the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan. There is no direct evidence linking the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 to laboratory work conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The subsequent global spread of SARS-CoV-2 was characterized by a gradual adaptation to humans, with dual increases in transmissibility and virulence until the emergence of the Omicron variant. Of note has been the frequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to other animals, marking it as a strongly host generalist virus. Unless lessons from the origin of SARS-CoV-2 are learned, it is inevitable that more zoonotic events leading to more epidemics and pandemics will plague human populations.
{"title":"The Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Edward C. Holmes","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-013037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-013037","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has evoked heated debate and strong accusations, yet seemingly little resolution. I review the scientific evidence on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent spread through the human population. The available data clearly point to a natural zoonotic emergence within, or closely linked to, the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan. There is no direct evidence linking the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 to laboratory work conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The subsequent global spread of SARS-CoV-2 was characterized by a gradual adaptation to humans, with dual increases in transmissibility and virulence until the emergence of the Omicron variant. Of note has been the frequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to other animals, marking it as a strongly host generalist virus. Unless lessons from the origin of SARS-CoV-2 are learned, it is inevitable that more zoonotic events leading to more epidemics and pandemics will plague human populations.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839
Abigail S. Kane, Madeleine Godfrey, Magali Noval Rivas, Moshe Arditi, Alessio Fasano, Lael M. Yonker
The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation. Insights obtained from MIS-C will help shape our understanding of the more indolent and prevalent postacute sequelae of COVID and ultimately guide efforts to improve diagnosis and management of postinfectious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.
{"title":"The Spectrum of Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Children: From MIS-C to Long COVID","authors":"Abigail S. Kane, Madeleine Godfrey, Magali Noval Rivas, Moshe Arditi, Alessio Fasano, Lael M. Yonker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation. Insights obtained from MIS-C will help shape our understanding of the more indolent and prevalent postacute sequelae of COVID and ultimately guide efforts to improve diagnosis and management of postinfectious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111322
Leo Kan, Jeremy J Barr
Bacteriophages are enigmatic entities that defy definition. Classically, they are specialist viruses that exclusively parasitize bacterial hosts. Yet this definition becomes limiting when we consider their ubiquity in the body coupled with their vast capacity to directly interact with the mammalian host. While phages certainly do not infect nor replicate within mammalian cells, they do interact with and gain unfettered access to the eukaryotic cell structure. With the growing appreciation for the human virome, coupled with our increased application of phages to patients within clinical settings, the potential impact of phage-mammalian interactions is progressively recognized. In this review, we provide a detailed mechanistic overview of how phages interact with the mammalian cell surface, the processes through which said phages are internalized by the cell, and the intracellular processing and fate of the phages. We then summarize the current state-of-the-field with respect to phage-mammalian interactions and their associations with health and disease states.
{"title":"A Mammalian Cell's Guide on How to Process a Bacteriophage.","authors":"Leo Kan, Jeremy J Barr","doi":"10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophages are enigmatic entities that defy definition. Classically, they are specialist viruses that exclusively parasitize bacterial hosts. Yet this definition becomes limiting when we consider their ubiquity in the body coupled with their vast capacity to directly interact with the mammalian host. While phages certainly do not infect nor replicate within mammalian cells, they do interact with and gain unfettered access to the eukaryotic cell structure. With the growing appreciation for the human virome, coupled with our increased application of phages to patients within clinical settings, the potential impact of phage-mammalian interactions is progressively recognized. In this review, we provide a detailed mechanistic overview of how phages interact with the mammalian cell surface, the processes through which said phages are internalized by the cell, and the intracellular processing and fate of the phages. We then summarize the current state-of-the-field with respect to phage-mammalian interactions and their associations with health and disease states.</p>","PeriodicalId":48761,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41161280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}