ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies最新文献

The article presents the literary works foryouth by Lojze Kovačič (1928-2004) who mostly wrote for adults.He was born in Basel, Switzerland, but before the Second World War, the author's family had to leave Switzerland and they emigrated to the then Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to the birthplace of his father. As early as 1947, he began publishing in Slovene in the student newspaper “Mi mladi” (We Young). After 1950, he wrote short modern fairy tales for children with modernist elements typical of adult literature. This deliberate modernity already heralds a top author who, for example, translated Kafka for children. In his initial phase, he collaborated with illustrators (e.g., Milan Bizovičar), created comics with avant-garde art elements and wrote science fiction. The most famous is the collection of short contemporary fairy tales “Zgodbe iz mesta Rič-Rač” (Stories from the City of Rič-Rač, 1962- ) which has been reprinted several times and represents only a third of the author's oeuvre. Two-thirds are unpublished, scattered through various radio shows and magazines. The editor of Pionirski list, Marija Kovačič Vida, published texts by a whole generation of authors in the 1950s and 1960s. In the most famous anthologies, entitled “Za celo leto: priročnik iger in deklamacij” (For the Whole Year: A Handbook of Games and Declamations, 1960) and “Praznični koledar: pesmi, črtice in igre za šolske prireditve” (Holiday Calendar: Poems, Literary Sketches, and Games for School Events, 1976), she made an outstanding review of literary creativity intended for children and youth. Based on the study of the author's oeuvre for youth, we can easily conclude that the author is a pronounced modernist, as he used avant-garde approaches, elements of art deco, Bauhaus, camera obscura, puppets, mundus inversus, commercials, etc. He translated picturesque visual images into modernist texts for young people. At the end of the article, suggestions are given for a scientific-critical monograph dealing with the author's literary opus for youth which is characterized by translation of visual into verbal and vice versa (e.g., puppets, comics), as well as between other media. It is paradoxical that L. Kovačič in his literary worksintended for adults was rather critical of the socialist system in his second homeland (1945-1991), but he nevertheless published the most literary units for youth during this very period, and his work was also regularly included in the curricula (1984, 1998) and readers in schools, while in the latest curriculum from 2019 he is completely overlooked and omitted. Based on his writing, L. Kovačič is a truely European author. He died on 1 May 2004, the day Slovenia became a member of the EU and the intense oblivion of history began. L. Kovačič was one ofthe victims of this process.

Keywords: Lojze Kovačič, youth opus, art deco, avant-garde, Bauhaus, topsy-turvy world, camera obscura, puppets, radio, commercial

The Peace conferences of Hague in 1899 and 1907 had aroused for nations, to whom liberty had been still a far dream and ideal, the hope that would see, owing to arbitrage, that their fate be improved and that they would have their place at the table of civilized nations of the West. However, although these Conferences entered in history with the name "Peace Conferences", there were discussed in them mainly questions of war, about engagements and rights of the belligerent parties in case of war. Patriots of the Albanian Renaissance did not cherish the hope that the Albanian question would be solved; however the activists of the Emigration Patriotic Communities felt the necessity to inform the participant states in these conferences about the Albanian demands. However, despite the Albanian persistent demands, the Peace Conferences in Hague, as it had been expected they did not put forward the Albanian question for discussion. They ignored once more the demands of the Albanian people to be affiliated as a free member to the great family of European nations, a right which also the history secures them.

Keywords: The Peace conferences, Hague, 1899, 1907, Albania, Albanian question, history.

In the constellation of outstanding novelists of the Victorian period, George Eliot stands out with distinctive intellectualism and bold handling of the feminist theme. She stands out with the courage to defend the dignity of women and their rightful place in Victorian society, defying the prejudice of time. Philosophical ideas that play an important role in the literary creativity of George Eliot do not belong to any authentic philosophical system, but are a kind of eclectic synthesis without permanent principles in the spirit of utilitarian materialism. In 1872 George Eliot published her masterpiece novel "Middlemarch," which Virginia Woolf called it "a magnificent book." The fictional title of the novel "Middlemarch" is quite struck because it includes the panorama of provincial life that connects several parallel events of the subject as a whole. In this novel, the events of several novels are woven and interwoven by the characters. The events of the novel take place on the threshold of the parliamentary reform of the year 1832. The events of this work speak about the situation and mood of different social layers during the electoral campaign. All the characters have a certain attitude towards the political and social events. All the characters in the book have certain positions in society, while men also have their professions.

Keywords: Women, rights, feminism, education, society, Victorian society.

The Old Man And The Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, went in printing in 1952, a year later was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. In 1954, Hemingway was given the Nobel Prize in Literature. After such a big success and a long and well accomplished career, a few years later, on a Sunday, the morning July 2nd 1961, Hemingway committed suicide. The paradox of the author’s ending with the ending of his most famous novel The Old Man And The Sea is that Ernest Hemingway, the man, gave up, whereas his character in the novel Santiago never gave up, was never defeated, emerging triumphant with the struggle against larger forces. This paradox raises the question: is The Old Man And The Sea a reflection of the author’s personal life and agony, as most commentators believe, or is it much more than that? A novel that depicts and represents the constant struggle of human kind in every era? Why was Hemingway in agony? Ernest Hemingway was a writer that belonged to the Lost Generation. One can imagine living the horrors of WWI, known as the Great War, being a personal witness in the Civil Spanish War, then WWII, living the entire adult life in and between wars. One looses hope and only dwells in the despair of loss, and agonizing in every breath. But as painful as his life was, Hemingway wrote this novel not just like a reflection of his own agony, not just as an expression of his own voice, but more than that, he portrayed the constant human struggle throughout the centuries, speaking in the voice of all humanity, past, present and future. This approach is the key what makes the novel so great. And the style and symbolism used in it make it a masterpiece therefore reading it a very thrilling experience. In this paper I will analyze the symbolism used in The Old Man And The Sea as well as make a comparison with a flow of historical and literary memory and conscience of the human kind, the world at large and of its author Ernest Hemingway. The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis on why this novel goes beyond the voice of the author. It is a universal work that represents the struggle and calling of humanity throughout the ages.

Keywords: Hemingway, Old Man, sea, symbolism, Santiago, Manolin, Marlin, sharks, lions, fish, humankind, struggle, universal.

“Two Albanian heroines” were named by Hester Donaldson, the sisters Sevasti and Parashqevi Qiriazi. They stood out among the first Albanian women in the foreign world and were considered unusual in their eyes. The success achieved by the Qiriazi sisters in the college of Constantinople was first of all a continuation of a family inspiration, but also of preparation in the American school. This is what Sevastia herself says: "The foundations of my education were laid at the American Mission School in Manastir". The Qiriazi sisters, without a doubt, occupy one of the places of honor for their struggle and commitment, both in education and even more so in diplomacy, distinguishing their attitude in the fact that they devoted their whole lives to the issue of the homeland. They make known, in front of the foreign opinion, the goal and the just fight that the Albanian people fought for freedom and independence, for education and their national language. The Qiriazi sisters, in addition to opening a school for girls, also founded a society called Yll'i Mêngjezit with Parashqevi Qiriazi as president. According to the statute, the goals of the Association were efforts to educate women and improve their position in the family and society. This activity influenced the strengthening of the national feeling among the women of Korça and its surroundings.

Keywords: Qiriazi Sisters, Hester Donaldson, Sevasti, Parashqevi, school diplomacy, Manastir, Korça, Gjerasim.

The grammatical phenomenon of transforming a grammatical form into a new topic, as a representative form of speech or as a topic within a paradigm, we will call grammatical thematization. This phenomenon has been quite widespread in the historical development of the morphological structure of Albanian language. It is spread throughout the morphological system of variable parts of speech. Thematizations of grammatical forms are new linguistic states obtained for psychological, social, and linguistic reasons. In the noun system, the most numerous and obvious cases of thematization of grammatical forms are observed in the grammatical category of number. The most common process has been to use many grammatical plural forms as singular. These conversions from the plural form to the singular are generally called singularized plurals. Due to the occurrence of this phenomenon in different periods - often even in very old periods - they have completely replaced the singular and formed a new plural. The thematization of grammatical forms should not only be ascertained but should also be followed historically. However, the paper deals with special issues that can serve as a starting point for further studies and in-depth studies.

Keywords: Thematization, grammatical form, noun system, grammatical category.

Following the occupation of Kosova by the dual Austria-Hungarian Empire, the Albanian people had now passed through a long period of occupation by the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the late occupation of the Serbian Kingdom, where the Albanians had gone through a terrible calvary from the new invaders. With all these sufferings and prohibitions, the occupation of Austria-Hungary found the Albanian people in a miserable state in terms of education. The majority of the population was illiterate, therefore the Dualist Empire aimed at bringing the Albanian people closer to itself and tried to regulate the issue of education as much as it was possible, as well as allow freedom in terms of Albanian culture and traditions. It also tried to raise the Albanian population to a higher level in every sphere by cooperating with bright figures, such as Hasan Prishtina and others. On this occasion, they took advantage of the opportunity to develop education in the Albanian language as much as possible. The German language was also included in the program. This short period for the Albanians was a great advancement in various fields such as in the improvement of infrastructure, culture and especially in education through the opening of schools and courses to combat illiteracy in Kosova.

Keywords: World War I, Austria-Hungary, Kosova, education, culture, etc.

There is a buzzword in the world about India’s being a spiritual leader. The patriot classical Hindu protagonists are advocating vehemently for (re)establishing its old and golden image to the people, especially the students and youths in this vast country and the world as a whole. India just completed the celebration of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsab (Nectar Festival of Freedom) by commemorating its 75th year of Independence (from 1947 to 2022). India, henceforth, decided to celebrate the next twenty-five years as the “Amrit Kaal” i.e., golden period (from 2022-2047). During this quarter century, the vision of India is to achieve a technology-driven and knowledge-based economy, reminisce with respect to the Indian struggle for independence and the sacrifice of the freedom fighters, and promote India’s heritage, culture, literature, and language. When the government of India upholds and prioritizes the promotion of its age-old tradition, culture, language, spirituality, and philosophy, a critical group of scholars and thinkers put up multiple problems and crises facing India in the present time. Therefore, a debate is going on regarding the issue of India’s role as a global leader as well as the spiritual master. The criticism and counter-arguments by scholars and social thinkers are neither wrong nor anti-national. This is the beauty and fine characteristic of modern Indian democracy, where every citizen enjoys the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression, though with certain restrictions as enshrined in the Constitution. In the run of this debate, the Prime Minister and his team are determined to take India to such a height that every man on this earth can have a taste of its spiritual and philosophical honey juice. Now the question is - are Indian culture, heritage, philosophy, and spirituality so rich and exuberant? What are there in India’s philosophy, and spirituality, and the teachings of Indian sages and saints? Do they have created any impact ever upon the minds and activities of people anywhere in the world? Can India really show the path to the global leaders and general people to end war and conflicts, and bring forth peace and prosperity? This article seeks to examine all these questions and finally explores if the acclaim of India as a spiritual leader is appropriate or absurd.

Keywords: India, spiritual leader, Indian philosophy, Indian scriptures, Amrit Kal, Indian yoga.

Gutenberg or Luther’s Bible (1534) and the fairy tales of the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, titled Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children’s and Household Tales, 1812), are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List (2005). In the process of literary reception, the collection of 210 fairy tales received the popular name of Grimms’ Fairy Tales, from the first publication in 1812, and in the international space and literary science and folkloristics also the acronym KHM (Kinder- und Hausmärchen). The Brothers Grimm were brought up in the spirit of the Protestant ethic and used religious motifs, motif fragments and blind motifs and values (e.g. purity, diligence, duty, honesty, order and care) in legends, sagas (Doctor Luther at the Wartburg, 1521) and fairy tales, e.g., in Cinderella (asceticism), Little Red Riding Hood (decency), Snow White (mastery), The Frog King (duty). Criticism of the Pope can also be found, namely in the fairy tale The Fisherman and His Wife, in which, among others, the topic of the male or female Pope is discussed.

Keywords: Grimm Brothers, fairy tale, Bible, folklore, ATU, motifs, values in fairy tales, etc.