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Trading off nature for nature-based solutions: The bioeconomics of forest management for wildlife, timber, and carbon 用自然换取基于自然的解决方案:野生动物、木材和碳森林管理的生物经济学
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4963
Jonah Ury, Matthew J. Kotchen, Oswald J. Schmitz

Nature-based solutions are attracting interest for their potential to enlist ecological processes as cost-effective and safe ways to capture and store carbon in forest ecosystems. Such solutions often need to be implemented in landscapes in which there are longer established values for other ecosystem services including wildlife and timber production. Here we develop an integrative model that illustrates the inherent trade-offs that will arise among the competing values for landscape space and how to resolve them. The analysis characterizes boreal forest ecosystem dynamics involving interactions among the main trophic compartments of an intact boreal ecosystem, aka “nature.” The model accounts for carbon accumulation via biomass growth of forest trees (timber), carbon loss due to controls from moose herbivory that varies with moose population density (hunting), and soil carbon inputs and release, which together determine the carbon sink strength of the ecosystem. We link the ecological dynamics with an economic analysis by assigning a price to carbon stored within the intact boreal forest ecosystem. We then weigh these carbon impacts against the economic benefits of timber production and hunting across a range of moose population densities. Combined, this carbon-bioeconomic program calculates the total ecosystem benefit of a modeled boreal forest system, providing a framework for examining how different forest harvest and moose densities influence the achievement of carbon storage targets, under different levels of carbon pricing. The analysis shows that promoting nature-based solutions merely for carbon storage may result in loss of a key part of “nature” via loss of the trophic structure and key functional controls in the ecosystem.

以自然为基础的解决方案因其利用生态过程作为在森林生态系统中捕获和储存碳的成本效益高且安全的方法的潜力而备受关注。这些解决方案通常需要在对其他生态系统服务(包括野生动物和木材生产)已有较长时间价值的景观中实施。在此,我们开发了一个综合模型,该模型说明了景观空间相互竞争的价值之间会产生的内在权衡,以及如何解决这些问题。该分析描述了北方森林生态系统的动态特征,涉及一个完整的北方生态系统(又称 "自然")的主要营养区之间的相互作用。该模型考虑了通过林木(木材)生物量增长造成的碳积累、驼鹿食草(随驼鹿种群密度变化而变化)控制造成的碳损失以及土壤碳输入和释放,这些因素共同决定了生态系统的碳汇强度。我们将生态动态与经济分析联系起来,为完整的北方森林生态系统中储存的碳定价。然后,我们将这些碳影响与一系列驼鹿种群密度下的木材生产和狩猎经济效益进行权衡。综合来看,该碳-生物经济方案计算了模拟北方森林系统的生态系统总效益,为研究在不同的碳定价水平下,不同的森林采伐量和驼鹿密度如何影响碳储存目标的实现提供了一个框架。分析表明,仅仅为了碳储存而推广基于自然的解决方案,可能会因生态系统中营养结构和关键功能控制的丧失而导致 "自然 "的关键部分丧失。
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引用次数: 0
Microbe surveillance in the amphibian pet trade: Results from a pilot study 两栖动物宠物交易中的微生物监测:试点研究的结果
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4968
R. A. Pearhill, M. J. Gray, J. Jones, Z. Brinks, J. L. Brunner

Regional and global trade of live animals can contribute to the spread and emergence of novel pathogens, including several important pathogens of amphibians. However, understanding the spread or even frequency of infections in large, complex amphibian trade networks has been difficult, in part because businesses tend to be reluctant to participate in surveillance programs. Thus, we developed a novel approach to surveillance in which anonymous participating businesses were sent surveillance kits through a trusted trade advocacy partner, samples were returned to researchers via anonymous prepaid envelopes, and results were provided via a secure website with access regulated by a unique personal identification number (PIN) created by the business. We tested samples for the amphibian pathogens, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and Ranavirus spp. (Rv), as well as the beneficial microbe, Janthinobacterium lividum (Jliv), using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Out of 120 businesses invited to complete an anonymous socioeconomic survey, 24 volunteered to participate in pathogen surveillance, of which 14 were sent surveillance kits. Eight of these businesses returned samples consisting of swabs collected from amphibians in 78 terrestrial habitats and water filters from 49 aquatic habitats. Copies of a highly conserved vertebrate gene (EBF3N), quantified using qPCR, were consistently low (<100 copies) in returned samples, but similar to those collected by researchers, indicating comparable sample quality. Three samples (from two facilities) had detectable levels of Bd DNA; Bsal, Rv, and Jliv were not detected. This pilot study provides evidence that information about pathogens in pet trade networks can be acquired by developing partnerships with industry, and business participation might be enhanced by ensuring anonymity and inclusion of a trade advocacy partner.

活体动物的区域和全球贸易可能会导致新型病原体的传播和出现,其中包括几种重要的两栖动物病原体。然而,要了解大型、复杂的两栖动物贸易网络中的传播甚至感染频率一直很困难,部分原因是企业往往不愿意参与监测计划。因此,我们开发了一种新颖的监测方法,即通过可信赖的贸易宣传合作伙伴向匿名参与企业发送监测工具包,通过匿名预付费信封将样本寄回研究人员,并通过一个安全网站提供结果,该网站的访问由企业创建的唯一个人识别码 (PIN) 监管。我们使用定量实时聚合酶链式反应 (qPCR) 对样本进行了两栖动物病原体 Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal)、Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) 和 Ranavirus spp. (Rv) 以及有益微生物 Janthinobacterium lividum (Jliv) 的检测。在受邀完成匿名社会经济调查的 120 家企业中,有 24 家企业自愿参与病原体监测,其中 14 家企业收到了监测工具包。其中 8 家企业交回了样本,包括从 78 个陆生栖息地的两栖动物身上采集的拭子和从 49 个水生栖息地的滤水器中采集的水样。使用 qPCR 对一种高度保守的脊椎动物基因(EBF3N)的拷贝数进行了定量,在返回的样本中,EBF3N 的拷贝数一直较低(100 拷贝),但与研究人员收集的样本相似,表明样本质量相当。有三个样本(来自两个机构)可检测到 Bd DNA;未检测到 Bsal、Rv 和 Jliv。这项试点研究提供了证据,证明可以通过与行业建立合作关系来获取宠物交易网络中的病原体信息,而通过确保匿名性和纳入行业宣传合作伙伴,可能会提高企业的参与度。
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引用次数: 0
Does introduced European Phragmites australis experience belowground microbial enemy release in North America? 引进的欧洲葭藻是否会在北美释放地下微生物敌害?
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4952
Sean F. H. Lee, Samantha K. Chapman, Thomas J. Mozdzer, Franziska Eller, J. Adam Langley

Escape from native range enemies can give invasive species a competitive edge according to the enemy-release hypothesis. While more commonly associated with predators and herbivores, release from belowground microbial antagonists has been recently demonstrated to benefit invasive plants. Biogeographic variation in dominance and comparisons of soil communities suggest that invasive European Phragmites australis may have also benefitted from belowground enemy release in North America (NA). Here we examine the effects of native range (Europe) versus introduced range (NA) soil communities on European and North American P. australis using a reciprocal inoculation seedling growth experiment. Contrary to the enemy-release hypothesis, we found that North American P. australis was sensitive to soil community origin in that the seedlings grown in European soil communities had higher total biomass than seedlings grown in North American soil communities. This pattern was not observed in the European P. australis seedlings which had similar biomass when grown with North American or European soil communities. Notably, North American P. australis had higher biomass than European P. australis regardless of which soil community it was grown in, suggesting a growth–defense tradeoff. Though the relative abundance of mutualists and pathogens composition did not differ between the two ranges, an indicator analysis revealed that mutualistic fungi and bacteria were key components of European soil communities but not in North American communities. Interestingly, North American soil communities had lower β diversity than European communities suggesting higher levels of community conservation among North American populations. This research represents the first evidence of growth–defense trade-offs in North American P. australis and offers a novel mechanism in understanding the invasion of P. australis in NA.

根据敌害释放假说,逃离本地范围内的敌害可为入侵物种带来竞争优势。虽然地下微生物拮抗剂的释放通常与捕食者和食草动物有关,但最近的研究表明,它们也能为入侵植物带来益处。主导地位的生物地理差异和土壤群落的比较表明,入侵的欧洲葭藻可能也受益于北美(NA)的地下敌害释放。在这里,我们利用一个相互接种幼苗生长实验,研究了原生地(欧洲)与引入地(北美)土壤群落对欧洲和北美葭藻的影响。与敌害释放假说相反,我们发现北美大戟属对土壤群落起源很敏感,在欧洲土壤群落中生长的幼苗比在北美土壤群落中生长的幼苗总生物量更高。而在欧洲土壤群落中生长的欧鼠李幼苗则没有观察到这种模式,它们在北美或欧洲土壤群落中生长时的生物量相似。值得注意的是,无论生长在哪种土壤群落中,北美鹅掌楸的生物量都高于欧洲鹅掌楸,这表明生长与防御之间存在权衡。虽然两个地区的互生菌和病原体组成的相对丰度没有差异,但指标分析表明,互生真菌和细菌是欧洲土壤群落的关键组成部分,而在北美群落中却不是。有趣的是,北美土壤群落的β多样性低于欧洲群落,这表明北美种群的群落保护水平更高。这项研究首次证明了北美褐飞虱的生长-防御权衡,为了解北美褐飞虱的入侵提供了一种新的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-cohort survival of northern red oak seedlings at a northern hardwood forest transition 北方阔叶林过渡区北方红栎幼苗的多群存活率
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4949
Natalie L. Cleavitt, John J. Battles, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Sage Wentzell-Brehme

Global change has created less stable forest systems and given urgency to understanding limitations to the establishment of tree seedlings beyond current range boundaries. We quantified trends in 13 years of annual northern red oak (QURU) seedling survival data for 1733 marked individuals at a local species distribution boundary within the northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA. Over the study period, the median distance of seedlings into the valley did not change, although there was a net gain of 89 plots (5 m2) occupied. For a subset of seedlings that were marked in their year of birth (N = 937), we examined relationships among terrain, vegetation community, and initial individual seedling traits, and evaluated their effects on time to seedling mortality using a parametric accelerated failure time model. The year of seedling germination had the largest effect on survival with increasing mortality rates for seedlings from more recent cohorts. Seedlings had longer survival times where oak seedling densities were lower, shrub cover was higher, and when the acorn remained attached. Additionally, survival time was increased in higher elevation plots, which were also located further into the valley. Interannual seedling survival (N = 1580) was strongly impacted by seedling condition in the previous year, particularly leaf number and amount of leaf damage. Most seedling deaths occurred over winter, and seedlings failed to break bud the following spring. Interannual variation in seasonal climate, particularly deep, heavy snowpack in 2019 followed by drought conditions in 2020, coincided with recent elevated mortality. Overall, the median survival time of 3–4 years and the rapid turnover of the oak seedling population currently limit ability for expansion, although the net gain of occupied plots and increase in survival at higher elevation plots with lower QURU densities present some mechanisms that could promote expansion if the current suboptimal understory conditions shift to favor QURU.

全球变化导致森林系统不够稳定,因此迫切需要了解树苗在当前分布边界以外建立的限制因素。我们对美国新罕布什尔州北部硬木森林中当地物种分布边界处 1733 个标记个体的 13 年北方红栎(QURU)幼苗存活率数据进行了量化分析。在研究期间,幼苗进入山谷的中位距离没有发生变化,尽管净增加了 89 块地块(5 平方米)。对于在出生年份被标记的幼苗子集(N = 937),我们研究了地形、植被群落和幼苗初始个体特征之间的关系,并使用参数加速衰竭时间模型评估了它们对幼苗死亡时间的影响。幼苗发芽年份对存活率的影响最大,发芽年份越近的幼苗死亡率越高。在橡树幼苗密度较低、灌木覆盖率较高以及橡子仍然附着的地方,幼苗的存活时间较长。此外,海拔较高的地块存活时间较长,这些地块也位于山谷较深处。幼苗的年际存活率(N = 1580)受前一年幼苗状况的影响很大,尤其是叶片数量和叶片损伤程度。大多数幼苗在冬季死亡,次年春季幼苗无法破芽。季节性气候的年际变化,特别是 2019 年的深厚积雪和 2020 年的干旱,与最近的死亡率升高相吻合。总体而言,3-4 年的中位存活时间和橡树幼苗种群的快速更替目前限制了其扩展能力,不过,如果目前的次优林下条件转向有利于 QURU,那么被占用地块的净增加和 QURU 密度较低的高海拔地块存活率的提高将提供一些机制,促进其扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Spiny lobster predation of barrens-forming sea urchins is not limited by body size, but may be overstated 刺龙虾捕食荒地海胆不受体型限制,但可能被夸大了
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4960
Jeremy K. Day, Nathan A. Knott, Daniel S. Swadling, David Ayre, Megan J. Huggett, Troy F. Gaston

Worldwide, lobsters are considered key predators that control urchin populations. It has been widely reported that lobster size plays a significant role in the size of urchins they feed on, as does the size of the urchin. Generally, it is thought that small palinurid “spiny” lobsters measuring less than 120 mm carapace length (CL) are morphologically incapable of eating urchins, while large lobsters are voracious predators. Urchin size is expected to affect predation with larger urchins of greater than 90 mm test diameter (TD) presenting the most difficult prey. These generalities, however, have not been quantitatively tested for the eastern spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi and recently the accepted size paradigm for lobsters eating urchins has come into question. The aim of this study was to assess whether lobster predation on urchins would differ with urchin size or species, or the size of lobster. Our results indicate that S. verreauxi does not fit the common lobster patterns regarding urchin predation. There were generally low rates of predation and a significant negative relationship between feeding and both lobster size and urchin size. We found that small lobsters were capable urchin predators with a higher likelihood of eating urchins than larger lobsters, which were more reluctant predators. While we did find the expected effect of smaller urchins being significantly more vulnerable prey, there was none of the expected size limitations for small lobsters eating large urchins and predation did not differ between urchin species, indicating that this was a general pattern. Overall, we observed low rates of predation, suggesting that either S. verreauxi may not be a key urchin predator like other lobster species elsewhere, or that small lobsters are underestimated as urchin predators in temperate marine ecosystems.

在世界范围内,龙虾被认为是控制海胆数量的主要捕食者。据广泛报道,龙虾的大小与海胆的大小一样,对海胆的大小起着重要作用。一般认为,体长(CL)小于120毫米的小 "棘 "龙虾在形态上不能吃海胆,而大龙虾则是贪婪的捕食者。海胆的大小预计会影响捕食,测试直径(TD)大于90毫米的大海胆是最难捕食的猎物。然而,这些普遍性尚未在东部棘龙虾(Sagmariasus verreauxi)身上得到定量检验,而且最近龙虾吃海胆的公认尺寸范式也受到了质疑。本研究的目的是评估龙虾捕食海胆是否会因海胆的大小、种类或龙虾的大小而有所不同。我们的研究结果表明,S. verreauxi并不符合龙虾捕食海胆的常见模式。龙虾的捕食率普遍较低,捕食与龙虾大小和海胆大小之间存在显著的负相关关系。我们发现,小龙虾比大龙虾更有能力捕食海胆,吃海胆的可能性更高,而大龙虾则更不情愿捕食海胆。虽然我们确实发现了较小的海胆更容易成为猎物的预期效果,但小龙虾吃大海胆并没有预期的大小限制,而且不同海胆种类之间的捕食也没有差异,这表明这是一种普遍的模式。总体而言,我们观察到的捕食率很低,这表明,要么疣龙虾可能不像其他地方的龙虾物种一样是海胆的主要捕食者,要么就是低估了小龙虾在温带海洋生态系统中作为海胆捕食者的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Reduced trophic niche breadth is associated with higher productivity in a recovering apex predator population 营养龛广度降低与正在恢复的顶级掠食者种群生产力提高有关
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4887
Miguel de Gabriel Hernando, Alberto Fernández-Gil, Javier A. Lamas, Luis M. Ansola, Jacinto Román, Eloy Revilla

Understanding the trophic and demographic dynamics of apex predators is of paramount importance for ecosystem conservation. Apex predators are usually free from predation, and thus, the main driver of population dynamics is the availability of trophic resources, which affects breeding performance. Albeit food habits have been described in many apex species, the effects of changes in the trophic niche on long-term demographic dynamics are poorly known. We describe the long-term (N = 25 years) changes in trophic niche breadth of a recovering golden eagle population in a Mediterranean landscape (northern Spain) and search for potential correlates with their productivity (i.e., number of fledged eaglets per controlled pair) as a proxy for their breeding performance (N = 290 pair-years). We identified a total of 3475 prey items from 77 species; rabbits, hares, and red-legged partridges were the most frequent prey consumed (overall 51%), followed by roe deer (10%), red-billed chough, red foxes, and woodpigeons, all of them with >5%. Prey diversity in eagles' diet decreased during the study period. Consumption of rabbits and roe deer increased, while that of hares and partridges decreased; no significant trends were observed in the consumption of foxes, choughs, and woodpigeons. Prey diversity and red-legged partridge consumption were negatively correlated with productivity at the territory level, while rabbits, corvids, and pigeons showed a strong positive relationship with productivity. The size of the territory showed the strongest positive relationship with productivity, while roughness was negatively correlated. Rabbits and ungulates showed negative and positive correlations with roughness, respectively, while predator consumption exhibited a negative relationship with the size of the territory. Our findings give insights into the potential trophic mechanisms driving the dynamics of recovering apex predator populations; a reduction in the trophic niche breadth toward specific groups of prey, which could be due to a higher availability and individual specificity toward these prey species, might enhance productivity at the territory level and, ultimately, influence population dynamics facilitating the recovery process. The remarkable increase in the consumption of wild ungulates, predators, and other apex consumers suggests that the current population recovery and reduced trophic niche breadth may facilitate this eagle population to exhibit its apex role and contribute to ecosystem functionality.

了解顶端捕食者的营养和人口动态对生态系统保护至关重要。顶端食肉动物通常不会被捕食,因此种群动态的主要驱动力是营养资源的可用性,而营养资源的可用性会影响繁殖性能。尽管许多顶端物种的食物习性已被描述,但营养生态位的变化对长期种群动态的影响却鲜为人知。我们描述了地中海地区(西班牙北部)一个正在恢复的金雕种群的营养生态位广度的长期(N = 25 年)变化,并寻找与其生产力(即每对受控金雕羽化的小鹰数量)的潜在相关性,作为其繁殖性能的替代指标(N = 290 对-年)。我们从 77 个物种中鉴定出了 3475 种猎物;兔子、野兔和红腿鹧鸪是最常捕食的猎物(总体占 51%),其次是狍子(10%)、红嘴雏鹰、赤狐和鹁鸽,它们的捕食率均为 >5%。在研究期间,老鹰食物中的猎物多样性有所减少。兔子和狍子的摄食量有所增加,而野兔和鹧鸪的摄食量则有所减少;狐狸、红嘴鹑和鹁鸽的摄食量没有明显的变化趋势。在领地水平上,猎物多样性和红腿鹧鸪的消耗量与生产力呈负相关,而兔子、乌鸦和鸽子则与生产力呈很强的正相关。领地的大小与生产率的正相关性最强,而粗糙度则呈负相关。兔子和有蹄类动物分别与粗糙度呈负相关和正相关,而捕食者的消耗则与领地面积呈负相关。我们的发现揭示了驱动顶级掠食者种群恢复动态的潜在营养机制;对特定猎物群的营养生态位广度的降低(可能是由于对这些猎物物种的更高可用性和个体特异性)可能会提高领地水平的生产力,并最终影响种群动态,促进恢复过程。对野生有蹄类动物、捕食者和其他顶级消费者的消耗明显增加,这表明目前的种群恢复和营养生态位广度的降低可能会促进该鹰种群发挥其顶级作用,并为生态系统的功能做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Fine-scale phenotypic variation of a large herbivore in a pulsed environment 脉冲环境中大型食草动物的细微表型变异
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4921
Aaron M. Foley, Kory Gann, David G. Hewitt, Randy W. DeYoung, Timothy E. Fulbright, J. Alfonso Ortega-S., Tyler A. Campbell

The resource rule hypothesis predicts that geographic differences in body size among populations of organisms are due to the amount, availability, and quality of food resources. For instance, the body size of large herbivores is often correlated with soil characteristics because better soils produce better forage. In semiarid environments, rainfall variation is an important driver of forage availability, especially highly nutritious annual forbs. Thus, in such pulsed-resource environments, it is unclear whether the body size of large herbivores is influenced by fixed resources correlated with soil characteristics, irregular resource pulses correlated with rainfall, or both. Furthermore, it is not clear whether phenotypic expression is a function of forage quality or quantity. During the early autumns of 2011–2018, we captured 4554 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on seven rangeland sites in the semiarid climate of South Texas, USA. The sites range from coastal to 140 km inland and represent gradients in both soil texture and annual rainfall. We recorded age- and sex-specific indices of skeletal size, antler size, and body mass. Site-specific soil characteristics explained most of the variation in skeletal size; percent sand was inversely related to skeletal size. For environmentally sensitive phenotypes (antler size and body mass), both soil characteristics and rainfall were influencers; increases in rainfall reduced the negative effect of sand. Percent sand and rainfall were positively correlated with annual biomass of preferred forbs, yet all phenotypic traits declined with increases in forb quantity. Increases in percent shrub cover increased all phenotype sizes. Our data suggest that the phenotypic expression of large herbivores in semiarid environments is driven by forage quality via edaphic characteristics rather than forage quantity via rainfall. Specifically, less sand in the soil allows for the development of shrub communities, which in turn provide a consistent source of forage in a variable, pulsed-rainfall environment. Although forbs are of higher quality, they are highly ephemeral. The availability of a consistent source of forage may enable white-tailed deer to extend time invested in body growth, which results in greater phenotype size. Our findings align with the resource rule hypothesis that identifies resource availability as a fundamental element explaining geographical variation in phenotypic expression.

资源规则假说认为,生物种群之间体型的地理差异是由食物资源的数量、可用性和质量造成的。例如,大型食草动物的体型通常与土壤特性相关,因为更好的土壤能生产更好的饲料。在半干旱环境中,降雨量的变化是影响草料供应的重要因素,尤其是高营养的一年生草本植物。因此,在这种资源脉冲环境中,大型食草动物的体型是受与土壤特性相关的固定资源影响,还是受与降雨相关的不规则资源脉冲影响,抑或两者兼而有之,尚不清楚。此外,表型表达是草料质量还是数量的函数也不清楚。2011-2018 年初秋期间,我们在美国得克萨斯州南部半干旱气候的七个牧场捕获了 4554 头白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)。这些地点从沿海到内陆 140 公里不等,代表了土壤质地和年降雨量的梯度。我们记录了特定年龄和性别的骨骼大小、鹿角大小和体重指数。特定地点的土壤特性解释了骨骼大小的大部分变化;沙的百分比与骨骼大小成反比。对于环境敏感的表型(鹿茸大小和体重),土壤特性和降雨量都是影响因素;降雨量的增加降低了沙的负面影响。沙的百分比和降雨量与喜食草本植物的年生物量呈正相关,但所有表型特征都随着禁草数量的增加而下降。灌木覆盖率的增加提高了所有表型的大小。我们的数据表明,半干旱环境中大型食草动物的表型表现是由食物质量通过土壤特性驱动的,而不是由食物数量通过降雨量驱动的。具体来说,土壤中较少的沙粒有利于灌木群落的发展,而灌木群落又能在多变的脉冲降雨环境中提供稳定的饲料来源。虽然草本植物的质量较高,但它们非常短暂。有了稳定的饲料来源,白尾鹿就能延长身体生长的时间,从而获得更大的体型。我们的研究结果与资源规则假说一致,该假说认为资源可用性是解释表型表达的地理差异的基本要素。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape, demographic, and dispersal parameters influence the spread and establishment of an aquatic biological invasion 景观、人口和扩散参数影响水生生物入侵的传播和建立
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4967
Kelly J. MacDonald, Shawn J. Leroux, Craig F. Purchase

Human-mediated species introductions are contributing to the biotic homogenization of global flora and fauna. Despite extensive research, we lack simple methods of predicting how and where an introduced species will spread and establish, particularly in species with complex life histories in aquatic ecosystems. We predict that spread can be modeled simply using the characteristics of the invading population, specifically species growth rate and dispersal capacity. In addition, we predict that the establishment of introduced species should be explained by the characteristics of the receiving ecosystem. Using the brown trout (Salmo trutta) invasion on the Island of Newfoundland as a case study, we fit and test a reaction–diffusion model with brown trout population data collected from the literature. Next, we use statistical models to assess the influence of a suite of abiotic (conductivity, pH, turbidity, calcium), biotic (Atlantic salmon occurrence), and landscape (watershed relief, watershed area, distance to original introduction) variables on brown trout establishment (i.e., presence–absence) patterns. We find that observed coastal spread in Newfoundland is slow (~4.4 km/year), and that it lies on the lower end of the range of predictions made by the reaction–diffusion model parameterized based on the estimates of growth rate and movement from the literature (predicted spread range 1.4 to 92 km/year). Also, we did not find evidence for a relationship between abiotic or biotic variables and brown trout establishment. However, we did observe that landscape variables of the distance to trout introduction point and estuary area may explain establishment patterns along the south coast of Newfoundland. Our results suggest the importance of using population-specific parameterization and the need to integrate regional landscape factors that are generally applicable across biological invasions (e.g., distance to introduction), and those that are more specific to the ecology of the invader (e.g., estuary area). Our study contextualizes the mechanisms that contribute to a slow invasion by an aquatic species with a complex life history and reveals that future studies need to integrate a variety of methods to elucidate the processes governing invasions.

以人类为媒介的物种引进正在造成全球动植物群的生物同质化。尽管进行了大量研究,但我们仍然缺乏简单的方法来预测引入物种将如何以及在哪里传播和定居,尤其是在水生生态系统中具有复杂生活史的物种。我们预测,只需利用入侵种群的特征,特别是物种的生长速度和扩散能力,就能建立传播模型。此外,我们还预测,引入物种的建立应该可以用接受生态系统的特征来解释。以纽芬兰岛的褐鳟(Salmo trutta)入侵为例,我们利用从文献中收集的褐鳟种群数据拟合并测试了反应扩散模型。接下来,我们使用统计模型来评估一系列非生物变量(电导率、pH 值、浊度、钙)、生物变量(大西洋鲑的出现)和景观变量(流域地形、流域面积、与最初引入地的距离)对褐鳟建立模式(即存在-不存在)的影响。我们发现,在纽芬兰观测到的沿岸扩散速度很慢(约 4.4 公里/年),而且位于根据文献中的生长率和移动估计值(预测扩散范围为 1.4 至 92 公里/年)建立的反应扩散模型参数化预测范围的下限。此外,我们也没有发现非生物变量或生物变量与褐鳟鱼形成之间存在关系的证据。不过,我们确实观察到,与鳟鱼引入点的距离和河口面积等景观变量可以解释纽芬兰南部海岸的建立模式。我们的研究结果表明了使用特定种群参数的重要性,以及将普遍适用于所有生物入侵的区域景观因素(如到引入点的距离)与入侵者的生态学特性(如河口区域)相结合的必要性。我们的研究阐明了导致具有复杂生活史的水生物种缓慢入侵的机制,并揭示了未来的研究需要整合多种方法来阐明入侵的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Unexpected stability in faunal population abundances following an estuary-wide collapse of oysters 全河口牡蛎崩溃后动物种群丰度的意外稳定性
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4857
Gabrielle D. Love, Zachary A. Siders, David A. Gandy, William E. Pine III, Shirley Baker, Edward V. Camp

Live oyster reefs are considered a critical recruitment habitat for estuarine faunal populations as localized in situ or mesocosm studies have demonstrated many faunal species prefer live oyster habitat. It has therefore been assumed that the loss of live oyster habitat would precipitate faunal population declines, but this has been largely untested at large (estuary) scales. Here, we assessed how estuary-wide faunal populations were affected by a 95% loss of live oyster habitat following the 2012 oyster collapse of Apalachicola Bay, FL, which previously supported one of the largest oyster fisheries in the United States. We standardized long-term fisheries-independent monitoring seine and trawl data to create relative indices of resident, associated, and transient faunal species' overall abundance and recruit abundance (restrictive to sizes between 15% and 35% of L$$ {L}_{infty } $$). We expected that both relative abundance indices would decrease following the oyster collapse, particularly among species that reside on or recruit to oyster reefs. However, analyses via a series of one-sided Bayesian t tests did not indicate that faunal recruitment or overall abundance significantly declined in 2012 post-collapse. As the response of the faunal population could be lagged relative to the 2012 collapse, we also conducted change point analyses to search for lagged declines. Of the 24 relative abundance time series, only two had significant change points post-collapse, and only black sea bass overall relative abundance declined with an associated change point at the end of the time series. The surprising paucity of faunal decline following oyster loss may be due to the use of alternative habitat types, exceptionally lagged faunal responses, or, perhaps most compelling, a disconnect between preferred and required habitats. Our failure to detect faunal consequences following an oyster population collapse suggests that assumptions of habitat loss (or restoration) effects on estuarine fauna at ecosystem scales are not straightforward and the extrapolation of sub-estuary-scale studies may result in poor predictions of future outcomes.

活牡蛎礁被认为是河口动物种群的重要繁殖栖息地,因为局部原位或中观生态研究表明,许多动物物种都喜欢活牡蛎栖息地。因此,人们一直认为失去活牡蛎栖息地会导致动物种群数量下降,但这在很大程度上尚未在大(河口)尺度上得到验证。在此,我们评估了佛罗里达州阿帕拉奇科拉湾在 2012 年牡蛎溃堤后,95% 的活牡蛎栖息地丧失对整个河口动物种群的影响。我们对独立于渔业的长期监测围网和拖网数据进行了标准化处理,以创建常住、相关和瞬时动物物种总体丰度和新生物丰度的相对指数(限制在 15%-35%)。我们预计,在牡蛎礁崩溃后,这两个相对丰度指数都会下降,尤其是在牡蛎礁上栖息或在牡蛎礁上繁殖的物种。然而,通过一系列单侧贝叶斯 t 检验进行的分析表明,2012 年牡蛎礁坍塌后,动物的招募量或总体丰度并没有显著下降。由于动物种群的反应可能滞后于 2012 年的崩溃,我们还进行了变化点分析,以寻找滞后的下降。在 24 个相对丰度时间序列中,只有两个在塌陷后有显著的变化点,只有黑海鲈的总体相对丰度下降,并在时间序列的末尾有相关的变化点。牡蛎消失后动物数量下降的情况少得令人吃惊,这可能是由于使用了其他类型的栖息地、动物反应异常滞后,或者最令人信服的原因是首选栖息地与所需栖息地之间的脱节。我们未能检测到牡蛎种群崩溃对动物造成的影响,这表明在生态系统尺度上假设栖息地丧失(或恢复)对河口动物的影响并不简单,对次河口尺度的研究进行外推可能会导致对未来结果的错误预测。
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引用次数: 0
Plant silicon content as a proxy for understanding plant community properties and ecosystem structure 植物硅含量是了解植物群落特性和生态系统结构的替代物
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4907
Renan Fernandes Moura, Marcelo Sternberg, Chanania Vorst, Ofir Katz

Silicon (Si) content in plant tissues is considered a functional trait that can provide multiple morpho-physiological benefits to plant individuals. However, it is still unclear whether and how these individual benefits extend to plant community processes and ecosystem functioning. Here we investigated how plant Si content is associated with plant community properties and the ecosystem structure of herbaceous communities in Israel. We sampled 15 sites across the Mediterranean and desert ecosystems and built models to evaluate how plant silicon content (community-weighted mean and standard variation) is associated with variables such as species richness, biomass production, plant cover, and functional diversity. Finally, we used model selection techniques to test whether models depicting plant Si content perform better than models using data on soil Si instead. Sites with lower susceptibility to drought had significantly more Si-accumulating grass species and higher soils Si content. Models with plant Si content instead of soil Si, always performed better, although those considering Si content variation had overall stronger associations with community properties than only mean Si content. For instance, up to 51% of plant Si content variation was explained by climate, biomass production, and species richness, combined. Still, mean plant Si content and plant cover combined explained up to 42% of plant functional diversity. Our results suggest the that plant Si content serves as a proxy for understanding the ecological properties and functioning of arid and Mediterranean ecosystems. Nevertheless, the significance of Si has not been fully explored in other ecosystem types, where its influence may be less pronounced compared with the ecosystems examined in this study. In light of various global change scenarios, enhancing our understanding of Si as a plant functional trait could help bridge existing knowledge gaps and improve ecological modeling, thus enabling more accurate forecasts of changes in plant distributions.

植物组织中的硅(Si)含量被认为是一种功能性特征,可为植物个体带来多种形态-生理益处。然而,这些个体益处是否以及如何扩展到植物群落过程和生态系统功能,目前仍不清楚。在此,我们研究了植物硅含量与植物群落特性和以色列草本群落生态系统结构的关系。我们对地中海和沙漠生态系统的 15 个地点进行了采样,并建立了模型来评估植物硅含量(群落加权平均值和标准变异)与物种丰富度、生物量产量、植物覆盖率和功能多样性等变量之间的关联。最后,我们使用模型选择技术来检验描述植物硅含量的模型是否比使用土壤硅数据的模型表现更好。干旱易感性较低的地点具有明显更多的硅积累草种和更高的土壤硅含量。使用植物含硅量而非土壤含硅量建立的模型总是表现更好,尽管考虑含硅量变化的模型与群落属性的关联性总体上比仅考虑平均含硅量的模型更强。例如,高达 51% 的植物含硅量变化是由气候、生物量产量和物种丰富度共同解释的。不过,植物平均含硅量和植物覆盖度加起来最多只能解释 42% 的植物功能多样性。我们的研究结果表明,植物含硅量可作为了解干旱和地中海生态系统生态特性和功能的替代物。然而,在其他生态系统类型中,硅的重要性还没有得到充分探讨,与本研究中的生态系统相比,硅在这些生态系统中的影响可能没有那么明显。鉴于各种全球变化情景,加强我们对作为植物功能特性的硅的了解有助于弥补现有的知识差距和改进生态建模,从而更准确地预测植物分布的变化。
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引用次数: 0
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Ecosphere
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