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The Emergence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 的出现和演变
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-013037
Edward C. Holmes
The origin of SARS-CoV-2 has evoked heated debate and strong accusations, yet seemingly little resolution. I review the scientific evidence on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its subsequent spread through the human population. The available data clearly point to a natural zoonotic emergence within, or closely linked to, the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan. There is no direct evidence linking the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 to laboratory work conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The subsequent global spread of SARS-CoV-2 was characterized by a gradual adaptation to humans, with dual increases in transmissibility and virulence until the emergence of the Omicron variant. Of note has been the frequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to other animals, marking it as a strongly host generalist virus. Unless lessons from the origin of SARS-CoV-2 are learned, it is inevitable that more zoonotic events leading to more epidemics and pandemics will plague human populations.
SARS-CoV-2 的起源引起了激烈的争论和强烈的指责,但似乎并没有得到什么解决。我回顾了有关 SARS-CoV-2 起源及其随后在人类中传播的科学证据。现有数据清楚地表明,SARS-CoV-2 是在武汉华南水产品批发市场内自然出现的人畜共患疾病,或与该市场密切相关。没有直接证据表明 SARS-CoV-2 的出现与武汉病毒研究所的实验室工作有关。随后,SARS-CoV-2 在全球的传播特点是逐渐适应人类,传播性和毒力双重增强,直到出现 Omicron 变种。值得注意的是,SARS-CoV-2 经常从人类传染给其他动物,这标志着它是一种具有强烈宿主通性的病毒。除非从 SARS-CoV-2 的起源中吸取教训,否则更多的人畜共患病事件将不可避免地导致更多的流行病和大流行病困扰人类。
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引用次数: 0
The Spectrum of Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Children: From MIS-C to Long COVID 儿童 COVID-19 急性后遗症的范围:从MIS-C到长COVID
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839
Abigail S. Kane, Madeleine Godfrey, Magali Noval Rivas, Moshe Arditi, Alessio Fasano, Lael M. Yonker
The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation. Insights obtained from MIS-C will help shape our understanding of the more indolent and prevalent postacute sequelae of COVID and ultimately guide efforts to improve diagnosis and management of postinfectious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.
在 COVID-19 大流行之后,SARS-CoV-2 感染对儿童的影响继续演变。虽然危及生命的儿童多系统炎症综合征(MIS-C)已变得罕见,但在急性 SARS-CoV-2 感染缓解后,由于持续的免疫激活而产生的长期症状会造成严重的健康后遗症,并继续造成经济负担。共同的病理生理学机制将 MIS-C 和长期 COVID 置于以肠道菌群失调、肠道通透性增加和不同程度的免疫失调为特征的大量感染后病症中。从 MIS-C 中获得的启示将有助于我们了解 COVID 更为轻微和普遍的急性后遗症,并最终指导我们改善儿童 SARS-CoV-2 感染后并发症的诊断和管理。
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引用次数: 0
A Mammalian Cell's Guide on How to Process a Bacteriophage. 哺乳动物细胞如何处理噬菌体指南。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111322
Leo Kan, Jeremy J Barr

Bacteriophages are enigmatic entities that defy definition. Classically, they are specialist viruses that exclusively parasitize bacterial hosts. Yet this definition becomes limiting when we consider their ubiquity in the body coupled with their vast capacity to directly interact with the mammalian host. While phages certainly do not infect nor replicate within mammalian cells, they do interact with and gain unfettered access to the eukaryotic cell structure. With the growing appreciation for the human virome, coupled with our increased application of phages to patients within clinical settings, the potential impact of phage-mammalian interactions is progressively recognized. In this review, we provide a detailed mechanistic overview of how phages interact with the mammalian cell surface, the processes through which said phages are internalized by the cell, and the intracellular processing and fate of the phages. We then summarize the current state-of-the-field with respect to phage-mammalian interactions and their associations with health and disease states.

噬菌体是难以定义的神秘实体。通常,它们是专门寄生在细菌宿主身上的病毒。然而,当我们考虑到它们在体内的普遍性,以及它们与哺乳动物宿主直接相互作用的巨大能力时,这个定义就变得有限了。虽然噬菌体肯定不会感染哺乳动物细胞,也不会在哺乳动物细胞内复制,但它们确实与真核细胞结构相互作用,并获得不受限制的进入途径。随着人们对人类病毒组的日益重视,加上我们在临床环境中对患者应用噬菌体的增加,噬菌体与哺乳动物相互作用的潜在影响逐渐得到认识。在这篇综述中,我们提供了噬菌体如何与哺乳动物细胞表面相互作用的详细机制概述,所述噬菌体被细胞内化的过程,以及噬菌体的细胞内处理和命运。然后,我们总结了该领域关于噬菌体-哺乳动物相互作用及其与健康和疾病状态的关系的现状。
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引用次数: 0
Influenza: Searching for Pandemic Origins. 流感:寻找流行病的起源。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-125223
Robert G Webster

From a farming family of 13 children in New Zealand, I graduated with a Master of Science degree in microbiology from the University of Otago (Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand). I established the first veterinary virology laboratory at Wallaceville Animal Research Station. I subsequently completed my PhD degree at Australian National University (Canberra, Australia) and a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan). While in New South Wales, Australia, a walk on a beach littered with dead mutton birds (shearwaters) with Dr. Graeme Laver led to the surveillance of influenza in seabirds on the Great Barrier Reef Islands and my lifelong search for the origin of pandemic influenza viruses. Subsequent studies established that (a) aquatic birds are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses, (b) these viruses replicate primarily in cells lining the intestinal tract, (c) reassortment in nature can lead to novel pandemic influenza viruses, and (d) live bird markets are one place where transmission of influenza virus from animals to humans occurs.

我来自新西兰一个有13个孩子的农业家庭,毕业于奥塔哥大学(新西兰奥塔哥达尼丁),获得微生物学理学硕士学位。我在Wallaceville动物研究站建立了第一个兽医病毒学实验室。随后,我在澳大利亚国立大学(澳大利亚堪培拉)完成了博士学位,并在密歇根大学(密歇根州安娜堡)完成了博士后研究。在澳大利亚新南威尔士州期间,与Graeme Laver博士一起在海滩上散步,海滩上到处都是死去的肉禽(剪羊毛),这让我对大堡礁群岛海鸟的流感进行了监测,并让我终生寻找大流行性流感病毒的起源。随后的研究证实,(a)水生鸟类是甲型流感病毒的天然宿主,(b)这些病毒主要在肠道细胞中复制,(c)自然界中的重组可能导致新的大流行性流感病毒,(d)活禽市场是流感病毒从动物传播给人类的地方之一。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction. 介绍
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vi-10-071323-100001
Terence S Dermody, Julie K Pfeiffer
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引用次数: 0
Block the Spread: Barriers to Transmission of Influenza Viruses. 阻断传播:流感病毒传播的障碍。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Epub Date: 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-115447
Valerie Le Sage, Anice C Lowen, Seema S Lakdawala

Respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses, cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide through seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Influenza viruses transmit through multiple modes including contact (either direct or through a contaminated surface) and inhalation of expelled aerosols. Successful human to human transmission requires an infected donor who expels virus into the environment, a susceptible recipient, and persistence of the expelled virus within the environment. The relative efficiency of each mode can be altered by viral features, environmental parameters, donor and recipient host characteristics, and viral persistence. Interventions to mitigate transmission of influenza viruses can target any of these factors. In this review, we discuss many aspects of influenza virus transmission, including the systems to study it, as well as the impact of natural barriers and various nonpharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions.

呼吸道病毒,如流感病毒,通过季节性流行病和散发性流行病在全球范围内造成严重的发病率和死亡率。流感病毒通过多种方式传播,包括接触(直接或通过受污染的表面)和吸入排出的气溶胶。成功的人传人需要将病毒排出环境的受感染供体、易感受体以及排出的病毒在环境中的持久性。每种模式的相对效率可以通过病毒特征、环境参数、供体和受体宿主特征以及病毒持久性来改变。减少流感病毒传播的干预措施可以针对这些因素中的任何一个。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了流感病毒传播的许多方面,包括研究它的系统,以及自然屏障和各种非药物和药物干预的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity. 突破边界:Tobamovirus和植物免疫之间的永久互动。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-122847
Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar

Plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing, and immune receptors. To counter these defenses, tobamoviruses have evolved various strategies to evade or suppress the different immune pathways. Understanding the interactions between tobamoviruses and the plant immune pathways is crucial for the development of effective control measures and genetic resistance to these viruses. In this review, we discuss past and current knowledge of the intricate relationship between tobamoviruses and host immunity. We use this knowledge to understand the emergence of ToBRFV and discuss potential approaches for the development of new resistance strategies to cope with emerging tobamoviruses.

Tobamovirus属植物病毒在各种作物中造成重大经济损失。新烟草病毒的出现,如番茄棕色皱纹果实病毒(ToBRFV),对全球农业构成了重大威胁。感染后,植物会产生复杂的免疫反应,以限制病毒的复制和传播,包括防御激素、RNA沉默和免疫受体在内的多层防御系统。为了对抗这些防御,烟草病毒已经进化出各种策略来逃避或抑制不同的免疫途径。了解烟草病毒和植物免疫途径之间的相互作用对于制定有效的控制措施和对这些病毒的遗传抗性至关重要。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了烟草病毒与宿主免疫之间复杂关系的过去和现在的知识。我们利用这些知识来了解ToBRFV的出现,并讨论开发新的抗性策略以应对新出现的烟草病毒的潜在方法。
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引用次数: 0
Developing Phage Therapy That Overcomes the Evolution of Bacterial Resistance. 开发噬菌体疗法,克服细菌耐药性的进化。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Epub Date: 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012423-110530
Agnès Oromí-Bosch, Jyot D Antani, Paul E Turner
The global rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and the waning efficacy of antibiotics urge consideration of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy is a classic approach where bacteriophages (bacteria-specific viruses) are used against bacterial infections, with many recent successes in personalized medicine treatment of intractable infections. However, a perpetual challenge for developing generalized phage therapy is the expectation that viruses will exert selection for target bacteria to deploy defenses against virus attack, causing evolution of phage resistance during patient treatment. Here we review the two main complementary strategies for mitigating bacterial resistance in phage therapy: minimizing the ability for bacterial populations to evolve phage resistance and driving (steering) evolution of phage-resistant bacteria toward clinically favorable outcomes. We discuss future research directions that might further address the phage-resistance problem, to foster widespread development and deployment of therapeutic phage strategies that outsmart evolved bacterial resistance in clinical settings. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 10 is September 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
细菌病原体抗生素耐药性的全球上升和抗生素疗效的下降促使人们考虑替代性的抗菌策略。噬菌体治疗是一种经典的方法,噬菌体(细菌特异性病毒)用于对抗细菌感染,最近在顽固性感染的个性化药物治疗方面取得了许多成功。然而,开发通用噬菌体疗法的一个永恒挑战是,期望病毒对目标细菌进行选择,以部署防御病毒攻击的能力,从而在患者治疗过程中导致噬菌体耐药性的进化。在这里,我们回顾了在噬菌体治疗中减轻细菌耐药性的两种主要互补策略:最大限度地降低细菌群体进化噬菌体耐药性的能力,并推动(引导)噬菌体耐药性细菌进化到临床有利的结果。我们讨论了未来可能进一步解决噬菌体耐药性问题的研究方向,以促进治疗性噬菌体策略的广泛开发和部署,从而在临床环境中智胜进化的细菌耐药性。
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引用次数: 4
Viral Membrane Fusion: A Dance Between Proteins and Lipids. 病毒膜融合:蛋白质和脂质之间的舞蹈。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-093413
Judith M White, Amanda E Ward, Laura Odongo, Lukas K Tamm

There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated fusion protein or fusion complex that enacts the critical genome-releasing membrane fusion event that is essential before viral replication within the host cell interior can begin. Because all enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion, it behooves us to know how viral fusion proteins function. Viral fusion proteins are also major targets of neutralizing antibodies, and hence they serve as key vaccine immunogens. Here we review current concepts about viral membrane fusion proteins focusing on how they are triggered, structural intermediates between pre- and postfusion forms, and their interplay with the lipid bilayers they engage. We also discuss cellular and therapeutic interventions that thwart virus-cell membrane fusion.

至少有21个家族的包膜病毒感染哺乳动物,其中许多家族的成员对全球人类健康高度关注。所有包膜病毒都有一种专门的融合蛋白或融合复合物,它能引发关键的基因组释放膜融合事件,这在病毒在宿主细胞内部复制开始之前是至关重要的。因为所有的包膜病毒都是通过融合进入细胞的,我们有必要了解病毒融合蛋白的功能。病毒融合蛋白也是中和抗体的主要靶点,因此它们是关键的疫苗免疫原。在这里,我们回顾了目前关于病毒膜融合蛋白的概念,重点是它们是如何被触发的,融合前和融合后形式之间的结构中间体,以及它们与它们所参与的脂质双层的相互作用。我们还讨论了阻碍病毒细胞膜融合的细胞和治疗干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Anticipating the Next Ten Years of the Annual Review of Virology. 展望病毒学年度评论的未来十年。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vi-10-062723-101111
Julie K Pfeiffer, Lynn W Enquist, Daniel DiMaio, Terence S Dermody
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annual Review of Virology
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