The discovery of Loulan ancient city (LA) in the early 20th century has important significance for understanding the history of Western regions and the Silk Road civilization. The current academic community still has disputes on whether LA was the capital of Loulan Kingdom, the time of its rise, peak and decline, and the process, rate and driving mechanism of human activity change. This study uses the radio carbon dates (14C) database of LA to reconstruct the history of the rise and fall of human activity, and finds that LA experienced more than ∼500 years from its rise to its peak and then to its decline: 1) the city rose rapidly, and the population increased rapidly from ∼A.D. 0 to 230; 2) the city was prosperous and flourishing, and the intensity of human activity reached its peak from ∼A.D. 160 to 340, especially in ∼A.D. 230, when the population reached its peak; 3) the city accelerated its decline, and the intensity of human activity decreased significantly, and the population shrank rapidly from ∼A.D. 230 to 500; 4) LA was completely abandoned after ∼A.D. 560. The results of the 14C dating database do not support that LA was the early capital of the Loulan Kingdom. By comparing the human activity record of LA with the existing high-resolution palaeoclimate records in the surrounding mountainous areas of the Tarim Basin and South Asia, it is found that the superposition of centennial-scale westerly circulation strength events and the ∼500-year cycle of the Indian monsoon jointly controlled the precipitation and meltwater (snow) supply of the mountains in the Tarim Basin, affecting the changes of surface runoff and oasis area in the basin, which is one of the important factors causing the rise and fall of LA.
{"title":"Relationship between the rise and fall of Loulan ancient city and centennial-scale climate events and cycles","authors":"Deke Xu, Chang Li, Yingyu Jin, Zhenhua Deng, Bing Xu, Kangkang Li, Jianping Zhang, Xiaohong Sun, Jing Feng, Yingxin Jiao, Hao Li, Xiaoguang Qin","doi":"10.1007/s11707-023-1091-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-023-1091-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The discovery of Loulan ancient city (LA) in the early 20th century has important significance for understanding the history of Western regions and the Silk Road civilization. The current academic community still has disputes on whether LA was the capital of Loulan Kingdom, the time of its rise, peak and decline, and the process, rate and driving mechanism of human activity change. This study uses the radio carbon dates (<sup>14</sup>C) database of LA to reconstruct the history of the rise and fall of human activity, and finds that LA experienced more than ∼500 years from its rise to its peak and then to its decline: 1) the city rose rapidly, and the population increased rapidly from ∼A.D. 0 to 230; 2) the city was prosperous and flourishing, and the intensity of human activity reached its peak from ∼A.D. 160 to 340, especially in ∼A.D. 230, when the population reached its peak; 3) the city accelerated its decline, and the intensity of human activity decreased significantly, and the population shrank rapidly from ∼A.D. 230 to 500; 4) LA was completely abandoned after ∼A.D. 560. The results of the <sup>14</sup>C dating database do not support that LA was the early capital of the Loulan Kingdom. By comparing the human activity record of LA with the existing high-resolution palaeoclimate records in the surrounding mountainous areas of the Tarim Basin and South Asia, it is found that the superposition of centennial-scale westerly circulation strength events and the ∼500-year cycle of the Indian monsoon jointly controlled the precipitation and meltwater (snow) supply of the mountains in the Tarim Basin, affecting the changes of surface runoff and oasis area in the basin, which is one of the important factors causing the rise and fall of LA.</p>","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"55 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s11707-022-1043-9
Qun Zhao, Ze Deng, Meng Zhao, Dexun Liu
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is considered one of the most effective measures to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, and low-rank coal reservoirs are commonly recognized as potential CO2 storage sites for carbon sequestration. To evaluate the geological CO2 sequestration potential of the low-rank coal reservoirs in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, multiple experiments were performed on coal samples from that area, including high-pressure mercury porosimetry, low-temperature N2 adsorption, overburden porosity and permeability measurements, and high-pressure CH4 and CO2 isothermal adsorption measurements. Combined with the geological properties of the potential reservoir, including coal seam development and hydrodynamic characteristics, the areas between Santun River and Sigong River in the Junggar Basin were found to be suitable for CO2 sequestration. Consequently, the coal-bearing strata from Santun River to Sigong River can be defined as “potentially favorable areas for CO2 eequetfraiion” To better guide the future field test of CO2 storage in these areas, three CO2 sequestration modes were defined: 1) the broad syncline and faulted anticline mode; 2) the monoclinic mode; 3) the syncline and strike-slip fault mode.
{"title":"CO2 geological sequestration potential of the low-rank coals in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin","authors":"Qun Zhao, Ze Deng, Meng Zhao, Dexun Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1043-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1043-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is considered one of the most effective measures to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, and low-rank coal reservoirs are commonly recognized as potential CO<sub>2</sub> storage sites for carbon sequestration. To evaluate the geological CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration potential of the low-rank coal reservoirs in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, multiple experiments were performed on coal samples from that area, including high-pressure mercury porosimetry, low-temperature N<sub>2</sub> adsorption, overburden porosity and permeability measurements, and high-pressure CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> isothermal adsorption measurements. Combined with the geological properties of the potential reservoir, including coal seam development and hydrodynamic characteristics, the areas between Santun River and Sigong River in the Junggar Basin were found to be suitable for CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration. Consequently, the coal-bearing strata from Santun River to Sigong River can be defined as “potentially favorable areas for CO<sub>2</sub> eequetfraiion” To better guide the future field test of CO<sub>2</sub> storage in these areas, three CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration modes were defined: 1) the broad syncline and faulted anticline mode; 2) the monoclinic mode; 3) the syncline and strike-slip fault mode.</p>","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Overmature continental shale is commonly developed, but few studies have given insight into its pore structure and sorption capacity. Various techniques, including SEM, helium porosity and permeability, N2/CO2 adsorption, MICP, and NMR, were used to detect the pore structure of shale from the Shahezi Formation, Xujiaweizi Fault, Songliao Basin. The excess methane adsorption volumes were measured by the volumetric method and modeled by the Langmuir model. Based on the findings, the most developed pores are intraparticle pores in clay minerals, followed by the dissolution pores in feldspar, but organic pores are uncommon. The selected shales have low helium porosity (mean 1.66%) and ultralow permeability (mean 0.0498 × 10−3µm2). The pore throats are at the nanoscale, and the pore-throat size distributions are unimodal, with most less than 50 nm. The studied shales are characterized by the lower specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume (PV) but the larger average pore diameter. The total SSA is contributed by the micro- and mesopores, while the PV is dominated by meso- and macropores. The pore structures are more complex and controlled by multiple factors, such as mineral compositions and diagenesis, but organic matter is not critical. The maximum absolute adsorption methane volume (VL) is 0.97–3.58 cm3/g (mean 1.90 cm3/g), correlating well with the total SSA, SSA, and pore volume of micropores, which indicates that methane is mainly adsorbed and stored in micropores, followed by mesopores.
{"title":"Methane adsorption effected by pore structure of overmature continental shale: Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation, Xujiaweizi Fault, Songliao Basin","authors":"Pengfei Zhang, Shuangfang Lu, Nengwu Zhou, Zizhi Lin, Xiangchun Chang, Junjian Zhang, Guo Chen, Yumao Pang, Junjie Wang, Hongsheng Huang, Qi Zhi","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1051-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1051-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Overmature continental shale is commonly developed, but few studies have given insight into its pore structure and sorption capacity. Various techniques, including SEM, helium porosity and permeability, N<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption, MICP, and NMR, were used to detect the pore structure of shale from the Shahezi Formation, Xujiaweizi Fault, Songliao Basin. The excess methane adsorption volumes were measured by the volumetric method and modeled by the Langmuir model. Based on the findings, the most developed pores are intraparticle pores in clay minerals, followed by the dissolution pores in feldspar, but organic pores are uncommon. The selected shales have low helium porosity (mean 1.66%) and ultralow permeability (mean 0.0498 × 10<sup>−3</sup>µm<sup>2</sup>). The pore throats are at the nanoscale, and the pore-throat size distributions are unimodal, with most less than 50 nm. The studied shales are characterized by the lower specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume (PV) but the larger average pore diameter. The total SSA is contributed by the micro- and mesopores, while the PV is dominated by meso- and macropores. The pore structures are more complex and controlled by multiple factors, such as mineral compositions and diagenesis, but organic matter is not critical. The maximum absolute adsorption methane volume (<i>V</i><sub><i>L</i></sub>) is 0.97–3.58 cm<sup>3</sup>/g (mean 1.90 cm<sup>3</sup>/g), correlating well with the total SSA, SSA, and pore volume of micropores, which indicates that methane is mainly adsorbed and stored in micropores, followed by mesopores.</p>","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-18DOI: 10.1007/s11707-022-1074-2
Jie Chi, Binshan Ju, Wenbin Chen, Mengfei Zhang, Rui Zhang, Anqi Miao, Dayan Wang, Fengyun Cui
CO2 flooding can significantly improve the recovery rate, effectively recover crude oil, and has the advantages of energy saving and emission reduction. At present, most domestic researches on CO2 flooding seepage experiments are field tests in actual reservoirs or simulations with reservoir numerical simulators. Although targeted, the promotion is poor. For the characterization of seepage resistance, there are few studies on the variation law of seepage resistance caused by the combined action in the reservoir. To solve this problem, based on the mechanism of CO2, a physical simulation experiment device for CO2 non-miscible flooding production manner is designed. The device adopts two displacement schemes, gas-displacing water and gas-displacing oil, it mainly studies the immiscible gas flooding mechanism and oil displacement characteristics based on factors such as formation dip angle, gas injection position, and gas injection rate. It can provide a more accurate development simulation for the actual field application. By studying the variation law of crude oil viscosity and start-up pressure gradient, the characterization method of seepage resistance gradient affected by these two factors in the seepage process is proposed. The field test is carried out for the natural core of the S oilfield, and the seepage resistance is described more accurately. The results show that the advancing front of the gas drive is an arc, and the advancing speed of the gas drive oil front is slower than that of gas drive water; the greater the dip angle, the higher the displacement efficiency; the higher the gas injection rate is, the higher the early recovery rate is, and the lower the later recovery rate is; oil displacement efficiency is lower than water displacement efficiency; taking the actual core of S oilfield as an example, the mathematical representation method of core start-up pressure gradient in low permeability reservoir is established.
{"title":"Laboratory simulation of CO2 immiscible gas flooding and characterization of seepage resistance","authors":"Jie Chi, Binshan Ju, Wenbin Chen, Mengfei Zhang, Rui Zhang, Anqi Miao, Dayan Wang, Fengyun Cui","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1074-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1074-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>CO<sub>2</sub> flooding can significantly improve the recovery rate, effectively recover crude oil, and has the advantages of energy saving and emission reduction. At present, most domestic researches on CO<sub>2</sub> flooding seepage experiments are field tests in actual reservoirs or simulations with reservoir numerical simulators. Although targeted, the promotion is poor. For the characterization of seepage resistance, there are few studies on the variation law of seepage resistance caused by the combined action in the reservoir. To solve this problem, based on the mechanism of CO<sub>2</sub>, a physical simulation experiment device for CO<sub>2</sub> non-miscible flooding production manner is designed. The device adopts two displacement schemes, gas-displacing water and gas-displacing oil, it mainly studies the immiscible gas flooding mechanism and oil displacement characteristics based on factors such as formation dip angle, gas injection position, and gas injection rate. It can provide a more accurate development simulation for the actual field application. By studying the variation law of crude oil viscosity and start-up pressure gradient, the characterization method of seepage resistance gradient affected by these two factors in the seepage process is proposed. The field test is carried out for the natural core of the S oilfield, and the seepage resistance is described more accurately. The results show that the advancing front of the gas drive is an arc, and the advancing speed of the gas drive oil front is slower than that of gas drive water; the greater the dip angle, the higher the displacement efficiency; the higher the gas injection rate is, the higher the early recovery rate is, and the lower the later recovery rate is; oil displacement efficiency is lower than water displacement efficiency; taking the actual core of S oilfield as an example, the mathematical representation method of core start-up pressure gradient in low permeability reservoir is established.</p>","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"34 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CO2 immiscible flooding is an environmentally-friendly and effective method to enhance oil recovery in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. A mathematical model of CO2 immiscible flooding was developed, considering the variation in crude oil viscosity and starting pressure gradient in ultra-low permeability reservoirs based on the non-Darcy percolation theory. The mathematical model and numerical simulator were developed in the C++ language to simulate the effects of fluid viscosity, starting pressure gradient, and other physical parameters on the distribution of the oil pressure field, oil saturation field, gas saturation field, oil viscosity field, and oil production. The results showed that the formation pressure and pressure propagation velocity in CO2 immiscible flooding were lower than the findings without considering the starting pressure gradient. The formation oil content saturation and the crude oil formation viscosity were higher after the consideration of the starting pressure gradient. The viscosity of crude oil considering the initiation pressure gradient during the formation was higher than that without this gradient, but the yield was lower than that condition. Our novel mathematical models helped the characterization of seepage resistance, revealed the influence of fluid property changes on seepage, improved the mathematical model of oil seepage in immiscible flooding processes, and guided the improvement of crude oil recovery in immiscible flooding processes.
{"title":"A novel numerical simulation of CO2 immiscible flooding coupled with viscosity and starting pressure gradient modeling in ultra-low permeability reservoir","authors":"Jie Chi, Binshan Ju, Jiabei Wang, Xing Zhang, Wenbin Chen, Mengfei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11707-023-0085-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-023-0085-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>CO<sub>2</sub> immiscible flooding is an environmentally-friendly and effective method to enhance oil recovery in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. A mathematical model of CO<sub>2</sub> immiscible flooding was developed, considering the variation in crude oil viscosity and starting pressure gradient in ultra-low permeability reservoirs based on the non-Darcy percolation theory. The mathematical model and numerical simulator were developed in the C++ language to simulate the effects of fluid viscosity, starting pressure gradient, and other physical parameters on the distribution of the oil pressure field, oil saturation field, gas saturation field, oil viscosity field, and oil production. The results showed that the formation pressure and pressure propagation velocity in CO<sub>2</sub> immiscible flooding were lower than the findings without considering the starting pressure gradient. The formation oil content saturation and the crude oil formation viscosity were higher after the consideration of the starting pressure gradient. The viscosity of crude oil considering the initiation pressure gradient during the formation was higher than that without this gradient, but the yield was lower than that condition. Our novel mathematical models helped the characterization of seepage resistance, revealed the influence of fluid property changes on seepage, improved the mathematical model of oil seepage in immiscible flooding processes, and guided the improvement of crude oil recovery in immiscible flooding processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1007/s11707-022-1071-5
Qianyang He, Delu Li, Qiang Sun, Jianwen Gao, Haibin Li, Xinhu Li, Xiaochen Zhao, Shaofei Wang, Gaozhe Ji
{"title":"Constraints of palaeoenvironment on organic matter of Benxi Formation shale and discussion on enrichment mechanism under different facies","authors":"Qianyang He, Delu Li, Qiang Sun, Jianwen Gao, Haibin Li, Xinhu Li, Xiaochen Zhao, Shaofei Wang, Gaozhe Ji","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1071-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1071-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"60 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combined effects of massive reclamation and dredging on the variations in hydrodynamic and sediment transport in Lingdingyang Estuary, China","authors":"Kanglin Chen, Yitong Lin, Jing Liu, Zixiao He, Liangwen Jia","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1050-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1050-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136210293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s11707-022-1047-5
Wangting Ye, Yu Li
{"title":"Global precipitation change during the Holocene: a combination of records and simulations","authors":"Wangting Ye, Yu Li","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1047-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1047-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135734015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.1007/s11707-022-1060-8
Jianguo Zhang, Man Wang, Hongwei Zhou, Dongming Zhang, Beichen Yu, Chongyang Wang, Yujie Wang
{"title":"Coal and rock dynamic disaster prevention and control technology in the large mining face of a deep outburst mine","authors":"Jianguo Zhang, Man Wang, Hongwei Zhou, Dongming Zhang, Beichen Yu, Chongyang Wang, Yujie Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-1060-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-1060-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79647899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1007/s11707-022-0977-2
Xiaona Zhang, Yanbin Yao, Yongshang Kang
{"title":"A method for predicting the probability of formation of complex hydraulic fracture networks in shale reservoirs: development and application","authors":"Xiaona Zhang, Yanbin Yao, Yongshang Kang","doi":"10.1007/s11707-022-0977-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-022-0977-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48927,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Earth Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79280774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}