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Unsteady aerodynamics of a pitching NACA 0012 airfoil at low Reynolds number 低雷诺数下俯仰NACA 0012翼型的非定常空气动力学
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319890609
D. Kurtulus
The present paper aims to investigate numerically small amplitude oscillation of NACA 0012 airfoil at Re = 1000. The airfoil is sinusoidally pitching around the quarter chord point with 1° pitch amplitude about a mean angle of attack. The computations are performed for mean angles of attack ranging from 0° to 60° and for pitching frequencies of 1 Hz and 4 Hz. The effect of the mean angle of attack and pitching frequency on the instantaneous forces as well as the vortex structure is investigated in comparison with the non-oscillatory conditions. It was shown that airfoil oscillations at the investigated conditions change the amplitude of oscillation of the aerodynamic loads. The instantaneous drag coefficient is always positive for pitching airfoil at 1 Hz. In the meantime, there are time intervals where instantaneous drag coefficient becomes negative for pitching motion at 4 Hz for mean angles of attack from 3° to 36°.
本文旨在对NACA 0012翼型在Re下的小振幅振荡进行数值研究 = 1000.机翼围绕四分之一弦点正弦俯仰,俯仰幅度为1°,大约为平均迎角。计算的平均攻角范围为0°至60°,俯仰频率为1 Hz和4 赫兹。与非振荡条件相比,研究了平均攻角和俯仰频率对瞬时力以及涡流结构的影响。结果表明,在所研究的条件下,翼型的振荡会改变气动载荷的振荡幅度。俯仰翼型在1时的瞬时阻力系数始终为正 赫兹。同时,在一些时间间隔内,俯仰运动的瞬时阻力系数在4时变为负值 Hz,平均攻角为3°至36°。
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引用次数: 6
Editorial: MAV Special Collection 社论:MAV特别收藏
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319870050
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引用次数: 0
Passive stability enhancement with sails of a hovering flapping twin-wing robot 双翼悬停扑翼机器人的被动稳定性增强研究
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319841817
H. Altartouri, A. Roshanbin, G. Andreolli, L. Fazzi, M. Karásek, M. Lalami, A. Preumont
Hovering flapping wing flight is intrinsically unstable in most cases and requires active flight stabilization mechanisms. This paper explores the passive stability enhancement with the addition of top and bottom sails, and the capability to predict the stability from a very simple model decoupling the roll and pitch axes. The various parameters involved in the dynamical model are evaluated from experiments. One of the findings is that the damping coefficient of a bottom sail (located in the flow induced by the flapping wings) is significantly larger than that of a top sail. Flight experiments have been conducted on a flapping wing robot of the size of a hummingbird with sails of various sizes and the observations regarding the flight stability correlate quite well with the predictions of the dynamical model. Twelve out of 13 flight experiments are in agreement with stability predictions.
悬停扑翼飞行在大多数情况下具有内在的不稳定性,需要主动的飞行稳定机制。本文探讨了增加上下船帆的被动稳定性增强,以及从一个非常简单的模型中解耦俯仰轴和横摇轴来预测稳定性的能力。通过实验对动力学模型中涉及的各种参数进行了计算。其中一个发现是,底部风帆(位于扑翼诱导的气流中)的阻尼系数明显大于顶部风帆。在蜂鸟大小的扑翼机器人上进行了飞行实验,其飞行稳定性的观测结果与动力学模型的预测相吻合。13次飞行试验中有12次与稳定性预测一致。
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引用次数: 7
Rotor performance enhancement through blade surging 通过叶片喘振提高转子性能
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319844275
T. Bensebaa, T. Jardin, S. Prothin, N. Doué
This short paper introduces a new concept of rotor where the blades undergo a periodic surging motion in the rotor disk plane. It is shown that the unsteady actuation induces aerodynamic phenomenon that can enhance both rotor thrust and efficiency, depending on the amplitude and frequency of actuation. In particular, the increase in aerodynamic performance is found to correlate with the development of a large scale leading edge vortex. Accordingly, the optimal frequency is found to correlate with the formation time of this vortex.
本文介绍了叶片在转子盘平面上周期性脉动运动的转子概念。结果表明,非定常驱动引起的气动现象对旋翼推力和效率都有提高作用,其影响程度与驱动频率有关。特别是,气动性能的提高与大尺度前缘涡的发展有关。结果表明,最优频率与涡的形成时间有关。
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引用次数: 0
Force and flowfield measurements to understand unsteady aerodynamics of cycloidal rotors in hover at ultra-low Reynolds numbers 超低雷诺数悬停摆线转子非定常空气动力学的力和流场测量
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319833677
C. M. Reed, David A. Coleman, Moble Benedict
This paper provides a fundamental understanding of the unsteady fluid-dynamic phenomena on a cycloidal rotor blade operating at ultra-low Reynolds numbers (Re ∼ 18,000) by utilizing a combination of instantaneous blade force and flowfield measurements. The dynamic blade force coefficients were almost double the static ones, indicating the role of dynamic stall. For the dynamic case, the blade lift monotonically increased up to ±45° pitch amplitude; however, for the static case, the flow separated from the leading edge after around 15° with a large laminar separation bubble. There was significant asymmetry in the lift and drag coefficients between the upper and lower halves of the trajectory due to the flow curvature effects (virtual camber). The particle image velocimetry measured flowfield showed the dynamic stall process during the upper half to be significantly different from the lower half because of the reversal of dynamic virtual camber. Even at such low Reynolds numbers, the pressure forces, as opposed to viscous forces, were found to be dominant on the cyclorotor blade. The power required for rotation (rather than pitching power) dominated the total blade power.
本文从根本上理解了超低雷诺数(Re)下摆线转子叶片的非定常流体动力学现象 ∼ 18000)通过利用瞬时叶片力和流场测量的组合。动态叶片力系数几乎是静态叶片力系数的两倍,表明了动态失速的作用。对于动态情况,叶片升力单调增加至±45°桨距振幅;然而,对于静态情况,流动在大约15°后与前缘分离,并带有一个大的层流分离气泡。由于流动曲率效应(虚拟弯度),轨迹上半部和下半部之间的升力和阻力系数存在显著的不对称性。粒子图像测速仪测量的流场显示,由于动态虚拟弯度的反转,上半部分的动态失速过程与下半部分的动力学失速过程有很大不同。即使在如此低的雷诺数下,与粘性力相反的压力也被发现在旋流器叶片上占主导地位。旋转所需的功率(而不是俯仰功率)主导了叶片的总功率。
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引用次数: 2
Experimental and computational investigation on interaction between nano rotor and aerodynamic rudder 纳米旋翼与气动舵相互作用的实验与计算研究
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319866024
Dong-Keun Yang, Zhen Liu, Chen Bu, Shanyong Zhao
The interference effect between the nano rotor and aerodynamic rudder was studied experimentally and computationally. Propulsive performance of nano rotor and aerodynamic performance of aerodynamic rudder were achieved experimentally. The disturbed flow field of nano rotor was also analyzed computationally to disclose the flow mechanics of the interaction. Results showed that the nano rotor has a great effect on the aerodynamic performance of aerodynamic rudder. The moment of aerodynamic rudder fluctuated with the rotor-to-rudder spacing and achieved the smallest value at the spacing of 0.5R. And the moment of aerodynamic rudder varied with deflection angle linearly. Aerodynamic rudder influenced the propulsion performance of the nano rotor slightly. The thrust coefficient and torque coefficient increased a little with spacing but changed slightly with the deflection angle. Numerical simulation showed that aerodynamic rudder blocked the flow field of the nano rotor and the counterclockwise rotation of the rotor drives the flow in the downstream rotating in a counterclockwise direction resulting in the different angle of attack between left and right rudder surface.
对纳米转子与气动舵之间的干涉效应进行了实验和计算研究。实验测试了纳米转子的推进性能和气动舵的气动性能。对纳米转子的扰动流场进行了计算分析,揭示了相互作用的流动力学。结果表明,纳米转子对气动舵的气动性能有很大的影响。气动舵力矩随旋翼距的变化而波动,在距为0.5R时达到最小值。气动舵力矩随转角的变化呈线性变化。气动舵对纳米转子的推进性能影响较小。推力系数和转矩系数随间距增大而增大,随偏转角变化不大。数值模拟表明,气动舵阻塞了纳米转子的流场,转子的逆时针旋转带动下游的气流逆时针旋转,导致左右舵面迎角不同。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical investigation of the low-frequency flow oscillation over a NACA-0012 aerofoil at the inception of stall NACA-0012型机翼失速初期低频流动振荡的数值研究
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319833687
Yasir A. Elawad, E. Eljack
High-fidelity large eddy simulation is carried out for the flow field around a NACA-0012 aerofoil at Reynolds number of 9 × 10 4 , Mach number of 0.4, and various angles of attack around the onset of stall. The laminar separation bubble is formed on the suction surface of the aerofoil and is constituted by the reattached shear layer. At these conditions, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and switches between a short bubble and an open bubble. The instability of the laminar separation bubble triggers a low-frequency flow oscillation. The aerodynamic coefficients oscillate accordingly at a low frequency. The lift and the drag coefficients compare very well to recent high-accuracy experimental data, and the lift leads the drag by a phase shift of π / 2 . The mean lift coefficient peaks at the angle of attack of 10.25 ° , in total agreement with the experimental data. The spectra of the lift coefficient does not show a significant low-frequency peak at angles of attack lower than or equal the stall angle of attack ( 10.25 ° ). At higher angles of attack, the spectra show two low-frequency peaks and the low-frequency flow oscillation is fully developed at the angle of attack of 11.0 ° . The behaviour of the flow-field and changes in the turbulent kinetic energy over one low-frequency flow oscillation cycle are described qualitatively.
对NACA-0012型在雷诺数为9 × 10.4、马赫数为0.4、失速开始前后不同迎角下的流场进行了高保真大涡模拟。层流分离泡是在翼型吸力面上形成的,由再附着的剪切层构成。在这些条件下,层流分离泡是不稳定的,并在短泡和开泡之间切换。层流分离泡的不稳定性引发了一种低频流动振荡。空气动力系数相应地以低频率振荡。升力系数和阻力系数与最近的高精度实验数据相当,升力比阻力相差π / 2。平均升力系数在迎角为10.25°时达到峰值,与实验数据基本一致。升力系数谱在攻角小于或等于失速攻角(10.25°)时没有明显的低频峰值。当迎角较大时,谱线出现两个低频峰,在迎角为11.0°时,低频流动振荡充分发展。定性地描述了一个低频流动振荡周期内流场的特性和湍流动能的变化。
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引用次数: 6
Attitude control of tiltwing aircraft using a wing-fixed coordinate system and incremental nonlinear dynamic inversion 基于机翼固定坐标系和增量非线性动力学反演的倾斜翼飞机姿态控制
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319861370
F. Binz, T. Islam, D. Moormann
In this paper, we present a novel concept for robustly controlling the attitude of tiltwing aircraft. Our main contribution is the introduction of a wing-fixed coordinate system for angular acceleration control, which forms the basis of a simple and robust attitude controller. Using the wing-fixed coordinate system allows us to describe the actuator effectivity using simple approximations based on the current operating conditions of the aircraft. Coupled with a robust angular rate control concept, which does not rely on an accurate aerodynamic model, we present a controller stabilizing the entire flight envelope of a tiltwing aircraft. The underlying angular acceleration controller uses the concept of Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (INDI) to achieve robustness against aerodynamic uncertainties. The resulting controller is evaluated in both simulation studies and flight tests.
在本文中,我们提出了一种新的控制倾斜飞行器姿态的方法。我们的主要贡献是引入了用于角加速度控制的机翼固定坐标系,它构成了简单而鲁棒的姿态控制器的基础。使用机翼固定坐标系,我们可以根据飞机当前的运行条件,使用简单的近似来描述执行器的有效性。结合不依赖于精确气动模型的鲁棒角速率控制概念,我们提出了一种稳定倾倾飞机整个飞行包线的控制器。底层角加速度控制器采用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)的概念来实现对气动不确定性的鲁棒性。在仿真研究和飞行试验中对所得到的控制器进行了评估。
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引用次数: 10
Aerodynamics of MAV rotors in ground and corner effect MAV旋翼在地面和转角影响下的空气动力学
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319861596
S. Prothin, C. Fernandez Escudero, N. Doué, T. Jardin
The work presented in this paper is part of a project called ARChEaN (Aerodynamic of Rotors in Confined ENvironment) whose objective is to study the interactions of a micro drone rotor with its surroundings in the case of flight in enclosed environments such as those encountered, for example, in archeological exploration of caves. To do so the influence of the environment (walls, ground, ceiling, etc) on the rotor’s aerodynamic performance as well as on the flow field between the rotor and the surroundings is studied. This paper focuses on two different configurations, flight near the ground and flight near a corner (wall and ground), and the results are analyzed and compared to a general free flight case (i.e. far away from any obstacle). In order to carry out this analysis both numerical and experimental approaches are conducted. The objective is to validate the numerical model with the results obtained experimentally and to benefit from the advantages of both approaches in terms of flow analysis. This research work will provide knowledge on how to operate these systems as to minimize the possible negative environment disturbances, reduce power consumption and predict the micro drone’s behaviour during enclosed flights.
本文介绍的工作是一个名为ARChEaN(受限环境中旋翼的空气动力学)的项目的一部分,该项目的目标是研究微型无人机旋翼在封闭环境中飞行时与其周围环境的相互作用,例如在洞穴考古勘探中遇到的情况。为此,研究了环境(墙壁、地面、天花板等)对转子气动性能以及转子与周围环境之间流场的影响。本文重点研究了两种不同的配置,即近地面飞行和近角飞行(墙壁和地面),并将结果与一般自由飞行情况(即远离任何障碍物)进行了分析和比较。为了进行这种分析,进行了数值和实验两种方法。目的是用实验结果验证数值模型,并从两种方法在流动分析方面的优势中获益。这项研究工作将提供如何操作这些系统的知识,以最大限度地减少可能的负面环境干扰,降低功耗,并预测微型无人机在封闭飞行期间的行为。
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引用次数: 8
Computational study on the aerodynamics of a long-shrouded contra-rotating rotor in hover 悬停长冠对转旋翼空气动力学计算研究
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829319833686
C. Huo, P. Lv, A. Sun
This paper aims to investigate the aerodynamics including the global performance and flow characteristics of a long-shrouded contra-rotating rotor by developing a full 3D RANS computation. Through validations by current experiments on the same shrouded contra-rotating rotor, the computation using sliding mesh method and the computational zone with an extended nozzle downstream flow field effectively works; the time-averaged solution of the unsteady computation reveals that more uniform flow presents after the downstream rotor, which implies that the rear rotor rotating at opposite direction greatly compensates and reduces the wake; the unsteady computations further explore the flow field throughout the whole system, along the span and around blade tips. Complex flow patterns including the vortices and their interactions are indicated around the blade roots and tips. For further identifying rotor configurations, the rotor–rotor distance and switching two rotor speeds were studied. The computation reveals that setting the second rotor backwards decreases the wake scale but increases its intensity in the downstream nozzle zone. However, for the effect of switching speeds, computations cannot precisely solve the flow when the rear rotor under the windmill because of the upstream rotor rotating much faster than the other one. All the phenomena from computations well implement the experimental observations.
本文旨在通过开发全三维RANS计算来研究空气动力学,包括长罩对转转子的整体性能和流动特性。通过目前在同一带罩对转转子上的实验验证,采用滑动网格法和扩展喷嘴下游流场的计算区进行了有效的计算;非定常计算的时间平均解表明,下游转子之后出现了更均匀的流动,这意味着反向旋转的后转子极大地补偿和减少了尾流;非定常计算进一步探索了整个系统、沿跨度和叶尖周围的流场。叶片根部和叶尖周围显示了包括涡流及其相互作用在内的复杂流型。为了进一步识别转子配置,研究了转子-转子距离和切换两个转子速度。计算表明,将第二个转子向后设置会降低尾流规模,但会增加下游喷嘴区的尾流强度。然而,对于切换速度的影响,当后转子位于风车下方时,由于上游转子的旋转速度比另一个快得多,计算无法精确求解流量。计算中的所有现象都很好地实现了实验观测。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles
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