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Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) associations with Greenland summer meltwater release 鸣鲸(Monodon monoceros)与格陵兰夏季融水释放的关系
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70024
Kristin L. Laidre, Marie J. Zahn, Malene Simon, Michael Ladegaard, Kathleen M. Stafford, Elizabeth Phillips, Twila Moon, Harry L. Stern, Benjamin Cohen

Climate change is rapidly transforming the coastal margins of Greenland. At the same time, there is increasing recognition that marine-terminating glaciers provide unique and critical habitats to ice-associated top predators. We investigated the connection between a top predator occupying glacial fjord systems in Northwest Greenland and the properties of Atlantic-origin water and marine-terminating glaciers through a multiyear interdisciplinary project. Using passive acoustic monitoring, we quantified the summer presence and autumn departure of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) at glacier fronts in Melville Bay and modeled what glacier fjord physical attributes are associated with narwhal occurrence. We found that narwhals are present at glacier fronts after Greenland Ice Sheet peak summer runoff and they remain there during the period when the water column is becoming colder and fresher. Narwhals occupied glacier fronts when ocean temperatures ranged from −0.6 to 0.8°C and salinities between 33.2 and 34.0 psu at around 200 m depth and they departed on their southbound migration between October and November. Narwhals' departure was approximately 4 weeks later in 2019 than in 2018, after an extreme 2019 summer heatwave event that also delayed sea ice formation by 2 months. Our study provides further support for the niche conservative narwhal's preference for cold ocean temperatures. These results may inform projections about how future changes will impact narwhal subpopulations, especially those occupying Greenland glacial fjords.

气候变化正在迅速改变格陵兰岛的海岸边缘。与此同时,越来越多的人认识到,海洋末端冰川为与冰相关的顶级食肉动物提供了独特而重要的栖息地。我们通过一个为期多年的跨学科项目,研究了占据格陵兰西北部冰川峡湾系统的顶级食肉动物与大西洋源水和海洋末端冰川特性之间的联系。通过被动声学监测,我们量化了独角鲸(Monodon monoceros)在梅尔维尔湾冰川前沿的夏季出现和秋季离开的情况,并模拟了冰川峡湾的物理属性与独角鲸出现的关联。我们发现,格陵兰冰盖夏季径流高峰过后,冰川前沿就会出现独角鲸,而且在水体变冷和变清新期间,独角鲸仍会停留在冰川前沿。当海洋温度在零下 0.6 到 0.8 摄氏度之间、盐度在 33.2 到 34.0 psu 之间、水深在 200 米左右时,冰川前沿就会有成鲸出现,它们在 10 月到 11 月间离开冰川前沿向南迁徙。2019年的成鲸出发时间比2018年晚了约4周,此前还发生了2019年夏季的极端热浪事件,海冰的形成也推迟了2个月。我们的研究进一步证实了独角鲸偏好寒冷海洋温度的利基保守性。这些结果可为预测未来变化将如何影响独角鲸亚种群,尤其是占据格陵兰冰川峡湾的独角鲸亚种群提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Shifts in light availability driven by dieback across a marsh-forest gradient 沼泽-森林梯度上的枯萎现象导致光照供应发生变化
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70021
Giovanna Nordio, Keryn Gedan, Sergio Fagherazzi

Ecological zonation in coastal forests is driven by sea level rise and storm-surge events. Mature trees that can survive moderately saline conditions show signs of stress when soil salinity increases above its tolerance levels. As leaf burn, foliar damage, and defoliation reduce tree canopy cover, light gaps form within the crown. At the forest-marsh edge, canopy cover loss is most severe; trunks of dead trees without canopies form “ghost forests.” Canopy thinning and light from the edge alter conditions for understory vegetation, promoting the growth of shrubs and facilitating establishment and spread of invasive species that were previously limited by light competition. In this research, we present an analysis of illuminance and temperature in a coastal forest transitioning to a salt marsh. Light sensors above the ground surface were used to measure light attenuation of trees and understory vegetation and to observe the effect of reduced canopies at the forest-marsh edge. Farther from the marsh, where salinity is lower and trees are healthy, dense canopies attenuate light. We estimate that during the growing season, tree canopies intercept 50% of illuminance on average. Closer to the marsh, canopy thinning, and tree death allow greater light penetration from above, as well as from the adjacent marsh. These illuminance values are further increased by light penetration from the forest-marsh edge (edge effect). Here, higher illuminance may permit Phragmites australis expansion. At intermediate locations, trees intercept between 32% and 49% of light and the understory shrub Morella cerifera intercepts a further 45% of penetrating light based on comparisons of illuminance above and below shrub canopies. Light penetration from the edge can also be felt. The presence of M. cerifera reduces the air temperature close to the soil surface, creating a cooler summer microclimate. The tree health state is reflected in the canopy size. The canopy patterns and the edge effect are responsible for light availability distribution along forest-marsh gradients, consequently affecting the understory vegetation biomass. We conclude that during forest retreat driven by sea level rise, tree dieback increases light availability favoring the temporary encroachment of Ph. australis and M. cerifera in the understory.

沿海森林的生态分带受海平面上升和风暴潮事件的影响。能在中度盐碱条件下存活的成熟树木在土壤盐度超过其耐受水平时会表现出应激迹象。由于树叶灼伤、叶片损伤和落叶减少了树冠覆盖率,树冠内就会形成光隙。在森林-沼泽边缘,树冠覆盖损失最为严重;没有树冠的枯树干形成了 "幽灵森林"。树冠变薄和来自边缘的光照改变了林下植被的生长条件,促进了灌木的生长,并有利于以前受光照竞争限制的入侵物种的建立和传播。在这项研究中,我们对过渡到盐沼的沿海森林的照度和温度进行了分析。地表上方的光传感器用于测量树木和林下植被的光衰减,并观察森林-沼泽边缘树冠减少的影响。在离沼泽较远的地方,盐度较低且树木健康,浓密的树冠会减弱光照。我们估计,在生长季节,树冠平均截获了 50% 的光照。在靠近沼泽的地方,树冠变薄和树木枯死会让更多的光线从上方以及邻近的沼泽地穿透进来。森林-沼泽边缘的光线穿透(边缘效应)进一步提高了这些照度值。在这里,较高的照度可能会使葭萌植物得以扩展。在中间位置,根据灌木树冠上方和下方的照度比较,树木截取了 32% 到 49% 的光线,林下灌木 Morella cerifera 又截取了 45% 的穿透光线。从边缘也能感觉到光线的穿透。Cerifera 的存在降低了靠近土壤表面的空气温度,创造了一个凉爽的夏季小气候。树冠大小反映了树木的健康状况。树冠模式和边缘效应导致了森林-沼泽梯度上的光照分布,从而影响了林下植被的生物量。我们的结论是,在海平面上升导致的森林退缩过程中,树木的枯死会增加光照的可用性,从而有利于楠木和桉树在林下的临时蚕食。
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引用次数: 0
Phenology forecasting models for detection and management of invasive annual grasses 用于检测和管理入侵一年生草本植物的物候预测模型
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70023
J. S. Prevéy, I. S. Pearse, D. M. Blumenthal, A. J. Howell, J. A. Kray, S. C. Reed, M. B. Stephenson, C. S. Jarnevich

Non-native annual grasses can dramatically alter fire frequency and reduce forage quality and biodiversity in the ecosystems they invade. Effective management techniques are needed to reduce these undesirable invasive species and maintain ecosystem services. Well-timed management strategies, such as grazing, that are applied when invasive grasses are active prior to native plants can control invasive species spread and reduce their impact; however, anticipating the timing of key phenological stages that are susceptible to management over vast landscapes is difficult, as the phenology of these species can vary greatly over time and space. To address this challenge, we created range-wide phenology forecasts for two problematic invasive annual grasses: cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and red brome (Bromus rubens). We tested a suite of 18 mechanistic phenology models using observations from monitoring experiments, volunteer science, herbarium records, timelapse camera imagery, and downscaled gridded climate data to identify the models that best predicted the dates of flowering and senescence of the two invasive grass species. We found that the timing of flowering and senescence of cheatgrass and red brome were best predicted by photothermal time models that had been adjusted for topography using gridded continuous heat-insolation load index values. Phenology forecasts based on these models can help managers make decisions about when to schedule management actions such as grazing to reduce undesirable invasive grasses and promote forage production, quality, and biodiversity in grasslands; to predict the timing of greatest fire risk after annual grasses dry out; and to select remote sensing imagery to accurately map invasive grasses across topographic and latitudinal gradients. These phenology models also have the potential to be operationalized for within-season or within-year decision support.

非本地一年生草会极大地改变火灾频率,并降低所入侵生态系统的饲料质量和生物多样性。需要有效的管理技术来减少这些不受欢迎的入侵物种并维持生态系统服务。适时的管理策略(如放牧)可以控制入侵物种的蔓延并减少其影响,在入侵草比本地植物更活跃的时候放牧。然而,在广阔的土地上预测易受管理的关键物候期的时间是很困难的,因为这些物种的物候在时间和空间上会有很大差异。为了应对这一挑战,我们对两种有问题的入侵一年生草类:欺骗草(Bromus tectorum)和红锦葵(Bromus rubens)进行了全域物候预测。我们利用从监测实验、志愿科学、标本馆记录、延时摄影机图像和降尺度网格气候数据中获得的观测数据,测试了一套 18 个机理物候模型,以确定最能预测这两种入侵草种开花和衰老日期的模型。我们发现,光热时间模型能最好地预测骗子草和红锦鸡儿的开花和衰老时间,这些模型利用网格连续热量-日照负荷指数值对地形进行了调整。基于这些模型的物候预测可以帮助管理者决定何时安排放牧等管理行动,以减少不受欢迎的入侵草,促进草地的牧草产量、质量和生物多样性;预测一年生牧草干枯后火灾风险最大的时间;选择遥感图像以准确绘制跨地形和纬度梯度的入侵草图。这些物候模型还有可能用于季内或年内决策支持。
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引用次数: 0
Crumb bums? Context dependence in ecosystem services supplied by common urban animals 流浪汉?城市常见动物提供的生态系统服务的环境依赖性
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70014
Timothy M. Swartz, Alison R. Blaney, Jocelyn E. Behm

Bolstering the supply of animal-mediated ecosystem services is an emerging priority in human-altered landscapes. Such services are driven not only by environmental factors that shape communities of species that provide the service but also by the ecological context that affects the behavior of these species. In this study, we used a field experiment to investigate an ecosystem service that depends on resource use behavior—the removal of littered food waste by birds and squirrels in urban green spaces. We first explore how landscape-scale urbanization affects the composition of the litter-removing species community. We then examine two facets of waste removal provisioning—the amount of food removed and the speed of removal—and how they vary across ecological contexts represented by green space type (picnic areas, urban parks, and forest preserves), bird and squirrel abundance, number of people, amount of existing litter, and weather conditions. We found that although landscape-scale urbanization affected the composition of species within green spaces, service provisioning was context-dependent. Littered food removal services were provided at higher rates in park and picnic sites than in forest preserves and the abundance of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) was a main driver of littered food removal services. Where squirrels were abundant, more food was removed, and food removal began and was completed more quickly. When squirrel abundance is accounted for, removal from picnic areas is higher than park sites, indicating context dependence in this service is likely driven by squirrel behavioral responses to ambient food waste levels in these habitats. This study highlights the role of common urban species in providing a valuable ecosystem service and the importance of ecological context in its supply. Efforts to account for animal-mediated ecosystem services in human-altered landscapes should address the potential for services to be driven by a single species and context-dependent factors that influence behavior.

加强以动物为媒介的生态系统服务供应是人类改变地貌的一个新的优先事项。这种服务不仅受塑造提供服务的物种群落的环境因素的驱动,还受影响这些物种行为的生态环境的驱动。在本研究中,我们利用野外实验研究了一种依赖于资源利用行为的生态系统服务--鸟类和松鼠在城市绿地中清除乱扔的食物残渣。我们首先探讨了景观尺度的城市化如何影响垃圾清除物种群落的组成。然后,我们研究了垃圾清除供给的两个方面--食物清除量和清除速度--以及它们在不同生态环境下的变化情况,这些生态环境包括绿地类型(野餐区、城市公园和森林保护区)、鸟类和松鼠的丰度、人口数量、现有垃圾量和天气条件。我们发现,虽然景观尺度的城市化影响了绿地内的物种组成,但服务的提供却与环境有关。在公园和野餐场所,垃圾食物清除服务的提供率高于森林保护区,东部灰松鼠(Sciurus carolinensis)的数量是垃圾食物清除服务的主要驱动因素。在松鼠数量多的地方,清除的食物更多,食物清除开始和完成的速度也更快。如果考虑到松鼠的丰度,野餐区的食物清除量要高于公园,这表明这项服务的环境依赖性很可能是由松鼠对这些栖息地的环境食物垃圾水平的行为反应所驱动的。这项研究强调了常见城市物种在提供有价值的生态系统服务中的作用,以及生态环境在其供应中的重要性。在人类改变的景观中解释动物介导的生态系统服务时,应考虑到服务由单一物种驱动的可能性以及影响行为的环境依赖性因素。
{"title":"Crumb bums? Context dependence in ecosystem services supplied by common urban animals","authors":"Timothy M. Swartz,&nbsp;Alison R. Blaney,&nbsp;Jocelyn E. Behm","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bolstering the supply of animal-mediated ecosystem services is an emerging priority in human-altered landscapes. Such services are driven not only by environmental factors that shape communities of species that provide the service but also by the ecological context that affects the behavior of these species. In this study, we used a field experiment to investigate an ecosystem service that depends on resource use behavior—the removal of littered food waste by birds and squirrels in urban green spaces. We first explore how landscape-scale urbanization affects the composition of the litter-removing species community. We then examine two facets of waste removal provisioning—the amount of food removed and the speed of removal—and how they vary across ecological contexts represented by green space type (picnic areas, urban parks, and forest preserves), bird and squirrel abundance, number of people, amount of existing litter, and weather conditions. We found that although landscape-scale urbanization affected the composition of species within green spaces, service provisioning was context-dependent. Littered food removal services were provided at higher rates in park and picnic sites than in forest preserves and the abundance of eastern gray squirrels (<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>) was a main driver of littered food removal services. Where squirrels were abundant, more food was removed, and food removal began and was completed more quickly. When squirrel abundance is accounted for, removal from picnic areas is higher than park sites, indicating context dependence in this service is likely driven by squirrel behavioral responses to ambient food waste levels in these habitats. This study highlights the role of common urban species in providing a valuable ecosystem service and the importance of ecological context in its supply. Efforts to account for animal-mediated ecosystem services in human-altered landscapes should address the potential for services to be driven by a single species and context-dependent factors that influence behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Harvest sustainability assessments need rethinking under climate change: A ringed seal case study from Svalbard, Norway 气候变化下需要重新思考收获可持续性评估:挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛环斑海豹案例研究
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70020
Chloé R. Nater, Christian Lydersen, Magnus Andersen, Kit M. Kovacs

Throughout the Arctic, ice-affiliated marine mammals constitute local subsistence resources but detrimental effects of declines in their sea ice habitats create a need for harvest sustainability assessments in light of climate change. At the same time, empirical data required for thorough population analysis of these species are often sparse at best, as illustrated by the focal species in this study, ringed seals in Svalbard: the last population survey took place two decades ago (2002–2003), demographic data are limited to age, sex, and reproductive status of a small subset of shot individuals, and harvest reporting is patchy and incomplete. Data sparsity is one of the main reasons why potential biological removal (PBR) became a commonly used tool for assessing sustainability of marine mammal harvests. Herein, we calculated PBR for Svalbard ringed seals using both recommended default parameters and population-specific parameters obtained from an integrated population model (IPM). PBR estimates were highly uncertain, suggesting the number of sustainably harvestable individuals could lie anywhere between 0 and 91, with a substantial chance of any harvest being unsustainable under current environmental conditions and trends. Subsequent population viability analyses (PVAs) further confirmed that the current harvest was likely unsustainable, even in a scenario in which sea ice conditions would not deteriorate (and therefore lower pup survival) further. However, uncertainty in population projections was high, and forecasts thus not ideal for formulating management advice. Better forecasts will require more frequent population surveys and obtaining more knowledge regarding the links between vital rates and environmental conditions, both of which may be facilitated by the adoption of novel technology (e.g., drone monitoring, genetic studies). The modeling framework created in this study can be readily updated with new data as they become available, and can serve as a tool for adaptive management of this and other marine mammal populations.

在整个北极地区,与冰有关的海洋哺乳动物是当地赖以生存的资源,但由于海冰栖息地的减少造成了有害影响,因此需要根据气候变化对捕捞的可持续性进行评估。与此同时,对这些物种进行全面种群分析所需的经验数据往往稀少,本研究的重点物种--斯瓦尔巴群岛的环斑海豹--就说明了这一点:上一次种群调查是在二十年前(2002-2003 年),人口统计数据仅限于一小部分中枪个体的年龄、性别和繁殖状况,采捕报告零散且不完整。数据稀缺是潜在生物清除量(PBR)成为评估海洋哺乳动物捕捞可持续性的常用工具的主要原因之一。在此,我们使用推荐的默认参数和从综合种群模型(IPM)中获得的特定种群参数计算了斯瓦尔巴特环斑海豹的潜在生物去除率。PBR 估计值具有高度不确定性,表明可持续捕获的个体数量可能介于 0 到 91 之间,在当前环境条件和趋势下,任何捕获都有很大可能是不可持续的。随后的种群存活率分析(PVAs)进一步证实,即使在海冰条件不会进一步恶化(从而降低幼鲸存活率)的情况下,目前的捕捞量也很可能是不可持续的。然而,种群预测的不确定性很高,因此预测结果并不适合用于制定管理建议。要做出更好的预测,需要更频繁地进行种群调查,并获得更多关于生命率与环境条件之间联系的知识,而采用新技术(如无人机监测、基因研究)可能会促进这两方面的工作。本研究创建的建模框架可随时根据新数据进行更新,并可作为该种群和其他海洋哺乳动物种群的适应性管理工具。
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引用次数: 0
Urbanization alters sandy beach scavenging assemblages and dogs suppress ecosystem function 城市化改变了沙滩上的食腐动物群落,狗会抑制生态系统的功能
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70016
Francis D. Gerraty, Ann Gobei-Bacaylan, Kaia Diel

Urbanization is rapidly transforming coastal landscapes around the world, altering the structure and function of marine, intertidal, and terrestrial ecosystems. In tandem, coastal areas are hotspots for human recreation, leading to shifts in wildlife behavior and activity patterns. Together, urban development and recreational use of wildlife habitats can shape wildlife behavior, abundance, and ecosystem dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we explore the impact of urbanization and human and domestic dog activity on the structure of vertebrate scavenging assemblages and the ecosystem functions they provide in sandy beach ecosystems across 40 km of the central California coast, USA. We surveyed vertebrate scavenging assemblages using baited camera traps on 17 beaches spanning a gradient of coastal urbanization. We found that urbanization extent within small spatial scales (i.e., 1 or 3 km radii of each site) and the rate of beach visitation by domestic dogs or humans were the best additive predictors of assemblage structure. We identified pronounced urbanization-associated shifts in the composition of vertebrate scavenger guilds but found that the rate of carrion processing was more strongly influenced by domestic dog habitat use and diel period. Scavenging activity was substantially lower on beaches with more domestic dogs, suggesting that dogs interfere with critical scavenging ecosystem functions on sandy beaches. Our results underscore the pervasive and nuanced effects of urbanization and recreation on the dynamics of land–sea connectivity and suggest a need for comprehensive consideration of cross-ecosystem linkages in ongoing shoreline conservation and development efforts.

城市化正在迅速改变世界各地的海岸景观,改变海洋、潮间带和陆地生态系统的结构和功能。与此同时,沿海地区也成为人类娱乐的热点地区,导致野生动物的行为和活动模式发生变化。城市发展和对野生动物栖息地的娱乐性利用会在不同的时空尺度上共同影响野生动物的行为、数量和生态系统动态。在这项研究中,我们探讨了城市化以及人类和家犬活动对脊椎动物食腐动物群结构及其在美国加利福尼亚州中部海岸 40 公里沙滩生态系统中提供的生态系统功能的影响。我们在跨越沿海城市化梯度的 17 个海滩上使用带饵相机陷阱调查了脊椎动物食腐动物群落。我们发现,小空间范围内的城市化程度(即每个地点半径为 1 或 3 公里)以及家犬或人类的海滩访问率是组合结构的最佳预测因子。我们发现脊椎动物食腐动物行会的组成与城市化相关,但发现家犬栖息地的使用和昼夜时间对腐肉加工率的影响更大。在家犬较多的海滩上,食腐活动大大减少,这表明家犬干扰了沙滩上重要的食腐生态系统功能。我们的研究结果强调了城市化和娱乐活动对陆海连接动态的普遍而微妙的影响,并表明在当前的海岸线保护和开发工作中需要全面考虑跨生态系统的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Vegetation productivity determines the response of butterflies along elevation gradients in the trans-Himalayas, Nepal 植被生产力决定了蝴蝶对尼泊尔跨喜马拉雅山脉海拔梯度的反应
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70019
Bimal Raj Shrestha, Suraj Baral, Shanta Budha-Magar, Kiran Thapa Magar, Prakash Gaudel, Sanej Prasad Suwal, Sanjaya Raj Tamang, Ashant Dewan, Min Bahadur Gurung, Pratichhya Shrestha

Environmental parameters along elevational gradients affect the number of butterflies and the variety of species. However, which variables play significant roles and how they operate can be difficult to untangle. Here, we examine the relationships between observed butterfly richness (overall and subgroups) at different elevation gradients and remotely sensed environmental variables (vegetation productivity, surface temperature, landscape heterogeneity, and moisture stress) using generalized linear models. We surveyed butterflies with a fixed-point count method in 19 elevation bands within 1600–5200 m above sea level in Manang district, trans-Himalayan region, north-central Nepal. The number of butterflies in each elevation band was studied and estimated, then interpolated across the lowest and highest elevation to estimate butterfly species richness. Then, the selection of models was performed on butterfly richness and elevations to test the best model support based on the lowest value of the Akaike information criterion and a multimodel averaging for other environmental variables. Altogether, 94 butterfly species, representing 20 subfamilies and six families, were recorded throughout the study periods. We obtained cubic model support for overall species richness, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae, quadratic to Nymphalidae and Pieridae, and the linear model to Lycaenidae. In our study, vegetation productivity was found to have a significant positive impact on butterfly communities. Our study further suggests species richness of Papilionidae and Hesperiidae has a strong positive correlation with surface temperature and landscape heterogeneity and negative associations with moisture stress but other subgroups of butterfly communities including overall species richness showed insignificant relationships with these variables. This study provides significant information related to the responses of montane butterflies to environmental variables along elevational gradients from the Himalayas Nepal. However, further detailed studies on the functional behaviors of butterflies potentially offer more insights into their distribution patterns and ecological relationship in the montane environment.

海拔梯度的环境参数会影响蝴蝶的数量和种类。然而,哪些变量起着重要作用以及它们是如何起作用的,这些都很难理清。在此,我们利用广义线性模型研究了不同海拔梯度上观测到的蝴蝶丰富度(总体和亚群)与遥感环境变量(植被生产力、地表温度、景观异质性和湿度胁迫)之间的关系。我们在尼泊尔中北部跨喜马拉雅地区马南县海拔 1600-5200 米的 19 个海拔带采用定点计数法对蝴蝶进行了调查。对每个海拔带的蝴蝶数量进行研究和估算,然后对最低和最高海拔进行内插,以估算蝴蝶物种丰富度。然后,对蝴蝶丰富度和海拔高度进行模型选择,根据 Akaike 信息准则的最低值和其他环境变量的多模型平均值测试最佳模型支持。在整个研究期间,共记录了 94 个蝴蝶物种,代表 20 个亚科和 6 个科。我们对总体物种丰富度、凤蝶科(Papilionidae)和鹤蝶科(Hesperiidae)获得了立方模型支持,对蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)和蝶科(Pieridae)获得了二次模型支持,对蝶类(Lycaenidae)获得了线性模型支持。我们的研究发现,植被生产力对蝴蝶群落有显著的积极影响。我们的研究进一步表明,凤蝶科(Papilionidae)和蝶科(Hesperiidae)的物种丰富度与地表温度和景观异质性有很强的正相关性,与水分胁迫有负相关,但蝴蝶群落的其他亚群(包括总体物种丰富度)与这些变量的关系不显著。这项研究提供了尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉高山蝴蝶对环境变量反应的重要信息。然而,对蝴蝶功能行为的进一步详细研究可能会对它们在山地环境中的分布模式和生态关系提供更多的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Similarity learning networks uniquely identify individuals of four marine and terrestrial species 相似性学习网络能独特识别四种海洋和陆地物种的个体
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70012
Emmanuel Kabuga, Izzy Langley, Monica Arso Civil, John Measey, Bubacarr Bah, Ian Durbach

Estimating the size of animal populations plays an important role in evidence-based conservation and management. Some methods for estimating population size rely on animals being individually identifiable. Traditionally, this has been done by marking physically captured animals, but increasingly, animals with distinctive natural markings are surveyed noninvasively using cameras. Animal reidentification from photographs is usually done manually, which is expensive, laborious, and requires considerable skill. An alternative is to develop computer vision methods that can support or replace the manual identification task. We developed an automated approach using deep learning to identify whether a pair of photographs is of the same individual or not. The core of the approach is a similarity learning network that uses paired convolutional neural networks with a triplet loss function to summarize image pairs and decide whether they are from the same individual. Prior to the main matching step, two additional convolutional neural networks perform image segmentation, cropping the animal object within the image, and orientation prediction, deciding which side of the animal was photographed. We applied the approach to four species, with images of the same individual often spanning several years: systematic surveys of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, 2008–2019) and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina, 2015–2019), a citizen science dataset of western leopard toads (Sclerophrys pantherina, unknown dates), and a publicly available repository of humpback whale images (Megaptera novaeangliae, unknown dates). For these species, our best-performing models were able to identify whether a pair of images were from the same individual or different individuals in 95.8%, 94.6%, 88.2%, and 83.8% of the cases, respectively. We found that triplet loss functions outperformed binary cross-entropy loss functions and that data augmentation and additional manual curation of training data provided small but consistent improvements in performance. These results demonstrate the potential of deep learning to replace or, more likely, support and facilitate manual individual identification efforts.

估算动物种群数量在循证保护和管理中发挥着重要作用。一些估算种群数量的方法依赖于可单独识别的动物。传统上,这是通过对捕获的动物进行标记来实现的,但现在越来越多地使用照相机对具有独特自然标记的动物进行非侵入式调查。从照片上重新识别动物通常是人工完成的,这种方法既昂贵又费力,而且需要相当高的技能。另一种方法是开发计算机视觉方法,以支持或取代人工识别任务。我们开发了一种使用深度学习的自动方法,用于识别一对照片是否为同一个体。该方法的核心是一个相似性学习网络,它使用带有三重损失函数的成对卷积神经网络来总结图像对,并判断它们是否来自同一个人。在主要匹配步骤之前,另外两个卷积神经网络会进行图像分割,裁剪图像中的动物对象,并进行方向预测,决定拍摄动物的哪一面。我们将该方法应用于四个物种,同一个体的图像往往跨越数年:瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops truncatus,2008-2019 年)和港海豹(Phoca vitulina,2015-2019 年)的系统调查、西豹蟾蜍(Sclerophrys pantherina,日期不详)的公民科学数据集以及座头鲸图像的公开资料库(Megaptera novaeangliae,日期不详)。对于这些物种,我们表现最好的模型能够分别在 95.8%、94.6%、88.2% 和 83.8% 的情况下识别出一对图像是来自同一个体还是不同个体。我们发现,三重损失函数的性能优于二元交叉熵损失函数,而且数据扩充和额外的手动训练数据整理能带来微小但一致的性能提升。这些结果表明,深度学习有潜力取代或更有可能支持和促进人工个体识别工作。
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引用次数: 0
Testing source elevation versus genotype as predictors of sugar pine performance in a post-fire restoration planting 测试源海拔与基因型对火灾后恢复种植的糖松性能的预测作用
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70010
Emily V. Moran, Rainbow DeSilva, Courtney Canning, Jessica W. Wright

Climate change is motivating a reassessment of how seeds are selected for reforestation, as rapid environmental change can lead to local maladaptation in trees. Genetic association studies and past seed source climate both have the potential to help identify appropriate planting stock, but these techniques have not been compared and tested as part of an operational planting program. In this study, we combined an analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with environmental gradients in sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) with an analysis of post-fire seedling survival and growth in a restoration experiment. Our genotype–environment association (GEA) tests of 92 individuals from varying climates within CA revealed 829 SNPs (out of 300,604) with significant association with climate gradients, especially April snowpack. Of these, 323 either had annotations that suggested potential functional importance or were identified by two different methods. We then built Bayesian models of survival and growth for all seedlings in a separate post-fire planting experiment, to test the relative predictive ability of source elevation (a common proxy for source climate) versus the proportion of seedling alleles expected to be locally advantageous based on GEA. Across three sites within the King Fire scar in Eldorado National Forest in 2017, 2018, and 2019, 1774 seedlings were planted. Of these, 206 had enough green needles in 2020 to allow sample collection, and 161 were successfully genotyped. We found that source elevation was generally better at predicting seedling performance than genotype indices, perhaps because of the limited scope of the association analysis. Seed sources from 500 to 1800 ft (152.4–548.6 m) lower in elevation, and one seed zone further south generally performed as well or better than local seed sources. This result, and those of similar previous studies, suggest that “climate matching” using past climate information for existing seed sourcing units is a reasonable starting point for finding seedlings suited to already-altered planting site climate conditions. However, further tests with more extensive genomic and performance data may improve the utility of genotype information for seed selection.

气候变化促使人们重新评估如何为重新造林选择种子,因为快速的环境变化会导致树木在当地适应不良。遗传关联研究和过去的种源气候都有可能帮助确定合适的种植树种,但这些技术还没有在实际种植计划中进行过比较和测试。在这项研究中,我们将与糖松(Pinus lambertiana)环境梯度相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)分析与一项恢复实验中的火灾后幼苗存活和生长分析相结合。我们对加利福尼亚州不同气候条件下的 92 个个体进行了基因型与环境关联(GEA)测试,结果显示,在 300,604 个 SNPs 中,有 829 个 SNPs 与气候梯度(尤其是四月积雪)有显著关联。其中,323 个SNPs 的注释显示了潜在的功能重要性,或者是通过两种不同的方法确定的。然后,我们在一个单独的火灾后种植实验中为所有幼苗的存活和生长建立了贝叶斯模型,以检验源海拔(源气候的常用替代物)与基于 GEA 的幼苗等位基因在当地的优势比例的相对预测能力。2017 年、2018 年和 2019 年,在埃尔多拉多国家森林国王火痕的三个地点,共种植了 1774 株幼苗。其中 206 株在 2020 年有足够的绿色针叶,可以进行样本采集,161 株成功进行了基因分型。我们发现,一般来说,种源海拔比基因型指数更能预测幼苗的表现,这可能是因为关联分析的范围有限。海拔较低的 500 至 1800 英尺(152.4-548.6 米)的种源以及更靠南的一个种源区的表现通常与当地种源相当或更好。这一结果以及之前类似研究的结果表明,利用现有种子来源单位过去的气候信息进行 "气候匹配",是寻找适合已经改变的种植地气候条件的种苗的合理起点。不过,利用更广泛的基因组和性能数据进行进一步测试可能会提高基因型信息在种子选择中的实用性。
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引用次数: 0
An ecological niche model that considers local relationships among variables: The Environmental String Model 生态位模型考虑了变量之间的局部关系:环境字符串模型
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.70015
Grégory Beaugrand

Many methods have been proposed to model the spatial distribution of a species. While some methods have been specifically designed for this purpose, others are well-known statistical tools that can be used in many scientific fields. In this paper, I propose a new ecological niche model, called the Environmental String Model (ESM), that is based on the concept of environmental string, which is defined as being a combination of environmental variables, with as many nodes as environmental variables. There are two types of environmental strings: (1) the abundance-known string and (2) the abundance-unknown string (or target string) for which an estimation of abundance is searched. The novelty of the model is that it assesses the abundance associated with a target string from nearby abundance-known strings, which preserve the local multidimensional relationships with the target string. The model does not provide an abundance estimate in the absence of data from a similar environment and it can therefore deal with truncated spatial distributions or niches. It is tested in the North Atlantic Ocean on two key copepod species, Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus, which have been monitored by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey for decades. I investigate the influence of variables on model performance. I show that the model reconstructs the mean spatial distribution and seasonal fluctuations in both Calanus well. When compared with generalized linear models (GLMs), generalized additive models (GAMs) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN), the ESM gives the best performance. I propose a number of indicators to evaluate the robustness of estimated abundance in space and time and show how the model may be extended to presence/absence or presence-only data. I think that the ESM could be used to fill gaps in any sampling program such as the CPR survey and many satellite databases (e.g., ocean color and photosynthetically active radiation).

人们提出了许多方法来模拟物种的空间分布。有些方法是专门为此目的而设计的,有些则是众所周知的统计工具,可用于许多科学领域。在本文中,我提出了一种新的生态位模型,称为环境字符串模型(ESM),它基于环境字符串的概念,环境字符串被定义为环境变量的组合,节点数与环境变量数相同。环境串有两种类型:(1)丰度已知串;(2)丰度未知串(或目标串),对其进行丰度估计。该模型的新颖之处在于,它从附近的丰度已知串评估与目标串相关的丰度,这些丰度已知串保留了与目标串的局部多维关系。在没有类似环境数据的情况下,该模型不会提供丰度估算,因此它可以处理截断的空间分布或龛位。该模型在北大西洋的两个关键桡足类物种(Calanus finmarchicus 和 Calanus helgolandicus)上进行了测试。我研究了变量对模型性能的影响。结果表明,该模型能很好地重建钙华鲑和钙华 helgolandicus 的平均空间分布和季节性波动。与广义线性模型(GLMs)、广义加法模型(GAMs)和广义回归神经网络(GRNN)相比,ESM 的性能最佳。我提出了一些指标来评估估计丰度在空间和时间上的稳健性,并展示了如何将该模型扩展到存在/不存在或仅存在数据。我认为,ESM 可用来填补 CPR 调查等任何取样计划和许多卫星数据库(如海洋颜色和光合有效辐射)中的空白。
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Ecosphere
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