Pub Date : 2022-06-08DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-090921-045011
A. de Janvry, E. Sadoulet
For many poor countries and for a majority of poor people in the world, agriculture broadly defined can be one of the most effective instruments for development. Yet using agriculture for development, while widely advocated in the development profession and effectively practiced by a number of countries, remains too often well below potential. At the invitation of the editors of the Annual Review of Resource Economics, we retrace how we have used our academic and activist careers to promote agriculture as an instrument for development. We show how access to assets, the design of agrarian institutions, the creation of income opportunities for rural households, and understanding their behavioral responses can lead to successful modernization of agriculture and its transformation toward farming systems, value chains, and local rural nonfarm economies instrumental for development. We encourage younger colleagues to pursue and fulfill this mission by combining analytical rigor, attention to behavior, commitment to activism, and a long-term vision of the development process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Agriculture for Development: Analytics and Action","authors":"A. de Janvry, E. Sadoulet","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-090921-045011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-090921-045011","url":null,"abstract":"For many poor countries and for a majority of poor people in the world, agriculture broadly defined can be one of the most effective instruments for development. Yet using agriculture for development, while widely advocated in the development profession and effectively practiced by a number of countries, remains too often well below potential. At the invitation of the editors of the Annual Review of Resource Economics, we retrace how we have used our academic and activist careers to promote agriculture as an instrument for development. We show how access to assets, the design of agrarian institutions, the creation of income opportunities for rural households, and understanding their behavioral responses can lead to successful modernization of agriculture and its transformation toward farming systems, value chains, and local rural nonfarm economies instrumental for development. We encourage younger colleagues to pursue and fulfill this mission by combining analytical rigor, attention to behavior, commitment to activism, and a long-term vision of the development process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81394103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-015737
Jared C. Carbone, Linda T Bui, D. Fullerton, S. Paltsev, I. Wing
We describe the factors researchers should consider in deciding when and how to use computational general equilibrium (CGE) models for environmental policy analysis instead of partial equilibrium or engineering models. Special attention is given to modeling the social costs and benefits of regulations and the role played by labor markets. CGE models excel at quantifying interactions across different sectors of the economy, factor-market outcomes, and the distributional consequences of policy, all using a comprehensive set of the resource constraints faced by agents. The ceteris paribus nature of these experiments allows a skilled modeler to develop a systematic understanding of the connection between model assumptions and policy outcomes. Using CGE models to address environmental policy questions involves challenges, including the representation of narrow and technology-specific regulatory designs, data and aggregation issues, and the development of methods to improve model transparency and validity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"When and How to Use Economy-Wide Models for Environmental Policy Analysis","authors":"Jared C. Carbone, Linda T Bui, D. Fullerton, S. Paltsev, I. Wing","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-015737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-015737","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the factors researchers should consider in deciding when and how to use computational general equilibrium (CGE) models for environmental policy analysis instead of partial equilibrium or engineering models. Special attention is given to modeling the social costs and benefits of regulations and the role played by labor markets. CGE models excel at quantifying interactions across different sectors of the economy, factor-market outcomes, and the distributional consequences of policy, all using a comprehensive set of the resource constraints faced by agents. The ceteris paribus nature of these experiments allows a skilled modeler to develop a systematic understanding of the connection between model assumptions and policy outcomes. Using CGE models to address environmental policy questions involves challenges, including the representation of narrow and technology-specific regulatory designs, data and aggregation issues, and the development of methods to improve model transparency and validity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86898215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-013613
R. Vos, John J. McDermott, J. Swinnen
The impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on food systems, poverty, and nutrition have been caused by generalized economic recession and disruptions in agrifood supply chains. This article reviews a growing empirical literature assessing those impacts. The review confirms that income shocks and supply disruptions have affected food security and livelihoods more where supply chains were poorly integrated and poverty where market informality had a greater presence before COVID-19. Yet, as the pandemic persists, outcomes remain uncertain and reliable data are still sparsely available. This review also reveals how methodological approaches have evolved during the pandemic, ranging from model-based scenario analyses, telephone survey evidence, case-study analyses, and data collection on policy responses and their effects. This review concludes that while we have good insight into the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts on food security, there is still much that we do not know, requiring much more rigorous hypothesis testing based on reliable and observed data. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Global Poverty and Food Security","authors":"R. Vos, John J. McDermott, J. Swinnen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-013613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-013613","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on food systems, poverty, and nutrition have been caused by generalized economic recession and disruptions in agrifood supply chains. This article reviews a growing empirical literature assessing those impacts. The review confirms that income shocks and supply disruptions have affected food security and livelihoods more where supply chains were poorly integrated and poverty where market informality had a greater presence before COVID-19. Yet, as the pandemic persists, outcomes remain uncertain and reliable data are still sparsely available. This review also reveals how methodological approaches have evolved during the pandemic, ranging from model-based scenario analyses, telephone survey evidence, case-study analyses, and data collection on policy responses and their effects. This review concludes that while we have good insight into the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts on food security, there is still much that we do not know, requiring much more rigorous hypothesis testing based on reliable and observed data. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76035259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-021401
M. Walls
The US national park system includes 423 sites covering more than 85 million acres of land and some of the most iconic landscapes in the country. The parks host approximately 320 million visitors a year. In this review, I survey the economics literature on national parks, focusing on four main topics: values and economic impacts of the parks, funding challenges, congestion and overcrowding, and resource management issues related mainly to climate change. In each area, I discuss gaps in the literature, new data and methods that could be applied to national parks, and important topics for future research. The most pressing needs are for more empirical research on use values, using new data sources and modern econometric methods, and relatedly, studies of the responsiveness of demand to pricing, which would be helpful for addressing both congestion and funding challenges. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Economics of the US National Park System: Values, Funding, and Resource Management Challenges","authors":"M. Walls","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-021401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-021401","url":null,"abstract":"The US national park system includes 423 sites covering more than 85 million acres of land and some of the most iconic landscapes in the country. The parks host approximately 320 million visitors a year. In this review, I survey the economics literature on national parks, focusing on four main topics: values and economic impacts of the parks, funding challenges, congestion and overcrowding, and resource management issues related mainly to climate change. In each area, I discuss gaps in the literature, new data and methods that could be applied to national parks, and important topics for future research. The most pressing needs are for more empirical research on use values, using new data sources and modern econometric methods, and relatedly, studies of the responsiveness of demand to pricing, which would be helpful for addressing both congestion and funding challenges. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88460984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-124353
Lauren Giandomenico, Maya Papineau, N. Rivers
We systematically review studies evaluating the energy savings and cost-effectiveness of residential energy efficiency retrofit programs. We review 39 evaluations of 23 residential retrofit programs that were evaluated between 1984 and 2021. Our sample is restricted to program evaluations that used postretrofit household energy billing or consumption data from 140,977 retrofitted households. We report four primary findings. First, none of the studies in our sample reported deep energy savings (e.g., 50% or greater) from retrofit programs. The mean reduction in measured electricity and/or fuel consumption due to energy efficiency retrofits for all programs included in our sample was roughly 7.2%. However, because many households use both fuel and electricity, total household energy savings from the retrofit programs evaluated in our sample are probably smaller. Second, reported program savings decreased as the internal validity of study design increased. Third, as measured by realized savings and cost-effectiveness, the most promising retrofits were insulation and programmable thermostats, whereas the least promising retrofits were storm windows and doors. Fourth, programs with high reported savings and low costs of conserved energy served low-income, fuel-heated households exclusively. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Energy Efficiency Home Retrofit Evaluation Studies","authors":"Lauren Giandomenico, Maya Papineau, N. Rivers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-124353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-124353","url":null,"abstract":"We systematically review studies evaluating the energy savings and cost-effectiveness of residential energy efficiency retrofit programs. We review 39 evaluations of 23 residential retrofit programs that were evaluated between 1984 and 2021. Our sample is restricted to program evaluations that used postretrofit household energy billing or consumption data from 140,977 retrofitted households. We report four primary findings. First, none of the studies in our sample reported deep energy savings (e.g., 50% or greater) from retrofit programs. The mean reduction in measured electricity and/or fuel consumption due to energy efficiency retrofits for all programs included in our sample was roughly 7.2%. However, because many households use both fuel and electricity, total household energy savings from the retrofit programs evaluated in our sample are probably smaller. Second, reported program savings decreased as the internal validity of study design increased. Third, as measured by realized savings and cost-effectiveness, the most promising retrofits were insulation and programmable thermostats, whereas the least promising retrofits were storm windows and doors. Fourth, programs with high reported savings and low costs of conserved energy served low-income, fuel-heated households exclusively. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87682783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-015758
A. James, Timothy Retting, J. Shogren, Brett Watson, S. Wills
Are natural resources a curse or a blessing? The answer may depend on how natural wealth is managed. By transforming a temporary windfall into a permanent stock in the form of a sovereign wealth fund, resource-rich economies can avoid volatility and Dutch disease effects, save for future generations, and invest locally. We review the theory behind these resource funds and explore the empirical evidence for their success. Our review is complemented by case studies that highlight some of the moresnuanced features, behaviord, and effects of resource funds. While the theoretical research highlights the situational success of funds, empirical examinations are minimal. We discuss possible reasons for this gap in the literature and, in doing so, highlight some of the challenges associated with empirical research in this area and discuss possible paths forward. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Sovereign Wealth Funds in Theory and Practice","authors":"A. James, Timothy Retting, J. Shogren, Brett Watson, S. Wills","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-015758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-015758","url":null,"abstract":"Are natural resources a curse or a blessing? The answer may depend on how natural wealth is managed. By transforming a temporary windfall into a permanent stock in the form of a sovereign wealth fund, resource-rich economies can avoid volatility and Dutch disease effects, save for future generations, and invest locally. We review the theory behind these resource funds and explore the empirical evidence for their success. Our review is complemented by case studies that highlight some of the moresnuanced features, behaviord, and effects of resource funds. While the theoretical research highlights the situational success of funds, empirical examinations are minimal. We discuss possible reasons for this gap in the literature and, in doing so, highlight some of the challenges associated with empirical research in this area and discuss possible paths forward. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89683973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-022328
Lori S. Bennear
Addressing climate change will require significant reductions in carbon emissions. Decarbonization will likely lead to increases in energy prices, which are regressive. Poorer households spend a higher percentage of income on energy and also have less access to energy efficient options in housing, transportation (including electric vehicles), and household durables. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the energy justice implications of the clean energy transformation along four dimensions—production of energy, energy insecurity/energy poverty, access to clean energy technologies, and impacts of policy instrument choices for achieving decarbonization. Along each dimension there is evidence of greater negative impacts on lower-income households and on Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) households, even controlling for income. But there is also evidence that these impacts can be mitigated through policy choices. Together these findings highlight that centering justice concerns in policy debates is critical for a just and clean energy transformation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Energy Justice, Decarbonization, and the Clean Energy Transformation","authors":"Lori S. Bennear","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-022328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-022328","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing climate change will require significant reductions in carbon emissions. Decarbonization will likely lead to increases in energy prices, which are regressive. Poorer households spend a higher percentage of income on energy and also have less access to energy efficient options in housing, transportation (including electric vehicles), and household durables. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the energy justice implications of the clean energy transformation along four dimensions—production of energy, energy insecurity/energy poverty, access to clean energy technologies, and impacts of policy instrument choices for achieving decarbonization. Along each dimension there is evidence of greater negative impacts on lower-income households and on Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) households, even controlling for income. But there is also evidence that these impacts can be mitigated through policy choices. Together these findings highlight that centering justice concerns in policy debates is critical for a just and clean energy transformation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"297 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89007178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111220-014147
B. Kramer, P. Hazell, H. Alderman, F. Ceballos, Neha Kumar, A. Timu
Innovations in agricultural index insurance have raised expectations that the private sector can overcome shortcomings associated with more traditional indemnity-based products like multiperil crop insurance and strengthen agricultural risk management at scale across developing countries. This article updates previous reviews on agricultural insurance but differs in that it goes beyond the prognosis that recent innovations can help make insurance more commercially viable. As such, it addresses two important challenges that have received limited attention. First, it distinguishes different types of farm households and recognizes that many are excluded from the insurance market, describing additional innovations that can help make insurance more accessible to these excluded groups. Second, it acknowledges that insurance for catastrophic risks is unaffordable for most farmers and summarizes new developments in disaster assistance and safety net programs that can provide broader protection against these risks. The review concludes that cost-benefit analyses of subsidized insurance programs will be crucial for guiding public spending decisions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Is Agricultural Insurance Fulfilling its Promise for the Developing World? A Review of Recent Evidence","authors":"B. Kramer, P. Hazell, H. Alderman, F. Ceballos, Neha Kumar, A. Timu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111220-014147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111220-014147","url":null,"abstract":"Innovations in agricultural index insurance have raised expectations that the private sector can overcome shortcomings associated with more traditional indemnity-based products like multiperil crop insurance and strengthen agricultural risk management at scale across developing countries. This article updates previous reviews on agricultural insurance but differs in that it goes beyond the prognosis that recent innovations can help make insurance more commercially viable. As such, it addresses two important challenges that have received limited attention. First, it distinguishes different types of farm households and recognizes that many are excluded from the insurance market, describing additional innovations that can help make insurance more accessible to these excluded groups. Second, it acknowledges that insurance for catastrophic risks is unaffordable for most farmers and summarizes new developments in disaster assistance and safety net programs that can provide broader protection against these risks. The review concludes that cost-benefit analyses of subsidized insurance programs will be crucial for guiding public spending decisions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 14 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80227208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-033252
Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin, Meilin Ma
Movement of labor from agriculture to nonagriculture and the associated increase in farm size through structural transformation are at the core of economic development. We conduct a comprehensive review of the literature exploring the causes and consequences of the transformation. We discuss ( a) the size and determinants for the persisting wage gap between agriculture and nonagriculture, ( b) policy-induced barriers to structural changes, ( c) the role of trade costs and technical change in shaping the nature of structural transformation and comparative advantage of regions, and ( d) how the overall development of an economy affects the relationship between farm size and farm productivity and hence changes competitiveness of different scales of farms. We also identify questions for policy and research and the ways in which new sources and interoperability of data can help answer these questions.
{"title":"Structural Transformation of the Agricultural Sector In Low- and Middle-Income Economies","authors":"Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin, Meilin Ma","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-033252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-033252","url":null,"abstract":"Movement of labor from agriculture to nonagriculture and the associated increase in farm size through structural transformation are at the core of economic development. We conduct a comprehensive review of the literature exploring the causes and consequences of the transformation. We discuss ( a) the size and determinants for the persisting wage gap between agriculture and nonagriculture, ( b) policy-induced barriers to structural changes, ( c) the role of trade costs and technical change in shaping the nature of structural transformation and comparative advantage of regions, and ( d) how the overall development of an economy affects the relationship between farm size and farm productivity and hence changes competitiveness of different scales of farms. We also identify questions for policy and research and the ways in which new sources and interoperability of data can help answer these questions.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-014135
Nick Vink, Beatrice Conradie, Nicolette Matthews
Accurate measures of productivity growth are an important policy tool but are difficult to obtain in South African circumstances. In this article, we review work on the measurement of farm-level productivity in South Africa since the earliest attempts at multifactor indices in the early 1990s. The focus is on total factor productivity, but single input measures such as labor and land productivity (yields) are also discussed. Measurements using time-series and cross-sectional data are discussed separately, along with measures to explain the effect of climate change. Data deficiencies are also pointed out. The article concludes that international collaboration should be maintained if important issues such as the COVID-19 impact, food security, climate change, and labor market shocks are to be successfully addressed.
{"title":"The Economics of Agricultural Productivity in South Africa","authors":"Nick Vink, Beatrice Conradie, Nicolette Matthews","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-014135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-111920-014135","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate measures of productivity growth are an important policy tool but are difficult to obtain in South African circumstances. In this article, we review work on the measurement of farm-level productivity in South Africa since the earliest attempts at multifactor indices in the early 1990s. The focus is on total factor productivity, but single input measures such as labor and land productivity (yields) are also discussed. Measurements using time-series and cross-sectional data are discussed separately, along with measures to explain the effect of climate change. Data deficiencies are also pointed out. The article concludes that international collaboration should be maintained if important issues such as the COVID-19 impact, food security, climate change, and labor market shocks are to be successfully addressed.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"19 4-5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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