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Systems Biology of Virus-Host Protein Interactions: From Hypothesis Generation to Mechanisms of Replication and Pathogenesis. 病毒-宿主蛋白相互作用的系统生物学:从假说的产生到复制和发病机制。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-011851
Priya S Shah, Nitin S Beesabathuni, Adam T Fishburn, Matthew W Kenaston, Shiaki A Minami, Oanh H Pham, Inglis Tucker

As obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses must co-opt cellular machinery to facilitate their own replication. Viruses often co-opt these cellular pathways and processes through physical interactions between viral and host proteins. In addition to facilitating fundamental aspects of virus replication cycles, these virus-host protein interactions can also disrupt physiological functions of host proteins, causing disease that can be advantageous to the virus or simply a coincidence. Consequently, unraveling virus-host protein interactions can serve as a window into molecular mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenesis. Identifying virus-host protein interactions using unbiased systems biology approaches provides an avenue for hypothesis generation. This review highlights common systems biology approaches for identification of virus-host protein interactions and the mechanistic insights revealed by these methods. We also review conceptual innovations using comparative and integrative systems biology that can leverage global virus-host protein interaction data sets to more rapidly move from hypothesis generation to mechanism.

作为专性细胞内寄生虫,所有病毒都必须利用细胞机制来促进自身的复制。病毒通常通过病毒和宿主蛋白之间的物理相互作用来利用这些细胞途径和过程。除了促进病毒复制周期的基本方面外,这些病毒-宿主蛋白质相互作用还可以破坏宿主蛋白质的生理功能,导致对病毒有利的疾病或仅仅是巧合。因此,解开病毒与宿主蛋白的相互作用可以作为了解病毒复制和发病机制的分子机制的窗口。使用无偏系统生物学方法鉴定病毒-宿主蛋白相互作用为假设生成提供了一条途径。这篇综述强调了鉴定病毒-宿主蛋白相互作用的常见系统生物学方法以及这些方法揭示的机制见解。我们还回顾了使用比较和综合系统生物学的概念创新,这些概念创新可以利用全球病毒-宿主蛋白相互作用数据集,更快地从假设生成转向机制。
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引用次数: 4
Lessons from Acquired Natural Immunity and Clinical Trials to Inform Next-Generation Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Development. 获得性自然免疫和临床试验的经验教训,为下一代人类巨细胞病毒疫苗的开发提供信息。
IF 8.1 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Epub Date: 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-010653
Xintao Hu, Hsuan-Yuan Wang, Claire E Otero, Jennifer A Jenks, Sallie R Permar

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the most common cause of congenital disease globally, affecting an estimated 1 million newborns annually, can result in lifelong sequelae in infants, such as sensorineural hearing loss and brain damage. HCMV infection also leads to a significant disease burden in immunocompromised individuals. Hence, an effective HCMV vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection and HCMV-associated diseases. Unfortunately, despite more than five decades of vaccine development, no successful HCMV vaccine is available. This review summarizes what we have learned from acquired natural immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity; the successes and failures of HCMV vaccine human clinical trials; the progress in related animal models; and the analysis of protective immune responses during natural infection and vaccination settings. Finally, we propose novel vaccine strategies that will harness the knowledge of protective immunity and employ new technology and vaccine concepts to inform next-generation HCMV vaccine development.

人类巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染是全球最常见的先天性疾病原因,每年影响约100万新生儿,可能导致婴儿终身后遗症,如感音神经性听力损失和脑损伤。HCMV感染也会导致免疫功能受损个体的重大疾病负担。因此,迫切需要一种有效的HCMV疫苗来预防感染和HCMV相关疾病。不幸的是,尽管已经开发了50多年的疫苗,但还没有成功的HCMV疫苗。这篇综述总结了我们从获得性自然免疫中学到的东西,包括先天免疫和适应性免疫;HCMV疫苗人体临床试验的成功与失败;相关动物模型的进展;以及在自然感染和疫苗接种环境中保护性免疫反应的分析。最后,我们提出了新的疫苗策略,将利用保护性免疫的知识,并利用新技术和疫苗概念为下一代HCMV疫苗的开发提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Replication Compartments of Eukaryotic and Bacterial DNA Viruses: Common Themes Between Different Domains of Host Cells. 真核生物和细菌DNA病毒的复制区室:宿主细胞不同区域之间的共同主题。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012822-125828
David M Knipe, Amy Prichard, Surendra Sharma, Joe Pogliano

Subcellular organization is essential for life. Cells organize their functions into organelles to concentrate their machinery and supplies for optimal efficiency. Likewise, viruses organize their replication machinery into compartments or factories within their host cells for optimal replicative efficiency. In this review, we discuss how DNA viruses that infect both eukaryotic cells and bacteria assemble replication compartments for synthesis of progeny viral DNA and transcription of the viral genome. Eukaryotic DNA viruses assemble replication compartments in the nucleus of the host cell while DNA bacteriophages assemble compartments called phage nuclei in the bacterial cytoplasm. Thus, DNA viruses infecting host cells from different domains of life share common replication strategies.

亚细胞组织是生命所必需的。细胞将其功能组织到细胞器中,以集中其机器和供应以达到最佳效率。同样地,病毒将它们的复制机制组织成宿主细胞内的隔间或工厂,以获得最佳的复制效率。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了感染真核细胞和细菌的DNA病毒如何组装复制室来合成子代病毒DNA和转录病毒基因组。真核DNA病毒在宿主细胞核中组装复制室,而DNA噬菌体在细菌细胞质中组装称为噬菌体核的室。因此,感染来自不同生命域的宿主细胞的DNA病毒具有共同的复制策略。
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引用次数: 11
The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression. 病毒RNA降解因子在阻断宿主基因表达中的作用。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Epub Date: 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-012345
Léa Gaucherand, Marta Maria Gaglia

Many viruses induce shutoff of host gene expression (host shutoff) as a strategy to take over cellular machinery and evade host immunity. Without host shutoff activity, these viruses generally replicate poorly in vivo, attesting to the importance of this antiviral strategy. In this review, we discuss one particularly advantageous way for viruses to induce host shutoff: triggering widespread host messenger RNA (mRNA) decay. Viruses can trigger increased mRNA destruction either directly, by encoding RNA cleaving or decapping enzymes, or indirectly, by activating cellular RNA degradation pathways. We review what is known about the mechanism of action of several viral RNA degradation factors. We then discuss the consequences of widespread RNA degradation on host gene expression and on the mechanisms of immune evasion, highlighting open questions. Answering these questions is critical to understanding how viral RNA degradation factors regulate host gene expression and how this process helps viruses evade host responses and replicate.

许多病毒诱导宿主基因表达的关闭(宿主关闭),作为接管细胞机制和逃避宿主免疫的一种策略。如果没有宿主关闭活性,这些病毒在体内的复制通常很差,这证明了这种抗病毒策略的重要性。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了病毒诱导宿主关闭的一种特别有利的方式:触发广泛的宿主信使核糖核酸(mRNA)衰变。病毒可以通过编码RNA切割或去帽酶直接或通过激活细胞RNA降解途径间接触发mRNA破坏增加。我们综述了几种病毒RNA降解因子的作用机制。然后,我们讨论了广泛的RNA降解对宿主基因表达和免疫逃避机制的影响,强调了悬而未决的问题。回答这些问题对于理解病毒RNA降解因子如何调节宿主基因表达以及这一过程如何帮助病毒逃避宿主反应和复制至关重要。
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引用次数: 8
Advances in Understanding Neuropathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever Virus. 裂谷热病毒神经发病机制的研究进展
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-065806
Kaleigh A Connors, Amy L Hartman
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging arboviral pathogen that causes disease in both livestock and humans. Severe disease manifestations of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in humans include hemorrhagic fever, ocular disease, and encephalitis. This review describes the current understanding of the pathogenesis of RVF encephalitis. While some data from human studies exist, the development of several animal models has accelerated studies of the neuropathogenesis of RVFV. We review current animal models and discuss what they have taught us about RVFV encephalitis. We briefly describe alternative models that have been used to study other neurotropic arboviruses and how these models may help contribute to our understanding RVFV encephalitis. We conclude with some unanswered questions and future directions.
裂谷热病毒(RVFV)是一种新出现的虫媒病毒病原体,可在牲畜和人类中引起疾病。裂谷热(RVF)在人类中的严重疾病表现包括出血热、眼病和脑炎。本文综述了目前对裂谷热脑炎发病机制的了解。虽然存在一些来自人类研究的数据,但几种动物模型的发展加速了对裂谷热病毒神经发病机制的研究。我们回顾了目前的动物模型并讨论了它们教给我们的关于裂谷热病毒脑炎的知识。我们简要描述了用于研究其他嗜神经虫媒病毒的替代模型,以及这些模型如何有助于我们了解裂谷热病毒脑炎。最后,我们提出了一些悬而未决的问题和未来的发展方向。
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引用次数: 10
Amoebae: Hiding in Plain Sight: Unappreciated Hosts for the Very Large Viruses. 变形虫:隐藏在显眼的地方:超大病毒未被发现的宿主。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-125832
Victória Fulgêncio Queiroz, Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues, Paulo Victor de Miranda Boratto, Bernard La Scola, Julien Andreani, Jônatas Santos Abrahão

For decades, viruses have been isolated primarily from humans and other organisms. Interestingly, one of the most complex sides of the virosphere was discovered using free-living amoebae as hosts. The discovery of giant viruses in the early twenty-first century opened a new chapter in the field of virology. Giant viruses are included in the phylum Nucleocytoviricota and harbor large and complex DNA genomes (up to 2.7 Mb) encoding genes never before seen in the virosphere and presenting gigantic particles (up to 1.5 μm). Different amoebae have been used to isolate and characterize a plethora of new viruses with exciting details about novel viral biology. Through distinct isolation techniques and metagenomics, the diversity and complexity of giant viruses have astonished the scientific community. Here, we discuss the latest findings on amoeba viruses and how using these single-celled organisms as hosts has revealed entities that have remained hidden in plain sight for ages.

几十年来,病毒主要是从人类和其他生物体中分离出来的。有趣的是,人们发现病毒圈最复杂的一面是使用自由生活的变形虫作为宿主。21世纪初巨型病毒的发现开启了病毒学领域的新篇章。巨型病毒包括在核细胞病毒门中,具有大而复杂的DNA基因组(高达2.7 Mb),编码病毒圈中从未见过的基因,并呈现巨大的颗粒(高达1.5 μm)。不同的变形虫被用来分离和表征大量的新病毒,并提供了关于新病毒生物学的令人兴奋的细节。通过不同的分离技术和宏基因组学,巨型病毒的多样性和复杂性震惊了科学界。在这里,我们讨论关于变形虫病毒的最新发现,以及如何使用这些单细胞生物作为宿主揭示了多年来一直隐藏在视线之外的实体。
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引用次数: 6
Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling in Phage Defense and Counter-Defense. 环状核苷酸信号在噬菌体防御和反防御中的作用。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100120-010228
Januka S Athukoralage, Malcolm F White

Advances in our understanding of prokaryotic antiphage defense mechanisms in the past few years have revealed a multitude of new cyclic nucleotide signaling molecules that play a crucial role in switching infected cells into an antiviral state. Defense pathways including type III CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats), CBASS (cyclic nucleotide-based antiphage signaling system), PYCSAR (pyrimidine cyclase system for antiphage resistance), and Thoeris all use cyclic nucleotides as second messengers to activate a diverse range of effector proteins. These effectors typically degrade or disrupt key cellular components such as nucleic acids, membranes, or metabolites, slowing down viral replication kinetics at great cost to the infected cell. Mechanisms to manipulate the levels of cyclic nucleotides are employed by cells to regulate defense pathways and by viruses to subvert them. Here we review the discovery and mechanism of the key pathways, signaling molecules and effectors, parallels and differences between the systems, open questions, and prospects for future research in this area.

在过去的几年中,我们对原核噬菌体防御机制的理解取得了进展,揭示了许多新的环核苷酸信号分子,它们在将感染细胞转换为抗病毒状态方面起着至关重要的作用。包括III型CRISPR(聚集规律间隔的回文重复序列)、CBASS(基于环核苷酸的噬菌体信号系统)、PYCSAR(用于抗噬菌体抗性的嘧啶环化酶系统)和Thoeris在内的防御途径都使用环核苷酸作为第二信使来激活多种效应蛋白。这些效应物通常降解或破坏关键的细胞成分,如核酸、膜或代谢物,以极大的代价减慢病毒复制动力学。细胞利用控制环核苷酸水平的机制来调节防御途径,病毒利用这种机制来破坏防御途径。在此,我们综述了关键通路的发现和机制、信号分子和效应器、系统之间的相似之处和差异、悬而未决的问题以及该领域未来研究的前景。
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引用次数: 26
Citrus Tristeza Virus: From Pathogen to Panacea. 柑橘Tristeza病毒:从病原体到灵丹妙药。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-114412
Svetlana Y Folimonova, Yong-Duo Sun

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most destructive viral pathogen of citrus. During the past century, CTV induced grave epidemics in citrus-growing areas worldwide that have resulted in a loss of more than 100 million trees. At present, the virus continues to threaten citrus production in many different countries. Research on CTV is accompanied by distinctive challenges stemming from the large size of its RNA genome, the narrow host range limited to slow-growing Citrus species and relatives, and the complexity of CTV populations. Despite these hurdles, remarkable progress has been made in understanding the CTV-host interactions and in converting the virus into a tool for crop protection and improvement. This review focuses on recent advances that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying CTV infection. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the development of means to control CTV diseases and, ultimately, turn this virus into an ally.

柑橘tristeza virus (CTV)是柑橘最具破坏性的病毒病原体。在过去的一个世纪里,CTV在世界各地的柑橘种植区引起了严重的流行病,造成了1亿多棵树的损失。目前,该病毒继续威胁着许多不同国家的柑橘生产。由于CTV的RNA基因组较大,寄主范围狭窄,仅局限于生长缓慢的柑橘类及其近缘种,以及CTV种群的复杂性,CTV的研究面临着独特的挑战。尽管存在这些障碍,但在了解ctv -宿主相互作用以及将病毒转化为作物保护和改良工具方面取得了显著进展。本文综述了近年来有关CTV感染机制的研究进展。了解这些机制对于开发控制CTV疾病的手段并最终将该病毒转化为盟友至关重要。
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引用次数: 4
Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors Encoded by β- and γ-Herpesviruses. β-和γ-疱疹病毒编码的病毒G蛋白偶联受体
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-113942
Mette M Rosenkilde, Naotaka Tsutsumi, Julius M Knerr, Dagmar F Kildedal, K Christopher Garcia

Herpesviruses are ancient large DNA viruses that have exploited gene capture as part of their strategy to escape immune surveillance, promote virus spreading, or reprogram host cells to benefit their survival. Most acquired genes are transmembrane proteins and cytokines, such as viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), chemokines, and chemokine-binding proteins. This review focuses on the vGPCRs encoded by the human β- and γ-herpesviruses. These include receptors from human cytomegalovirus, which encodes four vGPCRs: US27, US28, UL33, and UL78; human herpesvirus 6 and 7 with two receptors: U12 and U51; Epstein-Barr virus with one: BILF1; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus with one: open reading frame 74, ORF74. We discuss ligand binding, signaling, and structures of the vGPCRs in light of robust differences from endogenous receptors. Finally, we briefly discuss the therapeutic targeting of vGPCRs as future treatment of acute and chronic herpesvirus infections.

疱疹病毒是一种古老的大型DNA病毒,利用基因捕获作为其策略的一部分来逃避免疫监视,促进病毒传播,或重新编程宿主细胞以有利于其生存。大多数获得性基因是跨膜蛋白和细胞因子,如病毒G蛋白偶联受体(vgpcr)、趋化因子和趋化因子结合蛋白。本文对人β-和γ-疱疹病毒编码的vgpcr进行了综述。这些包括来自人巨细胞病毒的受体,其编码四种vgpcr: US27、US28、UL33和UL78;人疱疹病毒6号和7号具有两种受体:U12和U51;Epstein-Barr病毒1:BILF1;和卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒有一个:开放阅读框74,ORF74我们讨论了配体结合,信号和结构的vgpcr与内源性受体的强大差异。最后,我们简要讨论了vgpcr靶向治疗急性和慢性疱疹病毒感染的未来治疗。
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引用次数: 10
Nuclear Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription of HIV-1. HIV-1的核衣壳剥离和逆转录。
IF 11.3 1区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-020922-110929
Thorsten G. Müller, V. Zila, B. Müller, H. Kräusslich
After cell entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication involves reverse transcription of the RNA genome, nuclear import of the subviral complex without nuclear envelope breakdown, and integration of the viral complementary DNA into the host genome. Here, we discuss recent evidence indicating that completion of reverse transcription and viral genome uncoating occur in the nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm, as previously thought, and suggest a testable model for nuclear import and uncoating. Multiple recent studies indicated that the cone-shaped capsid, which encases the genome and replication proteins, not only serves as a reaction container for reverse transcription and as a shield from innate immune sensors but also may constitute the elusive HIV-1 nuclear import factor. Rupture of the capsid may be triggered in the nucleus by completion of reverse transcription, by yet-unknown nuclear factors, or by physical damage, and it appears to occur in close temporal and spatial association with the integration process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在进入细胞后,人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)的复制包括RNA基因组的逆转录,亚病毒复合体的核输入而不破坏核膜,以及病毒互补DNA整合到宿主基因组中。在这里,我们讨论了最近的证据表明,逆转录完成和病毒基因组脱壳发生在细胞核而不是细胞质中,如以前认为的那样,并提出了一个可测试的核输入和脱壳模型。最近的多项研究表明,包裹着基因组和复制蛋白的锥形衣壳不仅是逆转录的反应容器和对先天免疫传感器的屏蔽,而且可能是难以捉摸的HIV-1核输入因子。在细胞核中,逆转录的完成、未知的核因子或物理损伤可能触发衣壳破裂,并且与整合过程在时间和空间上密切相关。《病毒学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2022年9月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 13
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Annual Review of Virology
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