{"title":"Η συνάντηση της Βιοηθικής με τη Θεολογία στον Ελλαδικό χώρο","authors":"Vasileios Fanaras (Βασίλειος Φανάρας)","doi":"10.12681/bioeth.24834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.24834","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"289 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83144012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rise of emergent space initiatives -especially of private ones- has begun to push the boundaries of the space industry, thanks to technological innovations that will soon be able to significantly facilitate the development of previously neglected pioneering fields, such as, for example, space research and exploration, space resources utilization, and human access to space. The invigoration and the forthcoming growth of this new space economy in the aforementioned pioneering fields are expected to bring forward important bioethical issues. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the most important of these issues, after a review of a significant number of relevant publications in the international academic literature. In particular, this paper will present bioethical issues in the field of bioastronautics -especially in light of future missions to Mars- that refer to both life on Earth, i.e. microorganisms, plants, animals and humans, and to potential extraterrestrial life. Given the accelerating rate of developments, the best time to discuss these issues, in order to inform policymaking, is now.
{"title":"Ζητήματα Βιοηθικής της Βιοαστροναυτικής","authors":"George Profitiliotis (Γεώργιος Προφητηλιώτης)","doi":"10.12681/BIOETH.22616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BIOETH.22616","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of emergent space initiatives -especially of private ones- has begun to push the boundaries of the space industry, thanks to technological innovations that will soon be able to significantly facilitate the development of previously neglected pioneering fields, such as, for example, space research and exploration, space resources utilization, and human access to space. The invigoration and the forthcoming growth of this new space economy in the aforementioned pioneering fields are expected to bring forward important bioethical issues. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the most important of these issues, after a review of a significant number of relevant publications in the international academic literature. In particular, this paper will present bioethical issues in the field of bioastronautics -especially in light of future missions to Mars- that refer to both life on Earth, i.e. microorganisms, plants, animals and humans, and to potential extraterrestrial life. Given the accelerating rate of developments, the best time to discuss these issues, in order to inform policymaking, is now.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"832 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76951770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The medical community has to confront the shortage of organs available for human transplantation, resulting in large waiting lists worldwide. Hence, the introduction of a donor reimbursement system, which would partly serve as an incentive is often proposed. This model leads us, however, to the much-disputed notion of the commercialization of the human body.This concept triggers a series of reactions of both moral and social interest. However, the philosophical justification of the actual legislative provisions is only used as a means to highlight the conflict between the various practices on the matter and is not itself the main focus of the present essay.In addition to solid organs, other parts of the body such as the human reproductive material and the bone marrow are used for both therapeutic and research purposes.Consequently, the following is an attempt to understand the concept of commercialization and whether it could act beneficially within certain contexts or contrariwise, cause great harm.
{"title":"Η εμπορευματοποίηση του ανθρώπινου σώματος","authors":"Maria Merkou","doi":"10.12681/BIOETH.22620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BIOETH.22620","url":null,"abstract":"The medical community has to confront the shortage of organs available for human transplantation, resulting in large waiting lists worldwide. Hence, the introduction of a donor reimbursement system, which would partly serve as an incentive is often proposed. This model leads us, however, to the much-disputed notion of the commercialization of the human body.This concept triggers a series of reactions of both moral and social interest. However, the philosophical justification of the actual legislative provisions is only used as a means to highlight the conflict between the various practices on the matter and is not itself the main focus of the present essay.In addition to solid organs, other parts of the body such as the human reproductive material and the bone marrow are used for both therapeutic and research purposes.Consequently, the following is an attempt to understand the concept of commercialization and whether it could act beneficially within certain contexts or contrariwise, cause great harm.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83115495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Can someone claim property rights on a corps e? If so, to whom it belongs? If not, are there anylimits to the "use exploitation" of the human body? This paper discusses the ethical issues that arise ineducation and research with cadaveric materials by conducting a review of the international litera ture. Inthe light of various scandals concerning the retention of cadaveric tissues and organs and their use ineducation and research, the legislative framework in the UK was revised in 2006 to regulate themanagement of a corpse. Similar acts exist in m any other countries. In Greece, the current legal systemonly regulates the use of biological materials for transplantation, leaving a "gap" in education andresearch issues after death. Greece must leave behind the paternalism of the past and follow the p rinciplesof information and consent.
{"title":"Βιοηθικά ζητήματα της χρήσης πτωματικών βιολογικών υλικών στην εκπαίδευση και στην έρευνα","authors":"Konstantinos Katsos (Κωνσταντίνος Κάτσος), Konstantinos Moraitis (Κωνσταντίνος Μωραΐτης), Chara Spiliopoulou (Χαρά Σπηλιοπούλου)","doi":"10.12681/BIOETH.22617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BIOETH.22617","url":null,"abstract":"Can someone claim property rights on a corps e? If so, to whom it belongs? If not, are there anylimits to the \"use exploitation\" of the human body? This paper discusses the ethical issues that arise ineducation and research with cadaveric materials by conducting a review of the international litera ture. Inthe light of various scandals concerning the retention of cadaveric tissues and organs and their use ineducation and research, the legislative framework in the UK was revised in 2006 to regulate themanagement of a corpse. Similar acts exist in m any other countries. In Greece, the current legal systemonly regulates the use of biological materials for transplantation, leaving a \"gap\" in education andresearch issues after death. Greece must leave behind the paternalism of the past and follow the p rinciplesof information and consent.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86534896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Funding of research proposals by the European Commission (EC) requires not only scientificex cellence and innovation, but also ethical conduct of research. For this reason, the EC performs ethicsreview for all the research proposals that are going to be funded, in order to check compliance with theethics principles of research, as well as the Eu ropean and National laws, in the countries where research isconducted. The aim of the present manuscript is to raise awareness and familiarize researchers with theethics review of research proposals, as conducted in the EC, through the eyes of two ethics experts.Firstly, the stages of the ethics review process are described, which is performed with the assistanceof independent ethics experts. The criteria which are provided and monitored by the Ethics and ResearchIntegrity Sector in the EC are then pr esented in detail. Based on these criteria, the possible outcomes of anethics review are analyzed, which may include the formation of specific requirements that need to befulfilled by the researchers. Specific reference is made to the requirements that m ay result when aresearch proposal involves collection, processing and storage of personal data according to the GeneralData Protection Regulation 2016/679, because this Regulation entered into force recently in the ethicsreview.Finally, reference is m ade to the importance of ensuring integrity in research thought the ethicsreview process, and the necessary compliance with the ethics standards of EC funded research.
{"title":"Ερευνητικές προτάσεις και συμμετοχή σε Ευρωπαϊκά καινοτόμα προγράμματα μέσα από τη ματιά εμπειρογνωμόνων ηθικής και δεοντολογίας","authors":"Vasilios Fanaras (Βασίλειος Φανάρας), Vasiliki Mollaki (Βασιλική Μολλάκη)","doi":"10.12681/bioeth.22618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.22618","url":null,"abstract":"Funding of research proposals by the European Commission (EC) requires not only scientificex cellence and innovation, but also ethical conduct of research. For this reason, the EC performs ethicsreview for all the research proposals that are going to be funded, in order to check compliance with theethics principles of research, as well as the Eu ropean and National laws, in the countries where research isconducted. The aim of the present manuscript is to raise awareness and familiarize researchers with theethics review of research proposals, as conducted in the EC, through the eyes of two ethics experts.Firstly, the stages of the ethics review process are described, which is performed with the assistanceof independent ethics experts. The criteria which are provided and monitored by the Ethics and ResearchIntegrity Sector in the EC are then pr esented in detail. Based on these criteria, the possible outcomes of anethics review are analyzed, which may include the formation of specific requirements that need to befulfilled by the researchers. Specific reference is made to the requirements that m ay result when aresearch proposal involves collection, processing and storage of personal data according to the GeneralData Protection Regulation 2016/679, because this Regulation entered into force recently in the ethicsreview.Finally, reference is m ade to the importance of ensuring integrity in research thought the ethicsreview process, and the necessary compliance with the ethics standards of EC funded research.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77049736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroscience is a rapidly growing scientific field, whose recent findings gain major interest in the field of criminal law and forensic psychiatry. Neuroscientific evidence is increasingly being used in criminal trials as part of psychiatric testimony, particularly in the US, but also in Europe.This article presents the findings of an empirical study with focus groups involving judges, lawyers, psychiatrists and neurologists, aiming to examine through a focus group interaction process, the use of neuroscientific data in psychiatric testimony from the perspective of all the actors involved in the criminal proceedings. In particular, the study aims to examine the way that neuroscientific evidence would likely be used by lawyers, the way that this evidence is perceived and interpreted by judges, as well as the opinion of psychiatrists - experts and neuroscientists concerning the usefulness, effectiveness and limitations of neurosciences’ use in criminal courts, especially in relation with the assessment of guilt and the assessment of the recidivism risk posed by an offender.
{"title":"Οι νευροεπιστήμες στις ψυχιατρικές πραγματογνωμοσύνες: ευρήματα από ομάδες εστίασης","authors":"Γεωργία-Μάρθα Γκότση","doi":"10.12681/BIOETH.20835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BIOETH.20835","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroscience is a rapidly growing scientific field, whose recent findings gain major interest in the field of criminal law and forensic psychiatry. Neuroscientific evidence is increasingly being used in criminal trials as part of psychiatric testimony, particularly in the US, but also in Europe.This article presents the findings of an empirical study with focus groups involving judges, lawyers, psychiatrists and neurologists, aiming to examine through a focus group interaction process, the use of neuroscientific data in psychiatric testimony from the perspective of all the actors involved in the criminal proceedings. In particular, the study aims to examine the way that neuroscientific evidence would likely be used by lawyers, the way that this evidence is perceived and interpreted by judges, as well as the opinion of psychiatrists - experts and neuroscientists concerning the usefulness, effectiveness and limitations of neurosciences’ use in criminal courts, especially in relation with the assessment of guilt and the assessment of the recidivism risk posed by an offender.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72779691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During recent years, bioethics have become increasingly important as it has become clear that citizens of all ages will be called upon to take ethical decisions about the use of science and technology at some stage of their lives. Research shows that there is a global agreement on the need to teach more of these ethical and social issues related to science and technology at all levels of education.This article attempts to investigate the importance and role of bioethics in secondary and undergraduate university education. Examples of primary and secondary education curricula, their goals and their contribution to improving students' understanding of the different aspects of bioethics are presented. Then, it is attempted to review the situation of bioethics in universities curricula. The article analyzes the different philosophies of approaching bioethical education, its relation with human rights and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the teaching strategies of integration and specialization.In conclusion, it seems that bioethics is worthwhile being joined together with other disciplines and integrated into a wider framework of effective and informed decision-making skills, whether the person is a health professional or a modern citizen.
{"title":"Η βιοηθική στην εκπαίδευση","authors":"Αλεξάνδρα Γλυκοφρύδη (Alexandra Glykofridi), Μαρία Ζαπουνίδου (Maria Zapounidou)","doi":"10.12681/bioeth.20833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.20833","url":null,"abstract":"During recent years, bioethics have become increasingly important as it has become clear that citizens of all ages will be called upon to take ethical decisions about the use of science and technology at some stage of their lives. Research shows that there is a global agreement on the need to teach more of these ethical and social issues related to science and technology at all levels of education.This article attempts to investigate the importance and role of bioethics in secondary and undergraduate university education. Examples of primary and secondary education curricula, their goals and their contribution to improving students' understanding of the different aspects of bioethics are presented. Then, it is attempted to review the situation of bioethics in universities curricula. The article analyzes the different philosophies of approaching bioethical education, its relation with human rights and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the teaching strategies of integration and specialization.In conclusion, it seems that bioethics is worthwhile being joined together with other disciplines and integrated into a wider framework of effective and informed decision-making skills, whether the person is a health professional or a modern citizen.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88026793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Στην παρούσα eργασία παρουσιάζουμe τους τρόπους μe τους οποίους συνδέονται μe θeσμούς οι πρακτικές που ακολουθούν οι τράπeζeς ομφαλοπλακουντιακού αίματος (ΟπΑ). Οι διάφορeς μέθοδοι διαχeίρισης του ΟπΑ σχeτίζονται μe την καθιέρωση της λeιτουργίας τραπeζών ΟπΑ δημόσιου και ιδιωτικού χαρακτήρα. Οι δημόσιeς και οι ιδιωτικές τράπeζeς ΟπΑ συνδέονται μe διαφορeτικές κοινωνικές συνδηλώσeις. Οι δημόσιeς τράπeζeς αντιστοιχούν στις αρχές της αναδιανeμητικής οικονομίας, eνώ οι ιδιωτικές τράπeζeς στην οικονομία της αγοράς. Από την άλλη, οι πρακτικές λeιτουργίας των τραπeζών, όπως έχουν αναδeίξeι μeλέτeς από το διeπιστημονικό πeδίο σπουδών ‘Eπιστήμη, Τeχνολογία, Κοινωνία’, καθιστούν λιγότeρη άκαμπτη τη διάκριση μeταξύ δημόσιων και ιδιωτικών τραπeζών. Δίνοντας έμφαση στην κινητικότητα των κυττάρων ΟπΑ σe ένα eυρύ δίκτυο υποδομών και οργανισμών που αφορά στην αξιοποίησή τους, eπιχeιρούμe να δeίξουμe τους παράγοντeς που σχeτικοποιούν τη διάκριση μeταξύ δημόσιων και ιδιωτικών θeσμών αποθήκeυσης του ΟπΑ.
{"title":"«Υγρός βιολογικός χρυσός»: Κριτικές προσεγγίσεις των τραπεζών ομφαλοπλακουντιακού αίματος από το πεδίο «Επιστήμη, Τεχνολογία, Κοινωνία»","authors":"Κωνσταντίνος Μορφάκης (Constantinos Morfakis), Κατερίνα Βλαντώνη (Katerina Vlantoni)","doi":"10.12681/bioeth.20834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.20834","url":null,"abstract":"Στην παρούσα eργασία παρουσιάζουμe τους τρόπους μe τους οποίους συνδέονται μe θeσμούς οι πρακτικές που ακολουθούν οι τράπeζeς ομφαλοπλακουντιακού αίματος (ΟπΑ). Οι διάφορeς μέθοδοι διαχeίρισης του ΟπΑ σχeτίζονται μe την καθιέρωση της λeιτουργίας τραπeζών ΟπΑ δημόσιου και ιδιωτικού χαρακτήρα. Οι δημόσιeς και οι ιδιωτικές τράπeζeς ΟπΑ συνδέονται μe διαφορeτικές κοινωνικές συνδηλώσeις. Οι δημόσιeς τράπeζeς αντιστοιχούν στις αρχές της αναδιανeμητικής οικονομίας, eνώ οι ιδιωτικές τράπeζeς στην οικονομία της αγοράς. Από την άλλη, οι πρακτικές λeιτουργίας των τραπeζών, όπως έχουν αναδeίξeι μeλέτeς από το διeπιστημονικό πeδίο σπουδών ‘Eπιστήμη, Τeχνολογία, Κοινωνία’, καθιστούν λιγότeρη άκαμπτη τη διάκριση μeταξύ δημόσιων και ιδιωτικών τραπeζών. Δίνοντας έμφαση στην κινητικότητα των κυττάρων ΟπΑ σe ένα eυρύ δίκτυο υποδομών και οργανισμών που αφορά στην αξιοποίησή τους, eπιχeιρούμe να δeίξουμe τους παράγοντeς που σχeτικοποιούν τη διάκριση μeταξύ δημόσιων και ιδιωτικών θeσμών αποθήκeυσης του ΟπΑ.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84591659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Euthanasia is one of the issues that bioethics deals with, which is one of the outmost importance. Furthermore it is very up-to-date. In Greece and in most countries of the European Union euthanasia has not been subject to specialized legislation. It is only occasionally debated, resulting in tension and conflict. On one hand, people have the right to self determination, so the end of life should be among them. On the other hand, life is considered to be of the highest value and it is the duty of healthcare personnel to guard and preserve it by any means, using their expertise and knowledge.In this paper, a brief report is made to the practices used across countries in the European Union regarding the end of life. Most countries are opposed to euthanasia while acknowledging the right of a patient to refuse or receive treatment. Only three countries have passed bills that legalize euthanasia under strict conditions. The rest, due to sensitivity in this matter, have not yet proceeded in reforming their laws accordingly. It seems that society does not have the necessary reassurances so that they can engulf that issue guarding the true will of a person.
{"title":"Ευθανασία: Πρακτικές που εφαρμόζουν οι χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης","authors":"Αλεξάνδρα Κοζαμάνη (Alexandra Kozamani)","doi":"10.12681/bioeth.20837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.20837","url":null,"abstract":"Euthanasia is one of the issues that bioethics deals with, which is one of the outmost importance. Furthermore it is very up-to-date. In Greece and in most countries of the European Union euthanasia has not been subject to specialized legislation. It is only occasionally debated, resulting in tension and conflict. On one hand, people have the right to self determination, so the end of life should be among them. On the other hand, life is considered to be of the highest value and it is the duty of healthcare personnel to guard and preserve it by any means, using their expertise and knowledge.In this paper, a brief report is made to the practices used across countries in the European Union regarding the end of life. Most countries are opposed to euthanasia while acknowledging the right of a patient to refuse or receive treatment. Only three countries have passed bills that legalize euthanasia under strict conditions. The rest, due to sensitivity in this matter, have not yet proceeded in reforming their laws accordingly. It seems that society does not have the necessary reassurances so that they can engulf that issue guarding the true will of a person.","PeriodicalId":49112,"journal":{"name":"Acta Bioethica","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87626560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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