Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102715
Shefali V. Mehta, Stephen Polasky, Elena Tsakakis
Environmental and resource challenges continue to grow in magnitude and complexity. Addressing these challenges requires expansive thinking to formulate and implement effective solutions. Transdisciplinary research, considered the pinnacle of integration across disciplines, offers a powerful approach for addressing complex questions. Three key themes emerge from transdisciplinary research in the context of environmental economics: (a) There are degrees of transdisciplinarity that contribute to new emergent approaches and on-the-ground application through behavior and practice changes; (b) there are many examples of environmental economics research that exhibit characteristics of transdisciplinary research, but aspects of transdisciplinarity could be expanded in many cases; and (c) there are various barriers (cross-disciplinary, individual, and systemic) facing economists in the application of a transdisciplinary approach. While transdisciplinary research comes with its own barriers, environmental economists could generate large potential gains in formulating and implementing solutions by exploring the transdisciplinary mindset and approach.
{"title":"The Role of Transdisciplinary Approaches in Environmental Economics","authors":"Shefali V. Mehta, Stephen Polasky, Elena Tsakakis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-102715","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental and resource challenges continue to grow in magnitude and complexity. Addressing these challenges requires expansive thinking to formulate and implement effective solutions. Transdisciplinary research, considered the pinnacle of integration across disciplines, offers a powerful approach for addressing complex questions. Three key themes emerge from transdisciplinary research in the context of environmental economics: (<jats:italic>a</jats:italic>) There are degrees of transdisciplinarity that contribute to new emergent approaches and on-the-ground application through behavior and practice changes; (<jats:italic>b</jats:italic>) there are many examples of environmental economics research that exhibit characteristics of transdisciplinary research, but aspects of transdisciplinarity could be expanded in many cases; and (<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>) there are various barriers (cross-disciplinary, individual, and systemic) facing economists in the application of a transdisciplinary approach. While transdisciplinary research comes with its own barriers, environmental economists could generate large potential gains in formulating and implementing solutions by exploring the transdisciplinary mindset and approach.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-093149
Lynne Lewis, Jennifer Raynor, Leslie Richardson
Wildlife species generate significant economic value through recreational opportunities, ecosystem services, and their existence and preservation for future generations. Policymaker decisions about fish and wildlife conservation, population management, hunting and fishing limits, and damage assessments all rely to some extent on nonmarket valuation estimates of the species in question. Focusing on individual species, we present a comprehensive review of the nonmarket valuation literature from 1990 to 2023. We quantify studies by species and synthesize the characteristics of these species. We examine why certain species or uses have been the historical focus. Finally, we offer some insights into gaps in our knowledge and directions for future research. While the wildlife valuation literature is extensive, we question the scope of coverage and speculate on the reasons for such heavy coverage of some species and limited coverage of others. Charisma, endemism, and rarity play a large role, as do species with large use values.
{"title":"The Nature of the Beast: Wildlife Valuation from the Iconic to the Ordinary","authors":"Lynne Lewis, Jennifer Raynor, Leslie Richardson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-093149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-093149","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife species generate significant economic value through recreational opportunities, ecosystem services, and their existence and preservation for future generations. Policymaker decisions about fish and wildlife conservation, population management, hunting and fishing limits, and damage assessments all rely to some extent on nonmarket valuation estimates of the species in question. Focusing on individual species, we present a comprehensive review of the nonmarket valuation literature from 1990 to 2023. We quantify studies by species and synthesize the characteristics of these species. We examine why certain species or uses have been the historical focus. Finally, we offer some insights into gaps in our knowledge and directions for future research. While the wildlife valuation literature is extensive, we question the scope of coverage and speculate on the reasons for such heavy coverage of some species and limited coverage of others. Charisma, endemism, and rarity play a large role, as do species with large use values.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092515
Madhu Khanna, Shady S. Atallah, Thomas Heckelei, Linghui Wu, Hugo Storm
Rapid advances and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform agriculture globally by improving measurement, prediction, and site-specific management on the farm, enabling autonomous equipment that is trained to mimic human behavior and developing recommendation systems designed to autonomously achieve various tasks. Here, we discuss the applications of AI-enabled technologies in agriculture, including those that are capable of on-farm reinforcement learning and key attributes that distinguish them from precision technologies currently available. We then describe various ways through which AI-driven technologies are likely to change the decision space for farmers and require changes to the theoretical and empirical economic models that seek to understand the incentives for their adoption. We conclude with a discussion of areas for future research on the economic, environmental, and equity implications of AI-enabled technology adoption for the agricultural sector.
{"title":"Economics of the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence–Based Digital Technologies in Agriculture","authors":"Madhu Khanna, Shady S. Atallah, Thomas Heckelei, Linghui Wu, Hugo Storm","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092515","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid advances and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform agriculture globally by improving measurement, prediction, and site-specific management on the farm, enabling autonomous equipment that is trained to mimic human behavior and developing recommendation systems designed to autonomously achieve various tasks. Here, we discuss the applications of AI-enabled technologies in agriculture, including those that are capable of on-farm reinforcement learning and key attributes that distinguish them from precision technologies currently available. We then describe various ways through which AI-driven technologies are likely to change the decision space for farmers and require changes to the theoretical and empirical economic models that seek to understand the incentives for their adoption. We conclude with a discussion of areas for future research on the economic, environmental, and equity implications of AI-enabled technology adoption for the agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101123-100528
Jean-Francois Maystadt, Ashok K. Mishra, Valerie Mueller, Matthew Smoldt
Forced migration has a complex relationship with the environment. The type of policy responses required to alleviate distress migration and improve the livelihoods of involuntary migrants, while preserving the environment for broader society will vary by context. We highlight the need to better identify the related mechanisms underlying forced migration and their practices in receiving areas in an attempt to self-integrate. Implementation of safety net programs has risen. Such programs have the potential to promote migration as a risk management strategy and disincentivize the adoption of poor environmental practices in receiving areas. We discuss how available satellite data combined with machine learning approaches open new opportunities to discover solutions to the migration-related environmental issues of Africa.
{"title":"The Causes and Policy Responses to Forced Migration and Environmental Degradation in Africa","authors":"Jean-Francois Maystadt, Ashok K. Mishra, Valerie Mueller, Matthew Smoldt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101123-100528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101123-100528","url":null,"abstract":"Forced migration has a complex relationship with the environment. The type of policy responses required to alleviate distress migration and improve the livelihoods of involuntary migrants, while preserving the environment for broader society will vary by context. We highlight the need to better identify the related mechanisms underlying forced migration and their practices in receiving areas in an attempt to self-integrate. Implementation of safety net programs has risen. Such programs have the potential to promote migration as a risk management strategy and disincentivize the adoption of poor environmental practices in receiving areas. We discuss how available satellite data combined with machine learning approaches open new opportunities to discover solutions to the migration-related environmental issues of Africa.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-103802
Edwin Muchapondwa, Herbert Ntuli
Successfully analyzing and managing trade-offs between community welfare and wildlife conservation are complex tasks that require a multidisciplinary approach and consideration of various factors. Bioeconomic modeling provides a structured quantitative framework for understanding and evaluating the complex interactions between biological systems and economic activities, aiding in the crafting of more effective and sustainable conservation and rural development strategies. Combined with results from other methods such as economic valuation, institutional analysis, impact evaluation, and framed-field experiments, they can provide guidance on reaching the social planner's optimum. The literature suggests significant roles for comanagement, benefit-sharing, and sustainable financing of conservation as the key ingredients for managing the trade-offs between communities’ welfare and nature conservation in Africa. However, comprehensive research tackling multiple problems simultaneously is required to fully understand and manage the trade-offs. Further, mainstreaming gender and climate change in studies of the trade-offs is increasingly becoming an obligation.
{"title":"Managing Trade-Offs Between Communities’ Welfare and Nature Conservation: The Case of Wildlife Management Systems in and Outside Protected Areas in Africa","authors":"Edwin Muchapondwa, Herbert Ntuli","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-103802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-103802","url":null,"abstract":"Successfully analyzing and managing trade-offs between community welfare and wildlife conservation are complex tasks that require a multidisciplinary approach and consideration of various factors. Bioeconomic modeling provides a structured quantitative framework for understanding and evaluating the complex interactions between biological systems and economic activities, aiding in the crafting of more effective and sustainable conservation and rural development strategies. Combined with results from other methods such as economic valuation, institutional analysis, impact evaluation, and framed-field experiments, they can provide guidance on reaching the social planner's optimum. The literature suggests significant roles for comanagement, benefit-sharing, and sustainable financing of conservation as the key ingredients for managing the trade-offs between communities’ welfare and nature conservation in Africa. However, comprehensive research tackling multiple problems simultaneously is required to fully understand and manage the trade-offs. Further, mainstreaming gender and climate change in studies of the trade-offs is increasingly becoming an obligation.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-101611
Rob Hart, Efthymia Kyriakopoulou, Tingmingke Lu
This review discusses the role of road transport policies in achieving the European Union's ambitious zero-emission target for the transportation sector by 2050 and provides an overview of the empirical literature that studies the effectiveness of urban transport policies. The analysis is divided into two parts. First, we study policies that are relevant in the transitional phase from internal combustion engine vehicles to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), then we discuss policies that will remain relevant as we switch entirely to BEVs. In the best-case scenario, the transition can be driven by fuel taxes, but in case fuel taxes are not feasible or acceptable, a combination of penalties for buying polluting vehicles and subsidies for scrappage of such vehicles might be the best compromise. In the long run, road space will be increasingly at a premium, and to ensure its efficient use, increasingly sophisticated road-pricing policies will be needed.
{"title":"Urban Transport Policies and Net Zero Emissions in the European Union","authors":"Rob Hart, Efthymia Kyriakopoulou, Tingmingke Lu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-101611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-101611","url":null,"abstract":"This review discusses the role of road transport policies in achieving the European Union's ambitious zero-emission target for the transportation sector by 2050 and provides an overview of the empirical literature that studies the effectiveness of urban transport policies. The analysis is divided into two parts. First, we study policies that are relevant in the transitional phase from internal combustion engine vehicles to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), then we discuss policies that will remain relevant as we switch entirely to BEVs. In the best-case scenario, the transition can be driven by fuel taxes, but in case fuel taxes are not feasible or acceptable, a combination of penalties for buying polluting vehicles and subsidies for scrappage of such vehicles might be the best compromise. In the long run, road space will be increasingly at a premium, and to ensure its efficient use, increasingly sophisticated road-pricing policies will be needed.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140949687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092812
Luisa Menapace, GianCarlo Moschini
We discuss the economics of geographical indications (GIs), a form of collective branding of products based on their geographic origin. GIs serve as essential tools in addressing market failures stemming from information asymmetries and supporting the provision of high-quality products in competitive settings. They are increasingly used in wine and food markets. We briefly review the institutional development of GIs and discuss the basic economic theory arguments that rationalize the use of GIs and characterize their key functions. We then examine the empirical evidence from studies that have probed various features of GIs. We find consensus on the potential for GIs to address a very real market failure and the positive role that policies and supporting institutions can play. We also uncover limitations and unresolved problems. GIs have both efficiency and distributional consequences, their international implications remain controversial, and tensions between tradition and innovation emerge while confronting new challenges such as climate change.
{"title":"The Economics of Geographical Indications: An Update","authors":"Luisa Menapace, GianCarlo Moschini","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-092812","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the economics of geographical indications (GIs), a form of collective branding of products based on their geographic origin. GIs serve as essential tools in addressing market failures stemming from information asymmetries and supporting the provision of high-quality products in competitive settings. They are increasingly used in wine and food markets. We briefly review the institutional development of GIs and discuss the basic economic theory arguments that rationalize the use of GIs and characterize their key functions. We then examine the empirical evidence from studies that have probed various features of GIs. We find consensus on the potential for GIs to address a very real market failure and the positive role that policies and supporting institutions can play. We also uncover limitations and unresolved problems. GIs have both efficiency and distributional consequences, their international implications remain controversial, and tensions between tradition and innovation emerge while confronting new challenges such as climate change.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140949681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-100423-095119
Jill E. Hobbs, Jeffrey Hadachek
Food supply chain resilience has become a priority for policymakers in recent years. Prompted by several systemic disruptions and the increased likelihood of future shocks, significant attention and public financial investment have been devoted to preparing supply chains to be more able to absorb shocks and more nimbly respond in the future. Food and agricultural supply chains have been particularly scrutinized due to widespread shortages and food price inflation of key staples in recent years. Varied perspectives have emerged about the factors that contribute to the resiliency of food supply chains and the interventions that will be most effective. This article reviews the perspectives on food supply chain resilience generally. Furthermore, we attempt to synthesize the methodologies that have been used to study resilience and offer some guidance for economists studying the topic moving forward.
{"title":"The Economics of Food Supply Chain Resilience","authors":"Jill E. Hobbs, Jeffrey Hadachek","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-100423-095119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100423-095119","url":null,"abstract":"Food supply chain resilience has become a priority for policymakers in recent years. Prompted by several systemic disruptions and the increased likelihood of future shocks, significant attention and public financial investment have been devoted to preparing supply chains to be more able to absorb shocks and more nimbly respond in the future. Food and agricultural supply chains have been particularly scrutinized due to widespread shortages and food price inflation of key staples in recent years. Varied perspectives have emerged about the factors that contribute to the resiliency of food supply chains and the interventions that will be most effective. This article reviews the perspectives on food supply chain resilience generally. Furthermore, we attempt to synthesize the methodologies that have been used to study resilience and offer some guidance for economists studying the topic moving forward.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140907185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-095314
Susana Ferreira
This article reviews the literature on the economic impacts of disasters caused by extreme weather and climate events to draw lessons on how societies can better manage these risks. While evidence that richer, better-governed societies suffer less and recover faster from climate extremes suggests adaptation, knowledge gaps remain, and little is known about the efficiency of specific adaptation actions. I review various “no or low” regrets adaptation options that are recommended when uncertainties over climate change impacts are high. I discuss how governments can play an important role in adaptation by directly providing public goods to manage disaster risks or by facilitating private agents’ adaptation responses but also highlight the political economy of policy and coordination failures.
{"title":"Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change: Economic Impacts and Adaptation Policies","authors":"Susana Ferreira","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-095314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-095314","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the literature on the economic impacts of disasters caused by extreme weather and climate events to draw lessons on how societies can better manage these risks. While evidence that richer, better-governed societies suffer less and recover faster from climate extremes suggests adaptation, knowledge gaps remain, and little is known about the efficiency of specific adaptation actions. I review various “no or low” regrets adaptation options that are recommended when uncertainties over climate change impacts are high. I discuss how governments can play an important role in adaptation by directly providing public goods to manage disaster risks or by facilitating private agents’ adaptation responses but also highlight the political economy of policy and coordination failures.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140907243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-100909
Jinhua Zhao, Nathan P. Hendricks, Haoyang Li
We review the literature on the performance of groundwater institutions, including command-and-control (CAC) approaches, market-based institutions (MBIs), and voluntary approaches, and evaluate how they will perform as agriculture adapts to climate change. Both CAC approaches and MBIs lead to uneven distributional impacts on farmers, and voluntary approaches have not been successful in reducing water withdrawal on a large scale. A polycentric approach of regulation plus local management might perform well. Climate change will increase the irrigation demand for groundwater and demand flexible and properly scoped institutions that attend to local conditions.
{"title":"Groundwater Institutions in the Face of Global Climate Change","authors":"Jinhua Zhao, Nathan P. Hendricks, Haoyang Li","doi":"10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-100909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101623-100909","url":null,"abstract":"We review the literature on the performance of groundwater institutions, including command-and-control (CAC) approaches, market-based institutions (MBIs), and voluntary approaches, and evaluate how they will perform as agriculture adapts to climate change. Both CAC approaches and MBIs lead to uneven distributional impacts on farmers, and voluntary approaches have not been successful in reducing water withdrawal on a large scale. A polycentric approach of regulation plus local management might perform well. Climate change will increase the irrigation demand for groundwater and demand flexible and properly scoped institutions that attend to local conditions.","PeriodicalId":48856,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Resource Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140814518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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