The synthesized corn-based activated carbon (CCAC) is used as an adsorbent to remove the methyl orange (MO) dye from the dye’s aqueous solution. By using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and comparing the results with activated carbon (AC), the CCAC was shown to have been formed accordingly. Also, analysis of the Zero-point Charge of the CCAC (pHPZC = 5.12), moisture contents (12.5%), ash content (4.56%), pore volume (25%), and surface area (346.2 m2/g). The batch process was used to investigate the effect of different parameters on adsorption such as contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and % of Coke. At 30 min, 99.1% of the MO was removed at room temperature, and at 45 °C 98.4% within 20 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken to see the surface morphology of the CCAC before and after adsorption, and calculated the average particle size of the adsorbent (1.955 µm). The experiment was designed at three different temperatures (25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C) to study adsorption isotherms using one-, two-, and three-parameters of adsorption isotherm models, which were fitted using the origin lab program. Among the three different temperatures, considering the R2 value in different adsorption isotherms, the temperature 45 °C condition was well-fitted with all the adsorption isotherms, balancing with other parameters. The better-fitted adsorption isotherms were like—Langmuir > Freundlich > Temkin > Toth > Redlich–Peterson > Dubinin-Radushkevich > Fowler–Guggenheim > Henry’s Isotherm. Analyzing the thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process indicates the adsorption was a spontaneous, exothermic, and pseudo-second-order adsorption process. Therefore, the results of this study reveal that the two-parameter adsorption isotherms (like Langmuir > Freundlich > Temkin) were well fitted for the removal of the MO dye by using the easily available, eco-friendly and cheap agricultural waste- corn cob-based activated carbon which could be a choice as an adsorbent.
{"title":"Adsorption isotherms studied on synthesized corn cob-based activated carbon as an adsorbent for removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution","authors":"Md. Anwarul Karim, Md. Najibullah, Shajuyan Ahmed, Sharmin Sultana Dipti, Sayed Mohiuddin Abdus Salam","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-05986-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05986-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The synthesized corn-based activated carbon (CCAC) is used as an adsorbent to remove the methyl orange (MO) dye from the dye’s aqueous solution. By using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and comparing the results with activated carbon (AC), the CCAC was shown to have been formed accordingly. Also, analysis of the Zero-point Charge of the CCAC (pH<sub>PZC</sub> = 5.12), moisture contents (12.5%), ash content (4.56%), pore volume (25%), and surface area (346.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g). The batch process was used to investigate the effect of different parameters on adsorption such as contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and % of Coke. At 30 min, 99.1% of the MO was removed at room temperature, and at 45 °C 98.4% within 20 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken to see the surface morphology of the CCAC before and after adsorption, and calculated the average particle size of the adsorbent (1.955 µm). The experiment was designed at three different temperatures (25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C) to study adsorption isotherms using one-, two-, and three-parameters of adsorption isotherm models, which were fitted using the origin lab program. Among the three different temperatures, considering the R<sup>2</sup> value in different adsorption isotherms, the temperature 45 °C condition was well-fitted with all the adsorption isotherms, balancing with other parameters. The better-fitted adsorption isotherms were like—Langmuir > Freundlich > Temkin > Toth > Redlich–Peterson > Dubinin-Radushkevich > Fowler–Guggenheim > Henry’s Isotherm. Analyzing the thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process indicates the adsorption was a spontaneous, exothermic, and pseudo-second-order adsorption process. Therefore, the results of this study reveal that the two-parameter adsorption isotherms (like Langmuir > Freundlich > Temkin) were well fitted for the removal of the MO dye by using the easily available, eco-friendly and cheap agricultural waste- corn cob-based activated carbon which could be a choice as an adsorbent.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1007/s13399-024-06012-3
S. Vijayaraj, K. Vijayarajan, N.S.Balaji, A. Balaji
This research delves into the fatigue resistance, creep behaviour, and flammability characteristics of epoxy composites toughened with Digitaria ischaemum fibres and finger millet husk biosilica. The main objective of this research study was to extract novel natural fibre and filler from biomass wastes and examine their influence on the load bearing properties of epoxy-based composite. The study begins with synthesis of reinforcements and fabrication of composite plates, inclusion of finger millet husk biosilica of 1, 3, 5 vol.% and fibre of 30 vol.% by hand layup method. The tests were conducted as per American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The evaluation provided critical insights that the influence of fibre and biosilica improved the fatigue resistance. The composite N3 with 3 vol.% biosilica and 30 vol.% of fibre exhibited higher fatigue cycle count of 24,093 for 30% of ultimate tensile stress (UTS). Similarly, creep results elucidate that the N4 composite designation delivers low creep strain about 0.0108, 0.0132, 0.0154, 0.0248, and 0.045 for time intervals of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 10,000 s, respectively. Moreover, it is noted that the presence of biosilica reduced the flammability of composites. The N4 composite designation exhibits comparatively low flame propagation speed of 6.8 mm/min with V-0 grade. The ANOVA results concluded that the results obtained are significant with a P value of 2.7e − 8. Based on the results the novel cellulose fibre improved the load bearing effect along with biosilica of 3 vol.%. However, beyond 3 vol.% of biosilica reduced the load bearing properties. The findings underscore the potential of these composites as sustainable, durable, and fire-safe alternatives for applications ranging from structural engineering to automotives, drones, and defence sector.
{"title":"Conversion of finger millet husk waste as biosilica functional filler for Digitaria ischaemum fibre-epoxy composite: fatigue, creep, and flame retardant behaviour","authors":"S. Vijayaraj, K. Vijayarajan, N.S.Balaji, A. Balaji","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06012-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06012-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research delves into the fatigue resistance, creep behaviour, and flammability characteristics of epoxy composites toughened with <i>Digitaria ischaemum</i> fibres and finger millet husk biosilica. The main objective of this research study was to extract novel natural fibre and filler from biomass wastes and examine their influence on the load bearing properties of epoxy-based composite. The study begins with synthesis of reinforcements and fabrication of composite plates, inclusion of finger millet husk biosilica of 1, 3, 5 vol.% and fibre of 30 vol.% by hand layup method. The tests were conducted as per American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The evaluation provided critical insights that the influence of fibre and biosilica improved the fatigue resistance. The composite N3 with 3 vol.% biosilica and 30 vol.% of fibre exhibited higher fatigue cycle count of 24,093 for 30% of ultimate tensile stress (UTS). Similarly, creep results elucidate that the N4 composite designation delivers low creep strain about 0.0108, 0.0132, 0.0154, 0.0248, and 0.045 for time intervals of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 10,000 s, respectively. Moreover, it is noted that the presence of biosilica reduced the flammability of composites. The N4 composite designation exhibits comparatively low flame propagation speed of 6.8 mm/min with V-0 grade. The ANOVA results concluded that the results obtained are significant with a <i>P</i> value of 2.7e − 8. Based on the results the novel cellulose fibre improved the load bearing effect along with biosilica of 3 vol.%. However, beyond 3 vol.% of biosilica reduced the load bearing properties. The findings underscore the potential of these composites as sustainable, durable, and fire-safe alternatives for applications ranging from structural engineering to automotives, drones, and defence sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1007/s13399-024-06014-1
Khalid Bashir, Shumaila Jan, Mehvish Habib, D. C. Saxena, Ayon Tarafdar, Raveendra Sindhu, Vinay Kumar, Kulsum Jan
Traditional plastic contributes significantly to environmental pollution due to their non-biodegradable nature, while banana peels, a common agro-industrial waste, are often discarded without proper utilization. The research envisages to develop an eco-friendly solution by creating biodegradable composite pots from banana peels. Banana peel powder and deoiled rice bran plasticized by cashew nut shell liquid and glycerol into pellets. Pellets were molded into pots using injection molding at suitable temperature and pressure. Processing resulted in significant changes in physical properties of the pot and raw materials. CNSL and biopolymers demonstrated strong physical interaction during the construction of a 3D network of pots. The novelty of the work lies in its innovative integration of waste management and sustainable product development. By employing principal component analysis (PCA) for characterization and classification, the research introduces a sophisticated analytical method to evaluate the properties and performance of the composite material. The pots made from 12% CNSL exhibited better mechanical and physical properties in comparison to pots made from glycerol. However, water binding capacity, porosity, and water solubility index (WSI) were higher in pots containing glycerol. SEM analysis evidenced a homogeneous and smoother surface in pots with CNSL. Pots with 12% GL and 12% CNSL degraded in 17 and 15 weeks, respectively. The study not only advances the application of banana peels in the development of sustainable products but also sets a precedent for the systematic analysis and optimization of biodegradable materials.
{"title":"Utilization of agro-industrial wastes (banana peel): development, characterization, and classification of biodegradable composite pots using PCA approach","authors":"Khalid Bashir, Shumaila Jan, Mehvish Habib, D. C. Saxena, Ayon Tarafdar, Raveendra Sindhu, Vinay Kumar, Kulsum Jan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06014-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06014-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional plastic contributes significantly to environmental pollution due to their non-biodegradable nature, while banana peels, a common agro-industrial waste, are often discarded without proper utilization. The research envisages to develop an eco-friendly solution by creating biodegradable composite pots from banana peels. Banana peel powder and deoiled rice bran plasticized by cashew nut shell liquid and glycerol into pellets. Pellets were molded into pots using injection molding at suitable temperature and pressure. Processing resulted in significant changes in physical properties of the pot and raw materials. CNSL and biopolymers demonstrated strong physical interaction during the construction of a 3D network of pots. The novelty of the work lies in its innovative integration of waste management and sustainable product development. By employing principal component analysis (PCA) for characterization and classification, the research introduces a sophisticated analytical method to evaluate the properties and performance of the composite material. The pots made from 12% CNSL exhibited better mechanical and physical properties in comparison to pots made from glycerol. However, water binding capacity, porosity, and water solubility index (WSI) were higher in pots containing glycerol. SEM analysis evidenced a homogeneous and smoother surface in pots with CNSL. Pots with 12% GL and 12% CNSL degraded in 17 and 15 weeks, respectively. The study not only advances the application of banana peels in the development of sustainable products but also sets a precedent for the systematic analysis and optimization of biodegradable materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1007/s13399-024-05994-4
Indiralekha Suyambulingam, D. Prince Sahaya Sudherson, Sunesh Narayana Perumal, Subash Narayana Perumal
Chemical plasticizers are water-reducing agents used in concrete to minimize the use of water. Most plasticizers are synthetic and have liquid formulations that are equally hazardous. Bio-based sources are abundant in glycols, glycerol, and polyphenols, which, when chemically treated, make them effective plasticizers. This study extracted a solid plasticizer from the lemon grass residue. We applied chemical treatments to the lemongrass residue, which included alkali treatment, the reflux process, flocculation, and purification. We subsequently subjected the obtained solid plasticizer to physiochemical investigation and Fourier transform spectroscopy for characterization. The plasticizer has a low density of 0.982 g/cm3 and an average yield of 35.5%. The X-ray diffraction study revealed that the crystallites measured 15.03 nm in size and had the lowest crystallinity index (45.5%). The scanning electron microscopy study revealed that the plasticizer exhibited a honeycomb structure. The UV analysis of plasticizers reveals active absorption, similar to liquid plasticizers like glycerol and glycols. The glass transition temperature of the plasticizer, 87.67 °C is obtained using differential scanning electron microscopy analysis. The roughness parameters exhibit a clear orientation in the extracted plasticizer. This solid plasticizer was dissolved in water and added as a plasticizer in M30-grade cement concrete, up to 6% by weight of cement. We discovered that adding 6% bioplasticizer to the concrete improved its slump and compressive strength by 1.5% and 5%, respectively. As a result, the characteristics of plasticizers boost their utility in the construction sector.
{"title":"Extraction and characterization of bioplasticizer from lemon grass (Cymbopogan citratus) oil industry waste: a biomass conversion for cementitious composites applications","authors":"Indiralekha Suyambulingam, D. Prince Sahaya Sudherson, Sunesh Narayana Perumal, Subash Narayana Perumal","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-05994-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05994-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chemical plasticizers are water-reducing agents used in concrete to minimize the use of water. Most plasticizers are synthetic and have liquid formulations that are equally hazardous. Bio-based sources are abundant in glycols, glycerol, and polyphenols, which, when chemically treated, make them effective plasticizers. This study extracted a solid plasticizer from the lemon grass residue. We applied chemical treatments to the lemongrass residue, which included alkali treatment, the reflux process, flocculation, and purification. We subsequently subjected the obtained solid plasticizer to physiochemical investigation and Fourier transform spectroscopy for characterization. The plasticizer has a low density of 0.982 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and an average yield of 35.5%. The X-ray diffraction study revealed that the crystallites measured 15.03 nm in size and had the lowest crystallinity index (45.5%). The scanning electron microscopy study revealed that the plasticizer exhibited a honeycomb structure. The UV analysis of plasticizers reveals active absorption, similar to liquid plasticizers like glycerol and glycols. The glass transition temperature of the plasticizer, 87.67 °C is obtained using differential scanning electron microscopy analysis. The roughness parameters exhibit a clear orientation in the extracted plasticizer. This solid plasticizer was dissolved in water and added as a plasticizer in M30-grade cement concrete, up to 6% by weight of cement. We discovered that adding 6% bioplasticizer to the concrete improved its slump and compressive strength by 1.5% and 5%, respectively. As a result, the characteristics of plasticizers boost their utility in the construction sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of green methods for the treatment of industrial waste and waste reuse has become a key environmental issue. In order to achieve this goal, this study uses waste phosphogypsum (PG) as raw material to produce adsorbents for wastewater treatment, achieving green reuse of industrial waste. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used to modify PG to explore the safe and rational utilization of PG. The modified phosphogypsum biochar (MP-BC) was prepared by mixing the modified phosphogypsum (MPG) with pineapple peel in proportion and applied to the removal of fluoride from wastewater. The X-ray fluorescence spectrum and X-ray diffraction pattern indicate that the chemical component of MP-BC is mainly calcium oxide, that is, an appropriate amount of modified PG (MPG) can load calcium oxide on biochar, thereby improving the physical properties of biochar. The MP-BC exhibited 133 mg/g maximum fluoride adsorption capacity, and the adsorption rate of fluoride in actual phosphogypsum leachate by MP-BC can reach 97.23%. Furthermore, chemical precipitation was the primary adsorption mechanism. Also, the MP-BC can effectively promote fluoride ion conversion into calcium fluoride. In summary, this study proposes a method of green utilization of PG, which effectively alleviates PG pollution, promotes the reuse of PG, and realizes the “treating waste with waste” of industrial waste.
{"title":"Waste controls waste: fluoride adsorption behavior and mechanism on modified phosphogypsum biochar","authors":"Ze-bing Zhu, Hai-tao Lai, Ruo-shan Wang, Li-li Shan, Yu Chen, Zhu-ye Ni, Chang-long Pang","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-05987-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05987-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of green methods for the treatment of industrial waste and waste reuse has become a key environmental issue. In order to achieve this goal, this study uses waste phosphogypsum (PG) as raw material to produce adsorbents for wastewater treatment, achieving green reuse of industrial waste. Sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) was used to modify PG to explore the safe and rational utilization of PG. The modified phosphogypsum biochar (MP-BC) was prepared by mixing the modified phosphogypsum (MPG) with pineapple peel in proportion and applied to the removal of fluoride from wastewater. The X-ray fluorescence spectrum and X-ray diffraction pattern indicate that the chemical component of MP-BC is mainly calcium oxide, that is, an appropriate amount of modified PG (MPG) can load calcium oxide on biochar, thereby improving the physical properties of biochar. The MP-BC exhibited 133 mg/g maximum fluoride adsorption capacity, and the adsorption rate of fluoride in actual phosphogypsum leachate by MP-BC can reach 97.23%. Furthermore, chemical precipitation was the primary adsorption mechanism. Also, the MP-BC can effectively promote fluoride ion conversion into calcium fluoride. In summary, this study proposes a method of green utilization of PG, which effectively alleviates PG pollution, promotes the reuse of PG, and realizes the “treating waste with waste” of industrial waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1007/s13399-024-05989-1
Ponmani Subramanian, Kannan Pandian, Sangavi Pakkiyam, Krishna veni Dhanuskodi, Sivasankar Annamalai, Prabu Padanillay Chidambaram, Mohamed Roshan Abu Firnass Mustaffa
The increasing trend of heavy metals in soil and aquatic ecosystems, driven by urbanization and industrialization advancements, has raised environmental concerns. While various remediation methods exist, they often lack scalability and sustainability. Biochar has emerged as a promising solution due to its eco-friendly nature and multifunctional properties. In particular, engineered biochar, modified to enhance its surface area and functional groups, exhibits superior performance in heavy metal adsorption. Biochar’s diverse morpho-physicochemical features, such as increased surface area and cation exchange capacity, facilitate heavy metal adsorption through various processes. The choice of feedstock materials and modification methods significantly influences biochar’s sorption capacity. Numerous reviews address the toxicity and treatment methods for heavy metals in soil and water. This study aims to advance the research by identifying key challenges and offering insights into engineered biochar production, characteristics, and applications for heavy metal cleanup in soil and water ecosystems. By exploring biochar potential with suitable interventions, we can develop sustainable solutions to mitigate metal toxicity and protect environmental and public health. Further research is necessary to overcome limitations and challenges, addressing research gaps and future directions in utilizing biochar as an eco-friendly, cost-effective technology for heavy metal remediation.