International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection最新文献

Co-engineering safety and security is increasingly important in safety-critical systems as more diverse interacting functions are implemented in software. Many studies have tried to perform safety and security analyses in unified or in parallel. While the unified approach requires more complex analysis with new delicate methods, the parallel needs further improvement on additional integration activity for harmonizing safety and security analyses results. This paper tries to improve the harmonization activity seamlessly and systematically in typical requirements engineering process for safety-critical systems. It encompasses both requirements elicitation and analysis as well as safety and security analyses, regardless of which analysis techniques are used. The paper suggests performing an appropriate safety analysis first to derive safety requirements as summary information. It then performs goal-tree analysis to refine the high-level safety requirements into lower-level ones, from which any security analysis can work on to derive security requirements. Another goal-tree analysis then tries to refine the high-level security requirements into specific functional ones too, and it ends the analysis activity in a cycle of requirements engineering process. The sequence of safety analysis, goal-tree refinement, security analysis and another goal-tree refinement is seamlessly iterated in the process of requirements engineering, where any conflict of requirements will have an opportunity to be resolved. Our case study of a simplified UAV example uses STPA and STRIDE techniques for safety and security analysis respectively, and shows that the proposed approach is fully applicable up to industrial cases.

Smart applications supporting modern power systems are susceptible to cyber–physical attacks, particularly False Data Injection attacks that manipulate the input measurements of State Estimation (SE) compromising its output states. This paper proposes an Integer Linear Programming formulation that protects an optimal number of measurement units to prevent cyber–physical attacks, enhancing the robustness of SE. Our approach exhibits low complexity, applies to both linear and nonlinear SE, and converges rapidly toward the optimal solution. The formulation requires information about the grid topology and measurement distribution but does not depend on the power flow equations. Also, the generalized formulation can be customized to consider distinct protection costs for all measurement types, various priorities for different measurements, and a range of measurements and pseudo-measurements. Simulations are performed on the widely used IEEE 14 and 118-bus systems to verify the approach for linear and nonlinear SE and illustrate its practicality.

Society 5.0 is a transformation strategy centered on integrating digital technologies unveiled by the Japanese government to create a human-centric society for economic development and mitigate sustainability issues. Since societies are constantly exposed to various natural disasters like earthquakes, many precautions must be taken both before and after a disaster to minimize the damage. Seismic resilience is one of the practical assessments that may be taken in this regard. Quantifying the functionality of seismic resilience requires a systematic examination of the relevant components and their functional impact. We present a framework based on fragility, consequence and recoverability stages for evaluating the impact of a component on its functionality for earthquake events. Within this study, we introduce a novel set of indicators, which are derived from the key variables impacted by earthquakes, including hospitals, grids, and infrastructures. To that end, we have developed a system dynamics (SD) model to assess earthquake resilience in the context of Society 5.0, considering three earthquake magnitudes (7, 8, and 9 Mw) to simulate societal seismic resilience. We also perform sensitivity analysis to validate the outcomes of the policy simulations. Our findings affirm that by scrutinizing the seismic resilience of critical infrastructure and proposing relevant policies, it is possible to minimize disaster-related damage. This represents a pragmatic step forward in the field of disaster risk management.

Modern natural gas pipeline failures constitute devastating disasters, as they can result in cascading secondary crises. Therefore, reduction of buried gas pipeline's reliability, has become a major concern among stakeholders and researchers in recent years. This study employs a dynamic Bayesian network to investigate the consequences of natural gas pipeline failures. We consider seven parent nodes—age, diameter, length, depth, population, time of occurrence, and land use—and twelve consequence factors to analyze the overall losses stemming from pipeline failure. The proposed model can handle both static and dynamic systems using quantitative and/or qualitative data. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of our developed model, we analyze the gas pipeline network of Regina in Saskatchewan, Canada. The results show that age and diameter are the two most important and sensitive parameters. The developed Bayesian network model will aid decision-makers in effectively managing and improving the reliability of their assets.

Since February 2022, the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict significantly impacted the digital landscape. This study examines the conflict's impacts on the local and global digital ecosystem. Using grey literature, we analyzed English-language data sources primarily published between November 2022 and April 2023, which were based on data sources from the commencement of the conflict to the publication date. The investigation reveals insights into four categories: cyber and kinetic warfare, telecommunications, IT and cloud computing, digital geopolitics and resilience. The main insight in cyber warfare is that cyber attacks on Ukraine's digital infrastructure were only partially effective despite the massive involvement of cybercrime groups implementing adaptive wiping and DDoS attacks on behalf of national interests. The cyber defense success resulted from the allies' support for Ukraine and a well-established and implemented national cybersecurity strategy. Kinetic attacks against data centers have accelerated the migration of data and applications to cloud computing. The most incredible legacy of the current conflict is the positive paradigm shift in the cloud's security and privacy capabilities for sensitive systems' continuous operation as an alternative to system disability in locally destroyed data centers. The third insight reveals Telecom's reliance on satellite network suppliers and mobile power equipment, such as High-Capacity batteries, which are in shortage worldwide. Digital geopolitics alters the paradigms of digital resilience. Global tech companies assume the role of digital nations and superpowers while taking sides. During the conflict, we observe for the first time in practice the digital blockade by global techies of one side of the conflict and the digital support of the other, thereby shaping paradigms regarding digital sovereignty as digital resilience.

5 G technology promises a wide range of benefits for critical infrastructure (CI), including improved reliability, increased efficiency, cost savings, and increased worker safety. However, it also brings many new risks that CI owners and operators must be prepared for to facilitate effective risk mitigation and response. These risks, however, have not been systematically assessed for CI systems. This paper investigates how the cyber-physical risk landscape will be impacted by 5 G for four major CI sectors in detail: smart transportation, smart water, smart power, and smart oil and gas networks. Compared to prior work only examining a single CI network, the authors present a comprehensive assessment of the types of threats that these sectors can expect based on past incidents, the new vulnerabilities introduced by 5 G and existing vulnerabilities exacerbated by the introduction of more connected devices, along with mitigation recommendations for each risk. Risks associated with the rollout of and transition to 5 G, risks from 5 G network disruptions, cyberattack risks, and privacy risks are included. While each of the sectors has a unique risk profile, general themes also emerged across multiple CI networks. Notably, there will be an increased number of threat vectors from smart devices reliant on the telecommunications network to provide monitoring and control of infrastructure services. Because many of these devices are accessible by the public, the risk of social engineering attacks and vulnerability to physical hacking are exacerbated. Successful risk mitigation requires collaboration among CI's many stakeholders to implement security measures at the interfaces between connected devices to limit the access to assets in case one security measure is successfully bypassed. Due to the increased interdependencies between CI networks, operators must create backup plans to keep the most essential services running on a smaller bandwidth in case of a 5 G outage or similar failure. As 5 G capabilities continue to develop and the risk landscape evolves, ongoing research is needed and CI owners and operators should be prepared to update security measures to remain ahead of identified risks and threats.

We propose a rule-based anomaly detection system for railway signalling that mitigates attacks by a Dolev-Yao attacker who is able to inject control commands to perform semantic attacks by issuing licit but mistimed control messages. The system as well mitigates the effects of a signal box compromised by an attacker with the same effect. We consider an attacker that could cause train derailments and collisions, if our countermeasure is not employed. We apply safety principles of railway operation to create a distributed anomaly detection system that inspects incoming commands on the signals and points. The proposed anomaly detection system detects mistimed control messages against light signals, points and train detection systems that lead to derailments and collisions without producing false positives, while it requires only a small amount of overhead in terms of network communication and latency compared to normal train operation.