Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101323-094349
Keith O. Fuglie, Thomas W. Hertel, David B. Lobell, Nelson B. Villoria
Agriculture will play a central role in meeting greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets, as the sector currently contributes ∼22% of global emissions. Because emissions are directly tied to resources employed in farm production, such as land, fertilizer, and ruminant animals, the productivity of input use tends to be inversely related to emissions intensity. We review evidence on how productivity gains in agriculture have contributed to historical changes in emissions, how they affect land use emissions both locally and globally, and how investments in research and development (R&D) affect productivity and therefore emissions. The world average agricultural emissions intensity fell by more than half since 1990, with a strong correlation between a region's agricultural productivity growth and reduction in emissions intensity. Additional investment in agricultural R&D offers an opportunity for cost-effective (<US$30 per ton carbon dioxide) and large-scale emissions reductions. Innovations that target specific commodities or inputs could even further reduce the cost of climate mitigation in agriculture.
{"title":"Agricultural Productivity and Climate Mitigation","authors":"Keith O. Fuglie, Thomas W. Hertel, David B. Lobell, Nelson B. Villoria","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101323-094349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101323-094349","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture will play a central role in meeting greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets, as the sector currently contributes ∼22% of global emissions. Because emissions are directly tied to resources employed in farm production, such as land, fertilizer, and ruminant animals, the productivity of input use tends to be inversely related to emissions intensity. We review evidence on how productivity gains in agriculture have contributed to historical changes in emissions, how they affect land use emissions both locally and globally, and how investments in research and development (R&D) affect productivity and therefore emissions. The world average agricultural emissions intensity fell by more than half since 1990, with a strong correlation between a region's agricultural productivity growth and reduction in emissions intensity. Additional investment in agricultural R&D offers an opportunity for cost-effective (<US$30 per ton carbon dioxide) and large-scale emissions reductions. Innovations that target specific commodities or inputs could even further reduce the cost of climate mitigation in agriculture.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-100622-085736
Erika Quendler, Friedrich Schneider
The focus of this review is the shadow economy (SE) in agriculture. Our research aim is to empirically quantify the SE in the agricultural sector based on data collected in the EU-15 member states from 1996 to 2019. We apply the multiple indicators multiple causes model to estimate the levels and development of the SE in these countries. Furthermore, we investigate how the size of the agricultural SE differs between the EU-15 member states and how it affects the economy overall. The results show that (a) the main potential for SE lies in agricultural subsidies, the effects of taxation, the share of imports, and factor income in agriculture; (b) certain patterns and differences exist among the countries, which can be associated with the north-south-west divide; and (c) there are higher levels of SEs in agriculture compared to in the overall economies. This review emphasizes the potential for measuring the SE in agriculture, while recognizing current methodological limitations. Recommendations include diversifying methods, standardizing definitions internationally, and enhancing theoretical foundations. Furthermore, expanding research to include more regions and improve visibility and transparency in measurements is crucial if informed policy is to be made to benefit agriculture globally.
{"title":"The Shadow Economy, an Enigma, in the Agriculture of 15 EU Member States over the Period 1996–2019","authors":"Erika Quendler, Friedrich Schneider","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-100622-085736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100622-085736","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this review is the shadow economy (SE) in agriculture. Our research aim is to empirically quantify the SE in the agricultural sector based on data collected in the EU-15 member states from 1996 to 2019. We apply the multiple indicators multiple causes model to estimate the levels and development of the SE in these countries. Furthermore, we investigate how the size of the agricultural SE differs between the EU-15 member states and how it affects the economy overall. The results show that (a) the main potential for SE lies in agricultural subsidies, the effects of taxation, the share of imports, and factor income in agriculture; (b) certain patterns and differences exist among the countries, which can be associated with the north-south-west divide; and (c) there are higher levels of SEs in agriculture compared to in the overall economies. This review emphasizes the potential for measuring the SE in agriculture, while recognizing current methodological limitations. Recommendations include diversifying methods, standardizing definitions internationally, and enhancing theoretical foundations. Furthermore, expanding research to include more regions and improve visibility and transparency in measurements is crucial if informed policy is to be made to benefit agriculture globally.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-112223-091502
William Nordhaus
This essay discusses three themes of my scholarly life from my student days up to today. They involve technological change, environmental accounting, and energy-climate-economic analysis. These themes have common analytical roots in the economic theory of public goods and encounter thorny issues of governance because of the Westphalian roots of international law and practice. Many of the issues, such as devising measures of natural capital and the need for strengthened international institutions, are just as pressing today as they were during my student days in the 1960s. In writing this, the enduring insight is that hindsight is the best foresight.
{"title":"Looking Backward, Looking Forward","authors":"William Nordhaus","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-112223-091502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-112223-091502","url":null,"abstract":"This essay discusses three themes of my scholarly life from my student days up to today. They involve technological change, environmental accounting, and energy-climate-economic analysis. These themes have common analytical roots in the economic theory of public goods and encounter thorny issues of governance because of the Westphalian roots of international law and practice. Many of the issues, such as devising measures of natural capital and the need for strengthened international institutions, are just as pressing today as they were during my student days in the 1960s. In writing this, the enduring insight is that hindsight is the best foresight.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-112223-094752
Robyn C. Meeks, Anil Pokhrel
Many low- and middle-income countries have made tremendous gains in electrification over the past few decades. These improvements in electricity access have enabled a growing body of empirical evidence on its impacts. This article complements prior reviews on the impacts of electrification by addressing several major remaining challenges faced by the electricity sector in developing countries—impediments to maximizing electricity services᾽ economic effects, obstacles to recovering utility costs, difficulties in forecasting future electricity demand, and uncertainty regarding the future adoption of climate-mitigating technologies—and the existing micro economic causal evidence addressing those challenges. We describe how randomized experiments have complemented the quasi-experimental evidence and then highlight some remaining gaps in the existing literature. Specifically, we highlight climate adaptation within the electricity sector in developing countries, which remains a crucial gap in both the discussion on and financing of electrification for development. We use case studies of Nepal and Pakistan in South Asia—a region that both recently experienced great electrification gains and is among the most vulnerable to climate change—to illustrate the need for additional work on adaptation in the electricity sector. We conclude by linking to recent discussions on climate adaptation finance.
{"title":"The Economics of Electricity and Development: Planning for Growth and a Changing Climate","authors":"Robyn C. Meeks, Anil Pokhrel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-112223-094752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-112223-094752","url":null,"abstract":"Many low- and middle-income countries have made tremendous gains in electrification over the past few decades. These improvements in electricity access have enabled a growing body of empirical evidence on its impacts. This article complements prior reviews on the impacts of electrification by addressing several major remaining challenges faced by the electricity sector in developing countries—impediments to maximizing electricity services᾽ economic effects, obstacles to recovering utility costs, difficulties in forecasting future electricity demand, and uncertainty regarding the future adoption of climate-mitigating technologies—and the existing micro economic causal evidence addressing those challenges. We describe how randomized experiments have complemented the quasi-experimental evidence and then highlight some remaining gaps in the existing literature. Specifically, we highlight climate adaptation within the electricity sector in developing countries, which remains a crucial gap in both the discussion on and financing of electrification for development. We use case studies of Nepal and Pakistan in South Asia—a region that both recently experienced great electrification gains and is among the most vulnerable to climate change—to illustrate the need for additional work on adaptation in the electricity sector. We conclude by linking to recent discussions on climate adaptation finance.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102101
E. Berthet, I. Fusacchia
The global value chain (GVC) framework may provide a systematic approach to depict and advance sustainable path options at the global, national, and local scales. However, a coherent picture of the fragmented body of knowledge on the sustainability implications of GVCs is lacking. In an attempt to delineate the most effective perspective for addressing sustainability challenges within GVCs, this review explores the main academic streams that have emerged in response to the pressing need for detailed insights into GVCs. These academic streams include sociological, economic, and management approaches. We examine the intersections and distinctions among them, evaluating whether they converge or diverge in addressing sustainability within GVCs. By discussing the limitations and potential of these approaches, we suggest a possible integrated and appropriate research agenda to achieve an encompassing and still operative perspective to address current sustainability challenges.
{"title":"Navigating the Complexity: The Sustainability Challenges in Global Value Chains","authors":"E. Berthet, I. Fusacchia","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102101","url":null,"abstract":"The global value chain (GVC) framework may provide a systematic approach to depict and advance sustainable path options at the global, national, and local scales. However, a coherent picture of the fragmented body of knowledge on the sustainability implications of GVCs is lacking. In an attempt to delineate the most effective perspective for addressing sustainability challenges within GVCs, this review explores the main academic streams that have emerged in response to the pressing need for detailed insights into GVCs. These academic streams include sociological, economic, and management approaches. We examine the intersections and distinctions among them, evaluating whether they converge or diverge in addressing sustainability within GVCs. By discussing the limitations and potential of these approaches, we suggest a possible integrated and appropriate research agenda to achieve an encompassing and still operative perspective to address current sustainability challenges.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141862129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-105713
Peter Hazell, Steven Haggblade, Thomas Reardon
This article reviews the past 25 years of empirical research on the rural nonfarm economy (RNFE) in developing countries; that literature has evolved in ways that track and mirror the rural transformation itself. Since 2000, rapid urbanization, structural transformation, and a sharp series of economic, climate, and disease shocks have influenced trajectories in the RNFE. It has grown to become, on average, the predominant source of income for rural households in developing countries. Both segments of the RNFE—activities linked to agricultural value chains as well as those unrelated to the agricultural sector—have grown. Understanding how each component of the RNFE influences rural incomes, employment, resilience, women, youth, and farming and natural resource management practices is, therefore, more important than ever.
{"title":"Transformation of the Rural Nonfarm Economy During Rapid Urbanization and Structural Transformation in Developing Regions","authors":"Peter Hazell, Steven Haggblade, Thomas Reardon","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-105713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-105713","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the past 25 years of empirical research on the rural nonfarm economy (RNFE) in developing countries; that literature has evolved in ways that track and mirror the rural transformation itself. Since 2000, rapid urbanization, structural transformation, and a sharp series of economic, climate, and disease shocks have influenced trajectories in the RNFE. It has grown to become, on average, the predominant source of income for rural households in developing countries. Both segments of the RNFE—activities linked to agricultural value chains as well as those unrelated to the agricultural sector—have grown. Understanding how each component of the RNFE influences rural incomes, employment, resilience, women, youth, and farming and natural resource management practices is, therefore, more important than ever.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141768512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102715
Shefali V. Mehta, Stephen Polasky, Elena Tsakakis
Environmental and resource challenges continue to grow in magnitude and complexity. Addressing these challenges requires expansive thinking to formulate and implement effective solutions. Transdisciplinary research, considered the pinnacle of integration across disciplines, offers a powerful approach for addressing complex questions. Three key themes emerge from transdisciplinary research in the context of environmental economics: (a) There are degrees of transdisciplinarity that contribute to new emergent approaches and on-the-ground application through behavior and practice changes; (b) there are many examples of environmental economics research that exhibit characteristics of transdisciplinary research, but aspects of transdisciplinarity could be expanded in many cases; and (c) there are various barriers (cross-disciplinary, individual, and systemic) facing economists in the application of a transdisciplinary approach. While transdisciplinary research comes with its own barriers, environmental economists could generate large potential gains in formulating and implementing solutions by exploring the transdisciplinary mindset and approach.
{"title":"The Role of Transdisciplinary Approaches in Environmental Economics","authors":"Shefali V. Mehta, Stephen Polasky, Elena Tsakakis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102715","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental and resource challenges continue to grow in magnitude and complexity. Addressing these challenges requires expansive thinking to formulate and implement effective solutions. Transdisciplinary research, considered the pinnacle of integration across disciplines, offers a powerful approach for addressing complex questions. Three key themes emerge from transdisciplinary research in the context of environmental economics: (<jats:italic>a</jats:italic>) There are degrees of transdisciplinarity that contribute to new emergent approaches and on-the-ground application through behavior and practice changes; (<jats:italic>b</jats:italic>) there are many examples of environmental economics research that exhibit characteristics of transdisciplinary research, but aspects of transdisciplinarity could be expanded in many cases; and (<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>) there are various barriers (cross-disciplinary, individual, and systemic) facing economists in the application of a transdisciplinary approach. While transdisciplinary research comes with its own barriers, environmental economists could generate large potential gains in formulating and implementing solutions by exploring the transdisciplinary mindset and approach.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-093149
Lynne Lewis, Jennifer Raynor, Leslie Richardson
Wildlife species generate significant economic value through recreational opportunities, ecosystem services, and their existence and preservation for future generations. Policymaker decisions about fish and wildlife conservation, population management, hunting and fishing limits, and damage assessments all rely to some extent on nonmarket valuation estimates of the species in question. Focusing on individual species, we present a comprehensive review of the nonmarket valuation literature from 1990 to 2023. We quantify studies by species and synthesize the characteristics of these species. We examine why certain species or uses have been the historical focus. Finally, we offer some insights into gaps in our knowledge and directions for future research. While the wildlife valuation literature is extensive, we question the scope of coverage and speculate on the reasons for such heavy coverage of some species and limited coverage of others. Charisma, endemism, and rarity play a large role, as do species with large use values.
{"title":"The Nature of the Beast: Wildlife Valuation from the Iconic to the Ordinary","authors":"Lynne Lewis, Jennifer Raynor, Leslie Richardson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-093149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-093149","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife species generate significant economic value through recreational opportunities, ecosystem services, and their existence and preservation for future generations. Policymaker decisions about fish and wildlife conservation, population management, hunting and fishing limits, and damage assessments all rely to some extent on nonmarket valuation estimates of the species in question. Focusing on individual species, we present a comprehensive review of the nonmarket valuation literature from 1990 to 2023. We quantify studies by species and synthesize the characteristics of these species. We examine why certain species or uses have been the historical focus. Finally, we offer some insights into gaps in our knowledge and directions for future research. While the wildlife valuation literature is extensive, we question the scope of coverage and speculate on the reasons for such heavy coverage of some species and limited coverage of others. Charisma, endemism, and rarity play a large role, as do species with large use values.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092515
Madhu Khanna, Shady S. Atallah, Thomas Heckelei, Linghui Wu, Hugo Storm
Rapid advances and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform agriculture globally by improving measurement, prediction, and site-specific management on the farm, enabling autonomous equipment that is trained to mimic human behavior and developing recommendation systems designed to autonomously achieve various tasks. Here, we discuss the applications of AI-enabled technologies in agriculture, including those that are capable of on-farm reinforcement learning and key attributes that distinguish them from precision technologies currently available. We then describe various ways through which AI-driven technologies are likely to change the decision space for farmers and require changes to the theoretical and empirical economic models that seek to understand the incentives for their adoption. We conclude with a discussion of areas for future research on the economic, environmental, and equity implications of AI-enabled technology adoption for the agricultural sector.
{"title":"Economics of the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence–Based Digital Technologies in Agriculture","authors":"Madhu Khanna, Shady S. Atallah, Thomas Heckelei, Linghui Wu, Hugo Storm","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092515","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid advances and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform agriculture globally by improving measurement, prediction, and site-specific management on the farm, enabling autonomous equipment that is trained to mimic human behavior and developing recommendation systems designed to autonomously achieve various tasks. Here, we discuss the applications of AI-enabled technologies in agriculture, including those that are capable of on-farm reinforcement learning and key attributes that distinguish them from precision technologies currently available. We then describe various ways through which AI-driven technologies are likely to change the decision space for farmers and require changes to the theoretical and empirical economic models that seek to understand the incentives for their adoption. We conclude with a discussion of areas for future research on the economic, environmental, and equity implications of AI-enabled technology adoption for the agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101123-100528
Jean-Francois Maystadt, Ashok K. Mishra, Valerie Mueller, Matthew Smoldt
Forced migration has a complex relationship with the environment. The type of policy responses required to alleviate distress migration and improve the livelihoods of involuntary migrants, while preserving the environment for broader society will vary by context. We highlight the need to better identify the related mechanisms underlying forced migration and their practices in receiving areas in an attempt to self-integrate. Implementation of safety net programs has risen. Such programs have the potential to promote migration as a risk management strategy and disincentivize the adoption of poor environmental practices in receiving areas. We discuss how available satellite data combined with machine learning approaches open new opportunities to discover solutions to the migration-related environmental issues of Africa.
{"title":"The Causes and Policy Responses to Forced Migration and Environmental Degradation in Africa","authors":"Jean-Francois Maystadt, Ashok K. Mishra, Valerie Mueller, Matthew Smoldt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101123-100528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101123-100528","url":null,"abstract":"Forced migration has a complex relationship with the environment. The type of policy responses required to alleviate distress migration and improve the livelihoods of involuntary migrants, while preserving the environment for broader society will vary by context. We highlight the need to better identify the related mechanisms underlying forced migration and their practices in receiving areas in an attempt to self-integrate. Implementation of safety net programs has risen. Such programs have the potential to promote migration as a risk management strategy and disincentivize the adoption of poor environmental practices in receiving areas. We discuss how available satellite data combined with machine learning approaches open new opportunities to discover solutions to the migration-related environmental issues of Africa.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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