Organic acids could improve the phosphorus (P) availability through enhancing the release of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) in the soil. However, the effects of organic acids on the Pi release are still poorly understood, especially from soils with different organic matter contents. Here, a biochemically produced humic acid and P fertiliser were added to the soil to modify the content of the soil organic matter (SOM) and soil P, respectively. And then the soil samples were incubated at 25 °C for 30 days. The release of Pi fractions (such as H2O-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi, HCl-Pi, and Residual-P) from the soils with different organic matter contents in the presence of citric, oxalic, and malic acids was evaluated using a sequential chemical fractionation method. The results showed that the release of the NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi, and HCl-Pi fractions also showed a decreasing trend with an increasing content of soil organic matter, and more NaOH-Pi than the other Pi fractions was generally released in the presence of organic acids. Considering the types of organic acids, oxalic acid and malic acid most effectively and least effectively released Pi, respectively. The path analysis indicated that the NaOH-Pi release had the highest direct and indirect effects on the total inorganic P (TPi) release. NaOH-Pi was, therefore, the most effective source of Pi in the Mollisols.
{"title":"Organic acids promote phosphorus release from Mollisols with different organic matter contents","authors":"Xiaoyan Yang, Chuandong Zhang, Haiping Gu, Xiang-wei Chen, Erhui Guo","doi":"10.17221/140/2019-SWR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/140/2019-SWR","url":null,"abstract":"Organic acids could improve the phosphorus (P) availability through enhancing the release of inorganic phosphorus (P<sub>i</sub>) in the soil. However, the effects of organic acids on the P<sub>i</sub> release are still poorly understood, especially from soils with different organic matter contents. Here, a biochemically produced humic acid and P fertiliser were added to the soil to modify the content of the soil organic matter (SOM) and soil P, respectively. And then the soil samples were incubated at 25 °C for 30 days. The release of P<sub>i</sub> fractions (such as H<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>i</sub>, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P<sub>i</sub>, NaOH-P<sub>i</sub>, HCl-P<sub>i</sub>, and Residual-P) from the soils with different organic matter contents in the presence of citric, oxalic, and malic acids was evaluated using a sequential chemical fractionation method. The results showed that the release of the NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P<sub>i</sub>, NaOH-P<sub>i</sub>, and HCl-P<sub>i</sub> fractions also showed a decreasing trend with an increasing content of soil organic matter, and more NaOH-P<sub>i</sub> than the other P<sub>i</sub> fractions was generally released in the presence of organic acids. Considering the types of organic acids, oxalic acid and malic acid most effectively and least effectively released P<sub>i</sub>, respectively. The path analysis indicated that the NaOH-P<sub>i</sub> release had the highest direct and indirect effects on the total inorganic P (TP<sub>i</sub>) release. NaOH-P<sub>i</sub> was, therefore, the most effective source of P<sub>i</sub> in the Mollisols.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43226791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gravel mulching is a characteristic agricultural technique that has been used for hundreds of years in the north-western Loess Plateau of China. However, the effects of the gravel-sand mulch on the processes of the runoff, soil erosion, and nutrient losses are neither fully distinguished nor even known in many parts of the world. This study investigated how different gravel particle sizes in the mulch affected the runoff, erosion as well as the extent of the nutrient losses in the surface runoff. The laboratory experiments were conducted using a rainfall simulator with three gravel mulch treatments: (1) fine gravel mulch (FG); (2) medium gravel mulch (MG); (3) coarse gravel mulch (CG) and a control group, bare soil (BS). The results of these rainfall simulation experiments gave estimates on how the grain size influences the runoff and losses of the soil and its nutrients. Applying the gravel mulch significantly delayed the runoff’s starting time when compared with the bare soil. Both the total runoff and soil loss increased with the grain size of the gravel mulch. Compared with the bare soil, the lowest surface runoff and soil loss was observed from the fine gravel treatment. These results clearly show that gravel mulch plays an important role in the runoff and sediment generation processes, and that it significantly reduces the surface runoff and soil loss. The losses of the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) from the bare soil were much higher than those under the gravel mulching. The fluctuations in these nutrient-loss processes were the most intense in the CG treatment, while the TC content, in initial runoff, was significantly higher in the FG than the other treatments. Our findings suggest gravel mulch is a useful water and soil conservation technique in the loess area of north-western China, and these results can inform one on the theoretical principles for properly utilising gravel-mulched fields.
{"title":"Effects of gravel-sand mulch on the runoff, erosion, and nutrient losses in the Loess Plateau of north-western China under simulated rainfall","authors":"Y. Qiu, Xin‐ping Wang, Z. Xie, Yajun Wang","doi":"10.17221/141/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/141/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Gravel mulching is a characteristic agricultural technique that has been used for hundreds of years in the north-western Loess Plateau of China. However, the effects of the gravel-sand mulch on the processes of the runoff, soil erosion, and nutrient losses are neither fully distinguished nor even known in many parts of the world. This study investigated how different gravel particle sizes in the mulch affected the runoff, erosion as well as the extent of the nutrient losses in the surface runoff. The laboratory experiments were conducted using a rainfall simulator with three gravel mulch treatments: (1) fine gravel mulch (FG); (2) medium gravel mulch (MG); (3) coarse gravel mulch (CG) and a control group, bare soil (BS). The results of these rainfall simulation experiments gave estimates on how the grain size influences the runoff and losses of the soil and its nutrients. Applying the gravel mulch significantly delayed the runoff’s starting time when compared with the bare soil. Both the total runoff and soil loss increased with the grain size of the gravel mulch. Compared with the bare soil, the lowest surface runoff and soil loss was observed from the fine gravel treatment. These results clearly show that gravel mulch plays an important role in the runoff and sediment generation processes, and that it significantly reduces the surface runoff and soil loss. The losses of the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) from the bare soil were much higher than those under the gravel mulching. The fluctuations in these nutrient-loss processes were the most intense in the CG treatment, while the TC content, in initial runoff, was significantly higher in the FG than the other treatments. Our findings suggest gravel mulch is a useful water and soil conservation technique in the loess area of north-western China, and these results can inform one on the theoretical principles for properly utilising gravel-mulched fields.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"22-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/141/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47963624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Feki, G. Ravazzani, S. Barontini, A. Ceppi, M. Mancini
In this study, different methods were compared in order to determine the soil hydraulic conductivity at the saturation (Ks) of two heavily anthropized soils in northern Italy: an irrigated field and a landfill cover. In situ, laboratory measurements (falling head and evaporation method) and pedotransfer functions (ROSETTA and HYPRES) were used for the Ks estimation. In accordance with scientific literature, the results have shown that Ks is largely dependent on the type of technique used in taking the measurements. The ROSETTA and HYPRES pedotransfer functions show quite similar performances, while their easiness and convenient use make them potential alternative techniques for the Ks estimation in comparison with the in situ and laboratory measurements. The Ks estimate is sensitive to the selected method and this sensitivity affects the hydrological model simulations. Therefore, none of the tested methods can be considered as a benchmark, but the results found in this study confirm that the applied method for the determination of Ks, may provide a first estimate of Ks to be subsequently optimised after the simulations.
{"title":"A comparative assessment of the estimates of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of two anthropogenic soils and their impact on hydrological model simulations","authors":"M. Feki, G. Ravazzani, S. Barontini, A. Ceppi, M. Mancini","doi":"10.17221/33/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/33/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, different methods were compared in order to determine the soil hydraulic conductivity at the saturation (Ks) of two heavily anthropized soils in northern Italy: an irrigated field and a landfill cover. In situ, laboratory measurements (falling head and evaporation method) and pedotransfer functions (ROSETTA and HYPRES) were used for the Ks estimation. In accordance with scientific literature, the results have shown that Ks is largely dependent on the type of technique used in taking the measurements. The ROSETTA and HYPRES pedotransfer functions show quite similar performances, while their easiness and convenient use make them potential alternative techniques for the Ks estimation in comparison with the in situ and laboratory measurements. The Ks estimate is sensitive to the selected method and this sensitivity affects the hydrological model simulations. Therefore, none of the tested methods can be considered as a benchmark, but the results found in this study confirm that the applied method for the determination of Ks, may provide a first estimate of Ks to be subsequently optimised after the simulations.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/33/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48199088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chile is a well-developed agricultural country, which is faced with the problem of agricultural soil contamination with metals, such as Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, and metalloids (As). These elements can be retained by soils through different mechanisms, i.e., complex-forming with organic matter or occlusion within organic matter. That is why studying soil contamination should also be accompanied by detailed investigations of the soil organic matter composition. Soil organic matter is crucial for plant growth since its decomposition releases nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients available for the plants. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, providing crucial data on carbon functional structures diversity, can also be used to study changes in the soil organic matter (SOM) during decomposition and humification. This study is aimed at investigating the molecular composition of the soil organic matter in the agricultural soils of urbanised areas of central Chile using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The studied soils were characterised by almost neutral pH values and organic carbon contents from 1.7% to 5.2%. The results showed that soils with an increased content of the total organic matter demonstrated an increased portion of aromaticity and a decreased portion of aliphaticity. Most of the investigated humic acids show the highest peaks centred at 125 ppm, which can be tentatively assigned to aromatic alkene structures. The relatively high stabilisation rate of the organic matter in the studied soils can be explained by the mineralisation of its peripheral part, which, in turn, is explained by the decreasing C/N ratio values. The humic substances of the studied agricultural soils of central Chile showed a high average content of aromatic carbon, which is also typical for subboreal soils.
{"title":"13C-NMR spectroscopy of humic substances isolated from the agricultural soils of Puchuncavi (El Melón and Puchuncavi areas), central Chile","authors":"I. Alekseev, E. Abakumov","doi":"10.17221/81/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/81/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Chile is a well-developed agricultural country, which is faced with the problem of agricultural soil contamination with metals, such as Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, and metalloids (As). These elements can be retained by soils through different mechanisms, i.e., complex-forming with organic matter or occlusion within organic matter. That is why studying soil contamination should also be accompanied by detailed investigations of the soil organic matter composition. Soil organic matter is crucial for plant growth since its decomposition releases nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients available for the plants. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, providing crucial data on carbon functional structures diversity, can also be used to study changes in the soil organic matter (SOM) during decomposition and humification. This study is aimed at investigating the molecular composition of the soil organic matter in the agricultural soils of urbanised areas of central Chile using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The studied soils were characterised by almost neutral pH values and organic carbon contents from 1.7% to 5.2%. The results showed that soils with an increased content of the total organic matter demonstrated an increased portion of aromaticity and a decreased portion of aliphaticity. Most of the investigated humic acids show the highest peaks centred at 125 ppm, which can be tentatively assigned to aromatic alkene structures. The relatively high stabilisation rate of the organic matter in the studied soils can be explained by the mineralisation of its peripheral part, which, in turn, is explained by the decreasing C/N ratio values. The humic substances of the studied agricultural soils of central Chile showed a high average content of aromatic carbon, which is also typical for subboreal soils.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/81/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45935844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Vona, C. Centeri, Zsolt Giczi, R. Kalocsai, Z. Biró, G. Jakab, G. Milics, A. Kovács
Magnesium is one of the most important nutrient elements. Soils are tested for magnesium in many countries with several extractants. Each country has its own validated methods, best-suited for its soils. The current study was designed to compare different magnesium content measuring methods with 80 Hungarian samples. The magnesium content was determined by the potassium chloride (1 M KCl 1:10), Mehlich 3 and CoHex (cobalt hexamine trichloride) methods. The maximum, mean and median values resulting from all the Mg determination methods showed the following order of measured magnitude: KCl < CoHex < M3.
{"title":"Comparison of magnesium determination methods on Hungarian soils","authors":"V. Vona, C. Centeri, Zsolt Giczi, R. Kalocsai, Z. Biró, G. Jakab, G. Milics, A. Kovács","doi":"10.17221/92/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/92/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium is one of the most important nutrient elements. Soils are tested for magnesium in many countries with several extractants. Each country has its own validated methods, best-suited for its soils. The current study was designed to compare different magnesium content measuring methods with 80 Hungarian samples. The magnesium content was determined by the potassium chloride (1 M KCl 1:10), Mehlich 3 and CoHex (cobalt hexamine trichloride) methods. The maximum, mean and median values resulting from all the Mg determination methods showed the following order of measured magnitude: KCl < CoHex < M3.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/92/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49637367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Nazir, Muslim Khan, R. Rehman, S. Shujah, Mansoor Khan, M. Ullah, A. Zada, N. Mahmood, I. Ahmad
In this study, activated carbon derived from Monotheca buxifolia waste seeds was used for the adsorptive removal of a number of selected azo dyes such as Eriochrome Black T (EBT), Remazol brilliant blue (RBB), Remazol yellow (RY) and Remazol brilliant orange (RBO) from an aqueous solution by changing the initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time and temperature. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the activated carbon showed the existence of hydroxyls, methyl, methylene, carbonyls, alkane and alkenes groups while the scanning electron microscopic image displayed the gradual formation of cavities and open pores on the surface. The results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent and the shaking time were increased, the removal percentage of the dye increased accordingly. Higher adsorption percentages were observed at a lower dye concentration and temperature in an acidic media at a pH range (1–5). The investigated data were evaluated with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir model were 112.36, 96.34, 97.65 and 90.91 mg/g for EBT, RBB, RY and RBO, respectively. The results indicated that the electrostatic interaction was the main cause of the adsorption of these anionic azo dyes on the surface of the activated carbon.
本研究通过改变初始染料浓度、吸附剂用量、溶液pH、接触时间和温度等条件，利用从丁子黄废籽中提取的活性炭吸附去除水溶液中的Eriochrome Black T (EBT)、Remazol brilliant blue (RBB)、Remazol yellow (RY)和Remazol brilliant orange (RBO)等偶氮染料。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明，活性炭表面存在羟基、甲基、亚甲基、羰基、烷烃和烯烃基团，扫描电镜图像显示，活性炭表面逐渐形成空腔和开孔。结果表明，随着吸附剂用量的增加和震动时间的延长，染料的去除率也相应提高。在pH范围(1-5)的酸性介质中，在较低的染料浓度和温度下，观察到较高的吸附率。用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型对研究数据进行了评价。Langmuir模型对EBT、RBB、RY和RBO的最大吸附量分别为112.36、96.34、97.65和90.91 mg/g。结果表明，静电相互作用是这些阴离子偶氮染料在活性炭表面吸附的主要原因。
{"title":"Adsorption of selected azo dyes from an aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from Monotheca buxifolia waste seeds","authors":"R. Nazir, Muslim Khan, R. Rehman, S. Shujah, Mansoor Khan, M. Ullah, A. Zada, N. Mahmood, I. Ahmad","doi":"10.17221/59/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/59/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, activated carbon derived from Monotheca buxifolia waste seeds was used for the adsorptive removal of a number of selected azo dyes such as Eriochrome Black T (EBT), Remazol brilliant blue (RBB), Remazol yellow (RY) and Remazol brilliant orange (RBO) from an aqueous solution by changing the initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time and temperature. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the activated carbon showed the existence of hydroxyls, methyl, methylene, carbonyls, alkane and alkenes groups while the scanning electron microscopic image displayed the gradual formation of cavities and open pores on the surface. The results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent and the shaking time were increased, the removal percentage of the dye increased accordingly. Higher adsorption percentages were observed at a lower dye concentration and temperature in an acidic media at a pH range (1–5). The investigated data were evaluated with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir model were 112.36, 96.34, 97.65 and 90.91 mg/g for EBT, RBB, RY and RBO, respectively. The results indicated that the electrostatic interaction was the main cause of the adsorption of these anionic azo dyes on the surface of the activated carbon.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/59/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43413377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Yang, Yunli Zhao, Quan Zhen, Xue Chen, Yuyuan Zhang
In this study, a typical site that had been contaminated by the chemical industry in the past was selected for investigation. To reveal the pollution status, 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface soil and sediment samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The levels of the persistent organochlorine residues in the sediment ranged from 44.59–143.29 ng/g, whereas they were 13.94–97.91 ng/g in the soil. A principal component analysis identified that PCBs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the primary sources of the organochlorine residues in the study area. The p,p'-DDT/(p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD) values were all below 1, which indicated that the historical inputs of the technical DDT and dicofol were the major sources of DDTs rather than recent inputs. The composition diversity of the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers showed that the main sources in the soil were the past use of pesticides, whereas the sediment sources might be due to the historical use of technical HCHs and recent lindane inputs. The ecological risk assessment showed that γ-HCH could pose the highest risks for benthic organisms, followed by DDTs and heptachlor epoxide. These compounds are known to bio-accumulate in fatty tissues. Therefore, routine monitoring of the persistent organochlorine residues in the area is needed and the health risks to local residents should be assessed.
{"title":"Concentrations and sources of persistent organochlorine residues in the sediments and soils from an industrially impacted area in Anhui, China","authors":"Jing Yang, Yunli Zhao, Quan Zhen, Xue Chen, Yuyuan Zhang","doi":"10.17221/50/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/50/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a typical site that had been contaminated by the chemical industry in the past was selected for investigation. To reveal the pollution status, 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface soil and sediment samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The levels of the persistent organochlorine residues in the sediment ranged from 44.59–143.29 ng/g, whereas they were 13.94–97.91 ng/g in the soil. A principal component analysis identified that PCBs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the primary sources of the organochlorine residues in the study area. The p,p'-DDT/(p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD) values were all below 1, which indicated that the historical inputs of the technical DDT and dicofol were the major sources of DDTs rather than recent inputs. The composition diversity of the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers showed that the main sources in the soil were the past use of pesticides, whereas the sediment sources might be due to the historical use of technical HCHs and recent lindane inputs. The ecological risk assessment showed that γ-HCH could pose the highest risks for benthic organisms, followed by DDTs and heptachlor epoxide. These compounds are known to bio-accumulate in fatty tissues. Therefore, routine monitoring of the persistent organochlorine residues in the area is needed and the health risks to local residents should be assessed.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"148-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/50/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43587259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Toleikienė, A. Arlauskienė, Andreas Fliesbach, R. Iqbal, L. Šarūnaitė, Z. Kadžiulienė
The decomposition of plant organic materials in the soil during the non-vegetation period in a cool temperate climate is associated with nutrient loss and asynchrony in nutrient supply for subsequent crops. Therefore, it is important to select sustainable management tools to regulate the decomposition rate of organic material during the non-vegetation period. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of soil type (loam vs. clay loam), green manuring (wheat straw vs. wheat straw + red clover), and incorporation depth of organic materials (4–7 vs. 14–17 cm) on mass loss, decomposition rate and stabilization of standardised organic material in the organically managed arable soils. A Tea Bag Index method was used in the field experiments with standardised organic plant materials of green and rooibos tea. In addition, litter-bags of locally grown red clover were investigated. The findings of this study suggested that of the three management factors investigated soil type had a significant and longest effect. The mass loss and decomposition rate of the standardised organic materials were significantly (P < 0.5) higher and stabilization significantly lower in the loam soil than in the clay loam soil. During the non-vegetation period, green tea lost 46.3% of its initial mass, rooibos tea lost 19.7% and red clover lost 66%. The study showed that decomposition of fast-decomposing materials could be slowed down during the non-vegetation period by choosing soils with a higher clay content, shallow organic material incorporation depth and manuring soil with N-rich plant residues.
寒温带非植被期土壤中植物有机质的分解与养分损失和后续作物养分供应的不同步有关。因此，选择可持续的管理工具来调控非植被期有机物的分解速率是非常重要的。本研究的目的是评估土壤类型(壤土vs粘壤土)、绿色施肥(麦草vs麦草+红三叶草)和有机材料掺入深度(4-7 cm vs 14-17 cm)对有机管理耕地土壤中标准化有机物质的质量损失、分解速率和稳定性的影响。采用茶包指数法，对绿茶和路易波士茶的标准化有机植物材料进行了田间试验。此外，还对当地种植的红三叶草进行了垃圾袋调查。研究结果表明，在3个管理因素中，土壤类型的影响显著且持续时间最长。标准化有机质的质量损失率和分解率在壤土中显著(P < 0.5)高于粘壤土，稳定化率显著低于粘壤土。在非植被期，绿茶失去了其初始质量的46.3%，路易波士茶失去了19.7%，红三叶草失去了66%。研究表明，在非植被期，选择粘土含量较高、有机质掺入深度较浅的土壤和施用富氮植物残茬土壤可以减缓快速分解物质的分解。
{"title":"The decomposition of standardised organic materials in loam and clay loam arable soils during a non-vegetation period","authors":"M. Toleikienė, A. Arlauskienė, Andreas Fliesbach, R. Iqbal, L. Šarūnaitė, Z. Kadžiulienė","doi":"10.17221/31/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/31/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"The decomposition of plant organic materials in the soil during the non-vegetation period in a cool temperate climate is associated with nutrient loss and asynchrony in nutrient supply for subsequent crops. Therefore, it is important to select sustainable management tools to regulate the decomposition rate of organic material during the non-vegetation period. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of soil type (loam vs. clay loam), green manuring (wheat straw vs. wheat straw + red clover), and incorporation depth of organic materials (4–7 vs. 14–17 cm) on mass loss, decomposition rate and stabilization of standardised organic material in the organically managed arable soils. A Tea Bag Index method was used in the field experiments with standardised organic plant materials of green and rooibos tea. In addition, litter-bags of locally grown red clover were investigated. The findings of this study suggested that of the three management factors investigated soil type had a significant and longest effect. The mass loss and decomposition rate of the standardised organic materials were significantly (P < 0.5) higher and stabilization significantly lower in the loam soil than in the clay loam soil. During the non-vegetation period, green tea lost 46.3% of its initial mass, rooibos tea lost 19.7% and red clover lost 66%. The study showed that decomposition of fast-decomposing materials could be slowed down during the non-vegetation period by choosing soils with a higher clay content, shallow organic material incorporation depth and manuring soil with N-rich plant residues.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/31/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41323364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Procházková, D. Kincl, D. Kabelka, J. Vopravil, P. Nerušil, L. Menšík, Vojtěch Barták
Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs among the most important agriculture crops all over the world. The conventional way of cultivating maize with wide row spacing does not have a soil conservation effect and significantly contributes to water erosion and surface run-off. In our research, we tested the soil conservation technology (strip-till into grass cover) which took place in 2016 and 2017 in the location of Central Bohemia. The impact of a strip-till system of maize into grass cover on reducing the soil loss due to erosion was verified on the area of 21 m2 using a rainfall simulator. During the research, 70 measurements were realised. The strip-till was compared to fallow land, conventional cultivation and no-till methods. Profound differences were found in the soil loss between the treatments. There was a decrease in the soil loss of about 98% in the strip-till compared to the conventional cultivation. Moreover, the surface run-off was reduced by 79%. The ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) models of the log-transformed soil loss on the surface run-off and treatment were highly significant (P < 10–15). The measurement results clearly demonstrate the positive effect of the strip-till into the grass on the surface run-off and soil loss. This positive soil conservation effect was observed even in springtime, as well as the rest of the season. Using a grass cover for establishing the maize significantly contributes to the soil conservation on the land threatened by erosion and offers farmers a suitable way of farming when growing maize. Strip-tilling is a technology that has great potential in sustainable farming.
{"title":"The impact of the conservation tillage “maize into grass cover” on reducing the soil loss due to erosion","authors":"E. Procházková, D. Kincl, D. Kabelka, J. Vopravil, P. Nerušil, L. Menšík, Vojtěch Barták","doi":"10.17221/25/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/25/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs among the most important agriculture crops all over the world. The conventional way of cultivating maize with wide row spacing does not have a soil conservation effect and significantly contributes to water erosion and surface run-off. In our research, we tested the soil conservation technology (strip-till into grass cover) which took place in 2016 and 2017 in the location of Central Bohemia. The impact of a strip-till system of maize into grass cover on reducing the soil loss due to erosion was verified on the area of 21 m2 using a rainfall simulator. During the research, 70 measurements were realised. The strip-till was compared to fallow land, conventional cultivation and no-till methods. Profound differences were found in the soil loss between the treatments. There was a decrease in the soil loss of about 98% in the strip-till compared to the conventional cultivation. Moreover, the surface run-off was reduced by 79%. The ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) models of the log-transformed soil loss on the surface run-off and treatment were highly significant (P < 10–15). The measurement results clearly demonstrate the positive effect of the strip-till into the grass on the surface run-off and soil loss. This positive soil conservation effect was observed even in springtime, as well as the rest of the season. Using a grass cover for establishing the maize significantly contributes to the soil conservation on the land threatened by erosion and offers farmers a suitable way of farming when growing maize. Strip-tilling is a technology that has great potential in sustainable farming.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/25/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46209272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are generally associated with environment pollution and the degradation of natural resources. Detecting LULC changes is essential to assess the impact on ecosystem services. The current research studies the impact of the LULC change on the soil loss and sediment export in a period of 43 years from 1972 to 2015. Landsat imageries were classified into five classes using a supervised classification method and the maximum likelihood Algorithm. Then, the sediment retention service for avoiding reservoir sedimentation was assessed using the InVEST SDR (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs sediment delivery ratio) model. The results showed that the changes are very important in this study period (1972–2015). Forests were reduced by 18.72% and croplands were increased by approximately 54%. The InVEST SDR model simulation results reveal an increase in the sediment export and soil loss, respectively, from 1.68 to 5.57 t/ha/year and from 15.22 to 43.61 t/ha/year from the year 1972 to 2015. These results highlight the need for targeted policies on integrated land and water resource management. Then, it is important to improve the common understanding of land use and land cover dynamics to the different stakeholders. All these can help in projecting future changes in the LULC and to investigate more appropriate policy interventions for achieving better land and water management.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of landscape patterns and its effect on soil loss in the Rmel river basin, Tunisia","authors":"S. Bouguerra, S. Jebari, J. Tarhouni","doi":"10.17221/84/2019-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/84/2019-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are generally associated with environment pollution and the degradation of natural resources. Detecting LULC changes is essential to assess the impact on ecosystem services. The current research studies the impact of the LULC change on the soil loss and sediment export in a period of 43 years from 1972 to 2015. Landsat imageries were classified into five classes using a supervised classification method and the maximum likelihood Algorithm. Then, the sediment retention service for avoiding reservoir sedimentation was assessed using the InVEST SDR (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs sediment delivery ratio) model. The results showed that the changes are very important in this study period (1972–2015). Forests were reduced by 18.72% and croplands were increased by approximately 54%. The InVEST SDR model simulation results reveal an increase in the sediment export and soil loss, respectively, from 1.68 to 5.57 t/ha/year and from 15.22 to 43.61 t/ha/year from the year 1972 to 2015. These results highlight the need for targeted policies on integrated land and water resource management. Then, it is important to improve the common understanding of land use and land cover dynamics to the different stakeholders. All these can help in projecting future changes in the LULC and to investigate more appropriate policy interventions for achieving better land and water management.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"39-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17221/84/2019-swr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44260114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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