Pub Date : 2019-11-18eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0143-4
Thomas C Boothby
When animals are exposed to an extreme environmental stress, one of three possible outcomes takes place: the animal dies, the animal avoids the environmental stress and survives, or the animal tolerates the environmental stress and survives. This review is concerned with the third possibility, and will look at mechanisms that rare animals use to survive extreme environmental stresses including freezing, desiccation, intense heat, irradiation, and low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia). In addition, an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in environmental stress tolerance allows us to speculate on how these tolerances arose. Uncovering the mechanisms of extreme environmental stress tolerance and how they evolve has broad implications for our understanding of the evolution of early life on this planet, colonization of new environments, and the search for novel forms of life both on Earth and elsewhere, as well as a number of agricultural and health-related applications.
{"title":"Mechanisms and evolution of resistance to environmental extremes in animals.","authors":"Thomas C Boothby","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0143-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0143-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When animals are exposed to an extreme environmental stress, one of three possible outcomes takes place: the animal dies, the animal avoids the environmental stress and survives, or the animal tolerates the environmental stress and survives. This review is concerned with the third possibility, and will look at mechanisms that rare animals use to survive extreme environmental stresses including freezing, desiccation, intense heat, irradiation, and low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia). In addition, an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in environmental stress tolerance allows us to speculate on how these tolerances arose. Uncovering the mechanisms of extreme environmental stress tolerance and how they evolve has broad implications for our understanding of the evolution of early life on this planet, colonization of new environments, and the search for novel forms of life both on Earth and elsewhere, as well as a number of agricultural and health-related applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0143-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37449653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-08DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0141-6
Miriam Heingård, Natascha Turetzek, Nikola-Michael Prpic, R. Janssen
{"title":"FoxB, a new and highly conserved key factor in arthropod dorsal–ventral (DV) limb patterning","authors":"Miriam Heingård, Natascha Turetzek, Nikola-Michael Prpic, R. Janssen","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0141-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0141-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0141-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44893646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0136-3
Dylan Z. Faltine-Gonzalez, Michael J. Layden
{"title":"Characterization of nAChRs in Nematostella vectensis supports neuronal and non-neuronal roles in the cnidarian–bilaterian common ancestor","authors":"Dylan Z. Faltine-Gonzalez, Michael J. Layden","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0136-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0136-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0136-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46015946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-19DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0140-7
T. Wollesen, C. McDougall, D. Arendt
{"title":"Remnants of ancestral larval eyes in an eyeless mollusk? Molecular characterization of photoreceptors in the scaphopod Antalis entalis","authors":"T. Wollesen, C. McDougall, D. Arendt","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0140-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0140-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0140-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45809502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-11eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0137-2
William Colgan, Alexis Leanza, Ariel Hwang, Melissa B DeBiasse, Isabel Llosa, Daniel Rodrigues, Hriju Adhikari, Guillermo Barreto Corona, Saskia Bock, Amanda Carillo-Perez, Meagan Currie, Simone Darkoa-Larbi, Daniel Dellal, Hanna Gutow, Pascha Hokama, Emily Kibby, Noah Linhart, Sophia Moody, Allison Naganuma, Diep Nguyen, Ryan Stanton, Sierra Stark, Cameron Tumey, Anthony Velleca, Joseph F Ryan, Brad Davidson
Background: Mutations in gene regulatory networks often lead to genetic divergence without impacting gene expression or developmental patterning. The rules governing this process of developmental systems drift, including the variable impact of selective constraints on different nodes in a gene regulatory network, remain poorly delineated.
Results: Here we examine developmental systems drift within the cardiopharyngeal gene regulatory networks of two tunicate species, Corella inflata and Ciona robusta. Cross-species analysis of regulatory elements suggests that trans-regulatory architecture is largely conserved between these highly divergent species. In contrast, cis-regulatory elements within this network exhibit distinct levels of conservation. In particular, while most of the regulatory elements we analyzed showed extensive rearrangements of functional binding sites, the enhancer for the cardiopharyngeal transcription factor FoxF is remarkably well-conserved. Even minor alterations in spacing between binding sites lead to loss of FoxF enhancer function, suggesting that bound trans-factors form position-dependent complexes.
Conclusions: Our findings reveal heterogeneous levels of divergence across cardiopharyngeal cis-regulatory elements. These distinct levels of divergence presumably reflect constraints that are not clearly associated with gene function or position within the regulatory network. Thus, levels of cis-regulatory divergence or drift appear to be governed by distinct structural constraints that will be difficult to predict based on network architecture.
{"title":"Variable levels of drift in tunicate cardiopharyngeal gene regulatory elements.","authors":"William Colgan, Alexis Leanza, Ariel Hwang, Melissa B DeBiasse, Isabel Llosa, Daniel Rodrigues, Hriju Adhikari, Guillermo Barreto Corona, Saskia Bock, Amanda Carillo-Perez, Meagan Currie, Simone Darkoa-Larbi, Daniel Dellal, Hanna Gutow, Pascha Hokama, Emily Kibby, Noah Linhart, Sophia Moody, Allison Naganuma, Diep Nguyen, Ryan Stanton, Sierra Stark, Cameron Tumey, Anthony Velleca, Joseph F Ryan, Brad Davidson","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0137-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0137-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mutations in gene regulatory networks often lead to genetic divergence without impacting gene expression or developmental patterning. The rules governing this process of developmental systems drift, including the variable impact of selective constraints on different nodes in a gene regulatory network, remain poorly delineated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here we examine developmental systems drift within the cardiopharyngeal gene regulatory networks of two tunicate species, <i>Corella inflata</i> and <i>Ciona robusta.</i> Cross-species analysis of regulatory elements suggests that <i>trans</i>-regulatory architecture is largely conserved between these highly divergent species. In contrast, <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements within this network exhibit distinct levels of conservation. In particular, while most of the regulatory elements we analyzed showed extensive rearrangements of functional binding sites, the enhancer for the cardiopharyngeal transcription factor <i>FoxF</i> is remarkably well-conserved. Even minor alterations in spacing between binding sites lead to loss of <i>FoxF</i> enhancer function, suggesting that bound <i>trans</i>-factors form position-dependent complexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings reveal heterogeneous levels of divergence across cardiopharyngeal <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements. These distinct levels of divergence presumably reflect constraints that are not clearly associated with gene function or position within the regulatory network. Thus, levels of <i>cis</i>-regulatory divergence or drift appear to be governed by distinct structural constraints that will be difficult to predict based on network architecture.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0137-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41217427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-12eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0133-6
Olga V Yurchenko, Anna V Savelieva, Natalia K Kolotuchina, Elena E Voronezhskaya, Vyacheslav A Dyachuk
Recent findings regarding early lophotrochozoan development have altered the conventional model of neurogenesis and revealed that peripheral sensory elements play a key role in the initial organization of the larval nervous system. Here, we describe the main neurogenetic events in bivalve mollusks in comparison with other Lophotrochozoa, emphasizing a novel role for early neurons in establishing larval nervous systems and speculating about the morphogenetic function of the apical organ. We demonstrate that during bivalve development, peripheral sensory neurons utilizing various transmitters differentiate before the apical organ emerges. The first neurons and their neurites serve as a scaffold for the development of the nervous system. During veliger stage, cerebral, pleural, and visceral ganglia form along the lateral (visceral) nerve cords in anterior-to-posterior axis. The pedal ganglia and corresponding ventral (pedal) nerve cords develop much later, after larval settlement and metamorphosis. Pharmacological abolishment of the serotonin gradient within the larval body disrupts the navigation of "pioneer" axons resulting in malformation of the whole nervous system architecture. Comparative morphological data on neurogenetic events in bivalve mollusks shed new light on the origin of the nervous system, mechanisms of early axon navigation, and sequence of the tetraneurous nervous system formation. Furthermore, this information improves our understanding of the basic nervous system architecture in larval Bivalvia and Mollusca.
{"title":"Peripheral sensory neurons govern development of the nervous system in bivalve larvae.","authors":"Olga V Yurchenko, Anna V Savelieva, Natalia K Kolotuchina, Elena E Voronezhskaya, Vyacheslav A Dyachuk","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0133-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13227-019-0133-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent findings regarding early lophotrochozoan development have altered the conventional model of neurogenesis and revealed that peripheral sensory elements play a key role in the initial organization of the larval nervous system. Here, we describe the main neurogenetic events in bivalve mollusks in comparison with other Lophotrochozoa, emphasizing a novel role for early neurons in establishing larval nervous systems and speculating about the morphogenetic function of the apical organ. We demonstrate that during bivalve development, peripheral sensory neurons utilizing various transmitters differentiate before the apical organ emerges. The first neurons and their neurites serve as a scaffold for the development of the nervous system. During veliger stage, cerebral, pleural, and visceral ganglia form along the lateral (visceral) nerve cords in anterior-to-posterior axis. The pedal ganglia and corresponding ventral (pedal) nerve cords develop much later, after larval settlement and metamorphosis. Pharmacological abolishment of the serotonin gradient within the larval body disrupts the navigation of \"pioneer\" axons resulting in malformation of the whole nervous system architecture. Comparative morphological data on neurogenetic events in bivalve mollusks shed new light on the origin of the nervous system, mechanisms of early axon navigation, and sequence of the tetraneurous nervous system formation. Furthermore, this information improves our understanding of the basic nervous system architecture in larval Bivalvia and Mollusca.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6743156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41217426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-04eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5
Shuonan He, Juris A Grasis, Matthew L Nicotra, Celina E Juliano, Christine E Schnitzler
The 2018 Cnidarian Model Systems Meeting (Cnidofest) was held September 6-9th at the University of Florida Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, FL. Cnidofest 2018, which built upon the momentum of Hydroidfest 2016, brought together research communities working on a broad spectrum of cnidarian organisms from North America and around the world. Meeting talks covered diverse aspects of cnidarian biology, with sessions focused on genomics, development, neurobiology, immunology, symbiosis, ecology, and evolution. In addition to interesting biology, Cnidofest also emphasized the advancement of modern research techniques. Invited technology speakers showcased the power of microfluidics and single-cell transcriptomics and demonstrated their application in cnidarian models. In this report, we provide an overview of the exciting research that was presented at the meeting and discuss opportunities for future research.
{"title":"Cnidofest 2018: the future is bright for cnidarian research.","authors":"Shuonan He, Juris A Grasis, Matthew L Nicotra, Celina E Juliano, Christine E Schnitzler","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2018 Cnidarian Model Systems Meeting (Cnidofest) was held September 6-9th at the University of Florida Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, FL. Cnidofest 2018, which built upon the momentum of Hydroidfest 2016, brought together research communities working on a broad spectrum of cnidarian organisms from North America and around the world. Meeting talks covered diverse aspects of cnidarian biology, with sessions focused on genomics, development, neurobiology, immunology, symbiosis, ecology, and evolution. In addition to interesting biology, Cnidofest also emphasized the advancement of modern research techniques. Invited technology speakers showcased the power of microfluidics and single-cell transcriptomics and demonstrated their application in cnidarian models. In this report, we provide an overview of the exciting research that was presented at the meeting and discuss opportunities for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41217425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-13eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0130-9
Rory L Cooper, Victoria J Lloyd, Nicolas Di-Poï, Alexander G Fletcher, Paul M Barrett, Gareth J Fraser
Background: Vertebrates possess a diverse range of integumentary epithelial appendages, including scales, feathers and hair. These structures share extensive early developmental homology, as they mostly originate from a conserved anatomical placode. In the context of avian epithelial appendages, feathers and scutate scales are known to develop from an anatomical placode. However, our understanding of avian reticulate (footpad) scale development remains unclear.
Results: Here, we demonstrate that reticulate scales develop from restricted circular domains of thickened epithelium, with localised conserved gene expression in both the epithelium and underlying mesenchyme. These domains constitute either anatomical placodes, or circular initiatory fields (comparable to the avian feather tract). Subsequent patterning of reticulate scales is consistent with reaction-diffusion (RD) simulation, whereby this primary domain subdivides into smaller secondary units, which produce individual scales. In contrast, the footpad scales of a squamate model (the bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps) develop synchronously across the ventral footpad surface.
Conclusions: Widely conserved gene signalling underlies the initial development of avian reticulate scales. However, their subsequent patterning is distinct from the footpad scale patterning of a squamate model, and the feather and scutate scale patterning of birds. Therefore, we suggest reticulate scales are a comparatively derived epithelial appendage, patterned through a modified RD system.
{"title":"Conserved gene signalling and a derived patterning mechanism underlie the development of avian footpad scales.","authors":"Rory L Cooper, Victoria J Lloyd, Nicolas Di-Poï, Alexander G Fletcher, Paul M Barrett, Gareth J Fraser","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0130-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13227-019-0130-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vertebrates possess a diverse range of integumentary epithelial appendages, including scales, feathers and hair. These structures share extensive early developmental homology, as they mostly originate from a conserved anatomical placode. In the context of avian epithelial appendages, feathers and scutate scales are known to develop from an anatomical placode. However, our understanding of avian reticulate (footpad) scale development remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we demonstrate that reticulate scales develop from restricted circular domains of thickened epithelium, with localised conserved gene expression in both the epithelium and underlying mesenchyme. These domains constitute either anatomical placodes, or circular initiatory fields (comparable to the avian feather tract). Subsequent patterning of reticulate scales is consistent with reaction-diffusion (RD) simulation, whereby this primary domain subdivides into smaller secondary units, which produce individual scales. In contrast, the footpad scales of a squamate model (the bearded dragon, <i>Pogona vitticeps</i>) develop synchronously across the ventral footpad surface.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Widely conserved gene signalling underlies the initial development of avian reticulate scales. However, their subsequent patterning is distinct from the footpad scale patterning of a squamate model, and the feather and scutate scale patterning of birds. Therefore, we suggest reticulate scales are a comparatively derived epithelial appendage, patterned through a modified RD system.</p>","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43463406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-12DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0131-8
Katherine C. Woronowicz, R. Schneider
{"title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the evolution of form and function in the amniote jaw","authors":"Katherine C. Woronowicz, R. Schneider","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0131-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0131-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0131-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45646291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-12DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0132-7
Laura A. Hendrick, Grace A. Carter, Erin H. Hilbrands, Brian P. Heubel, T. Schilling, Pierre Le Pabic
{"title":"Bar, stripe and spot development in sand-dwelling cichlids from Lake Malawi","authors":"Laura A. Hendrick, Grace A. Carter, Erin H. Hilbrands, Brian P. Heubel, T. Schilling, Pierre Le Pabic","doi":"10.1186/s13227-019-0132-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0132-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49076,"journal":{"name":"Evodevo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13227-019-0132-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49292030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}