A. Hirigoyen, Cristina Acosta, Antonio Ariza, Maria Angeles Vero-Martinez, C. Rachid, J. Franco, Rafael Navara-Cerrillo
As a forest structural parameter, leaf area index (LAI) is crucial for efficient intensive plantation management. Leaf area is responsible for the energy absorption needed for photosynthetic production and transpiration, both affecting growth. Currently, LAI can be estimated either by remote-sensing methods or ground-based methods. However, unlike ground-based methods, remote estimation provides a cost-effective and ecologically significant advance The aim of our study was to evaluate whether machine learning algorithms can be used to quantify LAI, using either optical remote sensing or LiDAR metrics.in Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis stands First, empirical relationships between LAI and remote-sensing data using LiDAR metrics and multispectral high-resolution satellite metrics, were assessed. Selected variables for LAI estimation were: LiDAR forest canopy cover, laser penetration index, and canopy relief ratio - from among the LiDAR data and the green normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index - from among the ground-based data we compared the accuracy of three machine learning algorithms: artificial neural networks (ANN), random forest (RF) and support vector regression (SVR). The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.60, for ANN, to 0.84, for SVR. The SVR regression methods showed the best performance in terms of overall model accuracy and RMSE (0.60). The results show that the remote sensing data applied through machine learning algorithms provide an effective method to estimate LAI in eucalyptus plantations. The methodology proposed is directly applicable for operational forest planning at the landscape level.
{"title":"A machine learning approach to model leaf area index in Eucalyptus plantations using high-resolution satellite imagery and airborne laser scanner data","authors":"A. Hirigoyen, Cristina Acosta, Antonio Ariza, Maria Angeles Vero-Martinez, C. Rachid, J. Franco, Rafael Navara-Cerrillo","doi":"10.15287/afr.2021.2073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2073","url":null,"abstract":"As a forest structural parameter, leaf area index (LAI) is crucial for efficient intensive plantation management. Leaf area is responsible for the energy absorption needed for photosynthetic production and transpiration, both affecting growth. Currently, LAI can be estimated either by remote-sensing methods or ground-based methods. However, unlike ground-based methods, remote estimation provides a cost-effective and ecologically significant advance The aim of our study was to evaluate whether machine learning algorithms can be used to quantify LAI, using either optical remote sensing or LiDAR metrics.in Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus grandis stands First, empirical relationships between LAI and remote-sensing data using LiDAR metrics and multispectral high-resolution satellite metrics, were assessed. Selected variables for LAI estimation were: LiDAR forest canopy cover, laser penetration index, and canopy relief ratio - from among the LiDAR data and the green normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index - from among the ground-based data we compared the accuracy of three machine learning algorithms: artificial neural networks (ANN), random forest (RF) and support vector regression (SVR). The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.60, for ANN, to 0.84, for SVR. The SVR regression methods showed the best performance in terms of overall model accuracy and RMSE (0.60). The results show that the remote sensing data applied through machine learning algorithms provide an effective method to estimate LAI in eucalyptus plantations. The methodology proposed is directly applicable for operational forest planning at the landscape level.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46936167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neşe Gülci, Kıvanç Yüksel, S. Gülci, H. Serin, E. Bi̇li̇ci̇, A. Akay
In fully mechanized forest harvesting systems, tree felling activities are mostly performed by using harvesters or feller-bunchers. In some regions of Turkey, where terrain conditions and stand characteristics are suitable, fully mechanized harvesting systems have been recently practiced by some of the logging contractors as private forest industry demands for large amounts of forest products throughout the year. Thus, performances of these newly practiced harvesting systems should be carefully analyzed in order to implement productive and cost-effective mechanized harvesting systems. In this study, productivity of whole-tree harvesting using a feller-buncher was investigated based on stand parameters including tree height, DBH, and volume. The DBH of the felled trees were divided into four classes (i.e. very small: 16-19 cm, small: 20-23 cm, medium: 24-27 cm and large: 28-31 cm) to investigate the effects of various DBH class on the time consumption of cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. To estimate productivity of feller-buncher in harvesting operation, multiple linear and polynomial regressions were also developed and discussed after the interpretation of diagnostic plots. The results indicated that the average productivity of the feller-buncher was 74.96 m3 /h which was closely related with tree height (r = 0.63), DBH (r = 0.67), and volume (r = 0.67). The average moving time was the most time-consuming stage (60%), followed by cutting (29%) and bunching stages (11%). It was found that DBH classes caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on the time spent on cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. The cutting time and productivity increased from very small to large diameter classes, while bunching time increased from very small to small diameter and then medium diameter to large diameter classes. Polynomial regression had a positive impact on the performance of the estimation model of manually field-measured data based on the error parameters.
{"title":"Analysis of a feller-buncher productivity: a case study of whole-tree harvesting from Marmara region, Turkey","authors":"Neşe Gülci, Kıvanç Yüksel, S. Gülci, H. Serin, E. Bi̇li̇ci̇, A. Akay","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2033","url":null,"abstract":"In fully mechanized forest harvesting systems, tree felling activities are mostly performed by using harvesters or feller-bunchers. In some regions of Turkey, where terrain conditions and stand characteristics are suitable, fully mechanized harvesting systems have been recently practiced by some of the logging contractors as private forest industry demands for large amounts of forest products throughout the year. Thus, performances of these newly practiced harvesting systems should be carefully analyzed in order to implement productive and cost-effective mechanized harvesting systems. In this study, productivity of whole-tree harvesting using a feller-buncher was investigated based on stand parameters including tree height, DBH, and volume. The DBH of the felled trees were divided into four classes (i.e. very small: 16-19 cm, small: 20-23 cm, medium: 24-27 cm and large: 28-31 cm) to investigate the effects of various DBH class on the time consumption of cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. To estimate productivity of feller-buncher in harvesting operation, multiple linear and polynomial regressions were also developed and discussed after the interpretation of diagnostic plots. The results indicated that the average productivity of the feller-buncher was 74.96 m3 /h which was closely related with tree height (r = 0.63), DBH (r = 0.67), and volume (r = 0.67). The average moving time was the most time-consuming stage (60%), followed by cutting (29%) and bunching stages (11%). It was found that DBH classes caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on the time spent on cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. The cutting time and productivity increased from very small to large diameter classes, while bunching time increased from very small to small diameter and then medium diameter to large diameter classes. Polynomial regression had a positive impact on the performance of the estimation model of manually field-measured data based on the error parameters.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42831156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Gafta, A. Schnitzler, D. Closset‐Kopp, V. Cristea
Neighbourhood models are useful tools for understanding the role of positive and negative interactions in maintaining the tree species diversity in mixed forests. Under such a presumption, we aimed at testing several hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of autogenic species coexistence in an old-growth, beech-fir-spruce stand, which is part of the Slătioara forest reserve (Eastern Carpathians). Univariate/bivariate spatial point pattern analyses, the individual tree species-area relationship, the species mingling analysis and generalised linear mixed models of neighbour interference were applied on data concerning the position and allometry of all saplings and trees occurring within a 0.24 ha plot. The monospecific distribution of either beech or spruce saplings did not support the spatial segregation hypothesis. There was no evidence of conspecific negative distance dependence, as no spatial segregation was detected between the saplings and trees of any species. Within 4 m-neighbourhood, the beech saplings appeared as diversity accumulators, which might be indicative of indirect facilitation (e.g., herd protection hypothesis). At tree stage, none of the three species showed either accumulator or repeller patterns in their neighbourhood with respect to sapling species richness. Signals of positive and negative interspecific association were found in tree-sized beech (at scales of 10 to 20 m) and spruce (at scales of 4 to 17 m), respectively. The former, highly interspersed pattern is in accordance with the hypothesis of positive complementary effects, whereas the latter, poorly intermingled pattern is probably linked to the unexpected, positive neighbouring effect of spruce trees on the stem growth of their conspecific saplings. Such self-favouring process might be due to a facilitative below-ground mechanism. Conversely, the beech saplings were suppressed through interference from the neighbouring conspecific trees. The beech appears to be the key promoter of tree species coexistence in the study forest stand, in contrast to the low interspersion of spruce in the overstorey leading to lower local tree diversity.
{"title":"Neighbourhood-based evidence of tree diversity promotion by beech in an old-growth deciduousconiferous mixed forest (Eastern Carpathians)","authors":"D. Gafta, A. Schnitzler, D. Closset‐Kopp, V. Cristea","doi":"10.15287/afr.2021.2143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2143","url":null,"abstract":"Neighbourhood models are useful tools for understanding the role of positive and negative interactions in maintaining the tree species diversity in mixed forests. Under such a presumption, we aimed at testing several hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of autogenic species coexistence in an old-growth, beech-fir-spruce stand, which is part of the Slătioara forest reserve (Eastern Carpathians). Univariate/bivariate spatial point pattern analyses, the individual tree species-area relationship, the species mingling analysis and generalised linear mixed models of neighbour interference were applied on data concerning the position and allometry of all saplings and trees occurring within a 0.24 ha plot. The monospecific distribution of either beech or spruce saplings did not support the spatial segregation hypothesis. There was no evidence of conspecific negative distance dependence, as no spatial segregation was detected between the saplings and trees of any species. Within 4 m-neighbourhood, the beech saplings appeared as diversity accumulators, which might be indicative of indirect facilitation (e.g., herd protection hypothesis). At tree stage, none of the three species showed either accumulator or repeller patterns in their neighbourhood with respect to sapling species richness. Signals of positive and negative interspecific association were found in tree-sized beech (at scales of 10 to 20 m) and spruce (at scales of 4 to 17 m), respectively. The former, highly interspersed pattern is in accordance with the hypothesis of positive complementary effects, whereas the latter, poorly intermingled pattern is probably linked to the unexpected, positive neighbouring effect of spruce trees on the stem growth of their conspecific saplings. Such self-favouring process might be due to a facilitative below-ground mechanism. Conversely, the beech saplings were suppressed through interference from the neighbouring conspecific trees. The beech appears to be the key promoter of tree species coexistence in the study forest stand, in contrast to the low interspersion of spruce in the overstorey leading to lower local tree diversity.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43916835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thinning is a common silviculture technology in forestry, but there is considerable uncertainty about the changes of soil nutrients due to thinning practice in different aged forests. The influence of light thinning (reduction of 20% of stand density) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and other mineral elements (N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and S), as well as soil pH and soil bulk density were investigated in 6-, 13-, and 23-year-old growth stands of Chinese fir forests in subtropical China. Six 10m ×10m plots (three thinning and three non-thinning plots) were set up in each aged forests. Soil samples were taken from different soil layers from these plots for nutrient analysis. Results showed that SOC increased 59.4, 48.9, and 62.0% in topsoil layer (0-30 cm) in 6, 13, and 23 year-old growth stands, respectively when compared to the control, and the content of N increased by 20.5, 44.6, and 54.1% corresponding after two year post-thinning. In the thinned forests, soil P slightly increased at 6- and 23 year-old growth forests dude to microclimates were improved, and K decreased because of leaching. The response of micronutrients Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn to thinning varied in all examined Chinese fir forests. Thinning decreased soil bulk density and soil pH in 6 and 23 year-old growth stands. Our study provided scientific references for sustainable management of soil nutrients under forest operations in Chinese fir forest ecosystem in subtropical China.
{"title":"Effects of thinning on soil nutrients in a chronosequence of Chinese fir in subtropical Chinaforests","authors":"Jiping Li, Xiaoyu Cao, Yi-ran Wang, Wende Yan, Yuanying Peng, Xiao‐Yong Chen","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2206","url":null,"abstract":"Thinning is a common silviculture technology in forestry, but there is considerable uncertainty about the changes of soil nutrients due to thinning practice in different aged forests. The influence of light thinning (reduction of 20% of stand density) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and other mineral elements (N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and S), as well as soil pH and soil bulk density were investigated in 6-, 13-, and 23-year-old growth stands of Chinese fir forests in subtropical China. Six 10m ×10m plots (three thinning and three non-thinning plots) were set up in each aged forests. Soil samples were taken from different soil layers from these plots for nutrient analysis. Results showed that SOC increased 59.4, 48.9, and 62.0% in topsoil layer (0-30 cm) in 6, 13, and 23 year-old growth stands, respectively when compared to the control, and the content of N increased by 20.5, 44.6, and 54.1% corresponding after two year post-thinning. In the thinned forests, soil P slightly increased at 6- and 23 year-old growth forests dude to microclimates were improved, and K decreased because of leaching. The response of micronutrients Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn to thinning varied in all examined Chinese fir forests. Thinning decreased soil bulk density and soil pH in 6 and 23 year-old growth stands. Our study provided scientific references for sustainable management of soil nutrients under forest operations in Chinese fir forest ecosystem in subtropical China.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"2 4","pages":"147-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41303760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The celebration of the outstanding personalities of academia is always an occasion to exchange ideas, establish the state of art of a scientific area, and highlight the hallmarks and new paradigms. This was the case of the Anniversary Conference "Structural Components of Forest Ecosystems: ecology, conservation and management" held in honour of Prof. Nicolae Doniță, under the generous auspices of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" in Timișoara. The celebrated scientist, Professor Nicolae Doniță (also member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences “Gheorghe-Ionescu Șișești” and, Doctor Honoris Causa of the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences University of Banat "King Mihai I of Romania" and of the University Ștefan cel Mare of Suceava) marked in that occasion his 90th anniversary, surrounded by his fellow scientists, former students and collaborators. Fifty-three participants in the conference honoured the personality and lifetime achievements of one of the most prominent figures among the Romanian forest ecologists, who reshaped the fundamentals of the Romanian silviculture based on the ecosystemic approach. The most consistent section of the conference was dedicated to the presentation of oral communications and posters circumscribed to the conference's central theme. The systemic, holistic paradigm adopted in forest ecology was brought forward in the opening lecture given by Prof. Doniță: “On the formation of the forest ecosystem”. The rest of presentations focused on more specific topics or case studies, of which some are briefly mentioned hereinafter. The old-growth forests in Romania were presented from the perspective of significance for the conservation efforts and various hindrances, with special reference to the integration in the larger European concern raised by climatic change and anthropogenic pressures. The forest dynamics in terms of species composition was employed as a tool for the evaluation of forest naturalness in Bosco Quarto (Gargano, Italy). The overview of tropical monospecific forest plantations brought a close insight into an old and controversial problem related to the balance between economic benefits and biodiversity loss. The study of the complex interactions between herbs and tree saplings in southern Appalachian forests revealed the mediator effects of soil fertility and stand evergreenness. The current status of forest habitats in Romania was summarized by means of the second national report to the European Commission (article 17 in the Habitats Directive). The importance of dead wood preserved in situ was demonstrated by the high diversity of saproxylic beetles within the natural reserve Voievodeasa Forest (North-Eastern Romania). The analysis of data contained in management plans was shown to provide useful information for mitigating the consequences of climatic change by improving the ecological status of forests and enhancing t
学术界杰出人士的庆祝活动始终是交流思想，建立科学领域的艺术状态，突出标志和新范式的机会。在“罗马尼亚国王迈克尔一世”巴纳特农业科学和兽医大学的慷慨赞助下，在Timișoara举行的纪念尼古拉教授Doniță的周年会议“森林生态系统的结构组成部分:生态、保护和管理”就是一个例子。著名科学家Nicolae教授Doniță(也是罗马尼亚农业和森林科学院“george - ionescu Șișești”院士，巴纳特农业和兽医科学大学“罗马尼亚国王米哈伊一世”和苏切瓦大学Ștefan cel Mare的荣誉博士)在他的科学家同行、以前的学生和合作者的包围下庆祝了他的90周年纪念。会议的53名与会者向罗马尼亚森林生态学家中最杰出的人物之一的个人和终身成就表示敬意，他根据生态系统方法重塑了罗马尼亚林业的基本原则。会议最连贯的部分是专门介绍围绕会议中心主题的口头宣传和海报。森林生态学采用的系统的、整体的范式是在Doniță教授的开幕词“论森林生态系统的形成”中提出的。其余的演讲集中在更具体的主题或案例研究上，其中一些将在下文简要提及。从养护努力的意义和各种障碍的角度介绍了罗马尼亚的原始森林，特别提到了气候变化和人为压力所引起的更大的欧洲问题的一体化。利用物种组成方面的森林动态作为评价意大利加尔加诺Bosco Quarto (Gargano, Italy)森林自然度的工具。热带单种人工林的概况使人们对经济效益与生物多样性丧失之间的平衡这一古老而有争议的问题有了更深入的了解。通过对阿巴拉契亚南部森林草本植物与树苗复杂相互作用的研究，揭示了土壤肥力和林分常绿度的中介作用。提交欧洲委员会的第二份国家报告概述了罗马尼亚森林生境的现状(生境指令第17条)。在罗马尼亚东北部的Voievodeasa森林自然保护区，腐木甲虫的高度多样性证明了就地保存的重要性。对管理计划所载数据的分析显示，通过改善森林的生态状况和加强其环境服务，为减轻气候变化的后果提供了有用的资料。关于喀尔巴阡山脉和其他欧洲地区的原始山毛榉森林的综合资料被列入教科文组织世界遗产名录，这是对欧洲一级森林保护工作的重要贡献。土壤物理和化学性质的作用是区分森林生态系统类型的重要决定因素，在蒂米斯特附属森林中得到了强调。包括在自然保护区Izvoarele Nerei(罗马尼亚西南部)的古老山毛榉森林，以其高大的树木和原始的状态而闻名，被证明包含了来自不同群体的高度生物多样性。比较两种估算方法对山毛榉原生林叶面积指数的影响，为研究环境因子的影响提供了有益的启示。发言者提到了Doniță教授的科学地位，但也提到了他友好的人性，他能将人们聚集在一个共同的主题周围，他对科学和科学家的慷慨态度，他是一个领导者，但不滥用他的权威，同时总是保持一个善良和耐心的向导。他的成就跨越六十年，包括重要的国际项目，开创性的书籍和大量的科学论文。在此背景下，应该提到他协调或合作撰写的几本杰出的书籍:罗马尼亚森林生态系统类型(1990年)，罗马尼亚栖息地(2005-2006年)，森林生态学(1978年)，罗马尼亚植被(1992年)，生态系统基础上的森林栽培(1997年)，罗马尼亚原始森林(2001年)，人口，物种，生物群落-整合愿景(2019年)。尼古拉Doniță活动的里程碑之一是他参与了“欧洲自然植被地图，1:25万比例尺，附有说明文字”项目，该项目延续了整个欧洲专家之间20多年的密切合作。 另一项显著成就是(与几位同事一起)根据生态系统单位和相应的数字地图编制了罗马尼亚森林地理空间数据库。最后，会议提供了难得的机会，围绕森林生态学的标志性人物和一系列有价值的科学贡献，同时庆祝Doniță教授在当代森林科学领域的终身成就。精选的论文，无论是在会议上提出的或后来提交的，包括在当前期刊的第一部分。
{"title":"The anniversary conference \"Structural Components of Forest Ecosystems: ecology, conservation and management\" held in honour of Prof. Nicolae Donita","authors":"E. Fodor, D. Gafta, F. Borlea, I. Biriş","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2239","url":null,"abstract":"The celebration of the outstanding personalities of academia is always an occasion to exchange ideas, establish the state of art of a scientific area, and highlight the hallmarks and new paradigms. This was the case of the Anniversary Conference \"Structural Components of Forest Ecosystems: ecology, conservation and management\" held in honour of Prof. Nicolae Doniță, under the generous auspices of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \"King Michael I of Romania\" in Timișoara. The celebrated scientist, Professor Nicolae Doniță (also member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences “Gheorghe-Ionescu Șișești” and, Doctor Honoris Causa of the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences University of Banat \"King Mihai I of Romania\" and of the University Ștefan cel Mare of Suceava) marked in that occasion his 90th anniversary, surrounded by his fellow scientists, former students and collaborators. Fifty-three participants in the conference honoured the personality and lifetime achievements of one of the most prominent figures among the Romanian forest ecologists, who reshaped the fundamentals of the Romanian silviculture based on the ecosystemic approach. The most consistent section of the conference was dedicated to the presentation of oral communications and posters circumscribed to the conference's central theme. The systemic, holistic paradigm adopted in forest ecology was brought forward in the opening lecture given by Prof. Doniță: “On the formation of the forest ecosystem”. The rest of presentations focused on more specific topics or case studies, of which some are briefly mentioned hereinafter. The old-growth forests in Romania were presented from the perspective of significance for the conservation efforts and various hindrances, with special reference to the integration in the larger European concern raised by climatic change and anthropogenic pressures. The forest dynamics in terms of species composition was employed as a tool for the evaluation of forest naturalness in Bosco Quarto (Gargano, Italy). The overview of tropical monospecific forest plantations brought a close insight into an old and controversial problem related to the balance between economic benefits and biodiversity loss. The study of the complex interactions between herbs and tree saplings in southern Appalachian forests revealed the mediator effects of soil fertility and stand evergreenness. The current status of forest habitats in Romania was summarized by means of the second national report to the European Commission (article 17 in the Habitats Directive). The importance of dead wood preserved in situ was demonstrated by the high diversity of saproxylic beetles within the natural reserve Voievodeasa Forest (North-Eastern Romania). The analysis of data contained in management plans was shown to provide useful information for mitigating the consequences of climatic change by improving the ecological status of forests and enhancing t","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48761166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transpiration is a key component of the watershed water budget. Therefore, determining the transpiration of forest stands with different characteristics have been of interest for watershed hydrology and forest management practices in a wide range of environments. The objectives of this study were to compare transpiration of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) tree stands and to model transpiration based on the measured climatic factors. Stand transpirations were calculated from sap flow measurements made by the trunk heat balance method. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (PCR) to detect affecting meteorological factors of stand transpiration, and we developed linear regression equations to predict transpiration of pine and oak stands. Mean daily and yearly canopy transpiration (Ec) were 1.05 mm day-1 and 378.3 mm year-1 for the pine stand and 3.52 mm day-1 and 801.7 mm year-1 for the oak stand. There was a highly positive correlation between daily stand transpiration and wind speed, global radiation, air vapour pressure deficit and air temperature, but a negative correlation with relative humidity for both stands. Soil water potential had little effect on stand transpiration. The model equations accounted for 81% of the variations in transpiration for the pine stand and 85% for the oak stand. Therefore, the transpiration of forest stands should be considered for effective vegetation management practices, as model equations to estimate the transpiration of pine and oak stands in the region.
蒸腾是流域水收支的一个关键组成部分。因此，确定具有不同特征的林分的蒸腾作用对流域水文学和各种环境下的森林管理实践具有重要意义。本研究的目的是比较安纳托利亚黑松(Pinus nigra Arn)的蒸腾作用。无性系种群。pallasiana(羊肉)。栎)和无根栎(栎)(Liebl.)林分，并根据测量的气候因子模拟蒸腾作用。林分蒸腾是通过树干热平衡法测量树液流量来计算的。通过探索性因子分析(PCR)检测影响林分蒸腾的气象因子，建立了预测松木和栎树林分蒸腾的线性回归方程。松林的日和年平均冠层蒸腾量(Ec)分别为1.05 mm day-1和378.3 mm year-1，栎林的日和年平均蒸腾量分别为3.52 mm day-1和801.7 mm year-1。日林分蒸腾与风速、总辐射、空气蒸汽压差和气温呈高度正相关，与相对湿度呈负相关。土壤水势对林分蒸腾的影响较小。模型方程对松林蒸腾变化的贡献率为81%，对栎林的贡献率为85%。因此，应将林分蒸腾作为有效的植被管理措施，作为估算该地区松木和栎树林分蒸腾的模型方程。
{"title":"Transpiration of Anatolian black pine and sessile oak forest stands in a sub-humid region of Turkey","authors":"M. Ozcelik, Kamil Sengonul","doi":"10.15287/afr.2021.2047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2047","url":null,"abstract":"Transpiration is a key component of the watershed water budget. Therefore, determining the transpiration of forest stands with different characteristics have been of interest for watershed hydrology and forest management practices in a wide range of environments. The objectives of this study were to compare transpiration of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) tree stands and to model transpiration based on the measured climatic factors. Stand transpirations were calculated from sap flow measurements made by the trunk heat balance method. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (PCR) to detect affecting meteorological factors of stand transpiration, and we developed linear regression equations to predict transpiration of pine and oak stands. Mean daily and yearly canopy transpiration (Ec) were 1.05 mm day-1 and 378.3 mm year-1 for the pine stand and 3.52 mm day-1 and 801.7 mm year-1 for the oak stand. There was a highly positive correlation between daily stand transpiration and wind speed, global radiation, air vapour pressure deficit and air temperature, but a negative correlation with relative humidity for both stands. Soil water potential had little effect on stand transpiration. The model equations accounted for 81% of the variations in transpiration for the pine stand and 85% for the oak stand. Therefore, the transpiration of forest stands should be considered for effective vegetation management practices, as model equations to estimate the transpiration of pine and oak stands in the region.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47025859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bark beetles are serious pests for forestry in Slovakia. Their outbreaks may have significant ecological and economic impacts on spruce forests. Effective control of bark beetles is difficult due to their cryptic habits, however, microbial control using entomopathogenic fungi is believed to be a promising alternative to traditional control measures. During 2014–2015, diversity and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi was studied in populations of bark beetles infesting spruce forests affected by windstorms in the Tatra National Park in Slovakia. Three Beauveria species, B. bassiana , B. caledonica and B. pseudobassiana , together with Metapochonia bulbillosa were identified from 271 specimens of three bark beetle species, Ips typographus , Ips amitinus and Pityogenes chalcographus . Beauveria bassiana was the predominant pathogen and infected all three bark beetle species. Phylogenetic analysis identified three phylogenetic groups of B. bassiana in the evaluated host populations. M. bulbillosa was reported for the first time from bark beetle hosts and Slovakia. The prevalence of fungal infection in natural populations of I. typographus was low and varied between 0.07 and 0.72%.
{"title":"Diversity and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) in epidemic populations of bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) in spruce forests of the Tatra National Park in Slovakia","authors":"Silvia Hyblerová, Juraj Medo, M. Barta","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2152","url":null,"abstract":"Bark beetles are serious pests for forestry in Slovakia. Their outbreaks may have significant ecological and economic impacts on spruce forests. Effective control of bark beetles is difficult due to their cryptic habits, however, microbial control using entomopathogenic fungi is believed to be a promising alternative to traditional control measures. During 2014–2015, diversity and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi was studied in populations of bark beetles infesting spruce forests affected by windstorms in the Tatra National Park in Slovakia. Three Beauveria species, B. bassiana , B. caledonica and B. pseudobassiana , together with Metapochonia bulbillosa were identified from 271 specimens of three bark beetle species, Ips typographus , Ips amitinus and Pityogenes chalcographus . Beauveria bassiana was the predominant pathogen and infected all three bark beetle species. Phylogenetic analysis identified three phylogenetic groups of B. bassiana in the evaluated host populations. M. bulbillosa was reported for the first time from bark beetle hosts and Slovakia. The prevalence of fungal infection in natural populations of I. typographus was low and varied between 0.07 and 0.72%.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"64 1","pages":"129-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42863934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives of this study were to compare transpiration of Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) and sessile oak ( Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl) tree stands and modelling stand transpiration based on the measured climatic factors. Stand transpirations were calculated from sap flow measurements made by the trunk heat balance method. Mean daily and yearly canopy transpirations (E c ) were 1.05 mm day -1 and 378.3 mm year -1 for the pine stand and 3.52 mm day -1 and 801.7 mm year -1 for the oak stand, respectively. There was a highly positive correlation between daily stand transpiration and wind speed, global radiation, air vapour pressure deficit and air temperature, but a negative correlation with relative humidity for both stands. Soil water potential had little effect on stand transpiration. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (PCR) to detect effective meteorological factors of stand transpiration and to develop linear regression equations for predicting transpiration of pine and oak stands. The model equations accounted to 81% of the variations in transpiration for pine stand and 85% for oak stand. Transpiration of forest stands should be considered for effective vegetation management practices and the model equations can be used to estimate transpiration of pine and oak stands in the region.
本研究的目的是比较安纳托利亚黑松（Pinus nigra Arn.subsp.pallasiana（Lamb.）Holmboe）和无柄栎（Quercus petraea（Matt.）Liebl）林分的蒸腾作用，并基于测量的气候因素对林分蒸腾进行建模。林分蒸腾量是根据树干热平衡法测得的树液流量计算得出的。松树林的平均日和年冠层蒸腾量（EC）分别为1.05毫米日-1和378.3毫米年-1，橡树林的平均年和日蒸腾量分别为3.52毫米和801.7毫米年-1。林分日蒸腾量与风速、全球辐射、空气蒸气压差和气温呈高度正相关，但与相对湿度呈负相关。土壤水势对林分蒸腾作用影响不大。我们进行了探索性因子分析（PCR），以检测林分蒸腾的有效气象因子，并建立了预测松和栎林分蒸腾的线性回归方程。模型方程解释了松林蒸腾变化的81%和橡树林蒸腾变化的85%。有效的植被管理实践应考虑林分的蒸腾作用，模型方程可用于估计该地区松树和橡树林的蒸腾作用。
{"title":"Transpiration of Anatolian black pine and sessile oak forest stands in a sub-humid region of Turkey","authors":"M. Özçelik, K. Şengönül","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2047","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives of this study were to compare transpiration of Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) and sessile oak ( Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl) tree stands and modelling stand transpiration based on the measured climatic factors. Stand transpirations were calculated from sap flow measurements made by the trunk heat balance method. Mean daily and yearly canopy transpirations (E c ) were 1.05 mm day -1 and 378.3 mm year -1 for the pine stand and 3.52 mm day -1 and 801.7 mm year -1 for the oak stand, respectively. There was a highly positive correlation between daily stand transpiration and wind speed, global radiation, air vapour pressure deficit and air temperature, but a negative correlation with relative humidity for both stands. Soil water potential had little effect on stand transpiration. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (PCR) to detect effective meteorological factors of stand transpiration and to develop linear regression equations for predicting transpiration of pine and oak stands. The model equations accounted to 81% of the variations in transpiration for pine stand and 85% for oak stand. Transpiration of forest stands should be considered for effective vegetation management practices and the model equations can be used to estimate transpiration of pine and oak stands in the region.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"64 1","pages":"111-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49617643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Branch free wood of large dimension of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak ( Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) is highly valued, while small sized and low quality oak timber generate little income. This paper describes how large dimensions of branch free wood can be produced by applying adequate silvicultural measures. The results are based on measurements of oak trees in various regions in Germany and in Denmark. Two management phases are distinguished: In phases 1 pruning is emphasized and at the beginning of phase 2 future crop trees are selected and the diameter growth of these trees is promoted. The resulting guidelines provide a quantitative basis for objective-oriented oak management.
{"title":"Production of valuable oak wood in Europe","authors":"H. Spiecker","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2207","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Branch free wood of large dimension of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak ( Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) is highly valued, while small sized and low quality oak timber generate little income. This paper describes how large dimensions of branch free wood can be produced by applying adequate silvicultural measures. The results are based on measurements of oak trees in various regions in Germany and in Denmark. Two management phases are distinguished: In phases 1 pruning is emphasized and at the beginning of phase 2 future crop trees are selected and the diameter growth of these trees is promoted. The resulting guidelines provide a quantitative basis for objective-oriented oak management.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"64 1","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49037597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Establishing a plantation with varied distances between trees is one way to control stand density. Understanding how stand growth patterns are influenced by initial spacing can help maximize growth and yield. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of different patterns of initial tree spacing on stand development. A spacing trial with 5 initial distances, namely, treatments I: 1×1 m, II: 2×2 m, III: 3×3 m, IV: 4×4 m and V: 5×5 m, was installed in 1950 on Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) plantations in central Taiwan, managed by the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University. Each treatment had 3 repeated plots, and all the plots were surveyed from 1955 to 2014, with 8 records for each time series. We simultaneously employed 6 growth functions to predict stand basal area growth for each plot and assessed their predictability using the root mean square error (RMSE) as a criterion. Consequently, a total of 15 plots covering all the treatments, each with 6 RMSEs resulting from various models, were obtained. The repeated measures analysis of variance approach was adopted to compare predictability among models. The Richards growth function stood out from all the other models. As a result, this model was used to analyze stand development following different initial spacing. We found that the predicted curves could effectively exhibit the growth patterns resulting from different initial spacing. Moreover, the parameters help explain some characteristics of stand development, such as the growth potential and the maximum growth rate achieved ( t max ). As a result, a clear trend emerged, showing that the growth potential increased, whereas the tmax decreased with decreasing initial spacing. These results provided valuable information for managing the stand density of this conifer.
{"title":"Comparison of various growth functions for predicting long-term stand development associated with different initial spacing in 64-year-old Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don) plantations","authors":"Chen-Yu Shih, T. Yen, Ya-nan Wang","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.1989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.1989","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing a plantation with varied distances between trees is one way to control stand density. Understanding how stand growth patterns are influenced by initial spacing can help maximize growth and yield. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of different patterns of initial tree spacing on stand development. A spacing trial with 5 initial distances, namely, treatments I: 1×1 m, II: 2×2 m, III: 3×3 m, IV: 4×4 m and V: 5×5 m, was installed in 1950 on Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) plantations in central Taiwan, managed by the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University. Each treatment had 3 repeated plots, and all the plots were surveyed from 1955 to 2014, with 8 records for each time series. We simultaneously employed 6 growth functions to predict stand basal area growth for each plot and assessed their predictability using the root mean square error (RMSE) as a criterion. Consequently, a total of 15 plots covering all the treatments, each with 6 RMSEs resulting from various models, were obtained. The repeated measures analysis of variance approach was adopted to compare predictability among models. The Richards growth function stood out from all the other models. As a result, this model was used to analyze stand development following different initial spacing. We found that the predicted curves could effectively exhibit the growth patterns resulting from different initial spacing. Moreover, the parameters help explain some characteristics of stand development, such as the growth potential and the maximum growth rate achieved ( t max ). As a result, a clear trend emerged, showing that the growth potential increased, whereas the tmax decreased with decreasing initial spacing. These results provided valuable information for managing the stand density of this conifer.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"64 1","pages":"87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47999923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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