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Taking Risks to Protect Others-Pediatric Vaccination and Moral Responsibility. 冒险保护他人--儿童疫苗接种与道德责任。
IF 1.4 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-05-04 eCollection Date: 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad005
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist

The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2022 raised ethical questions concerning the balance between individual autonomy and the protection of the population, vulnerable individuals and the healthcare system. Pediatric COVID-19 vaccination differs from, for example, measles vaccination in that children were not as severely affected. The main question concerning pediatric vaccination has been whether the autonomy of parents outweighs the protection of the population. When children are seen as mature enough to be granted autonomy, questions arise about whether they have the right to decline vaccination and who should make the decision when parents disagree with each other and/or the child. In this paper, I argue that children should be encouraged to not only take responsibility for themselves, but for others. The discussion of pediatric vaccination in cases where this kind of risk-benefit ratio exists extends beyond the 2020-2022 pandemic. The pandemic entailed a question that is crucial for the future of public health as a global problem, that is, to what extent children should be seen as responsible decision-makers who are capable of contributing to its management and potential solution. I conclude that society should encourage children to cultivate such responsibility, conceived as a virtue, in the context of public health.

2020-2022 年期间的 COVID-19 大流行提出了有关个人自主权与保护人口、弱势人群和医疗保健系统之间平衡的伦理问题。小儿 COVID-19 疫苗接种不同于麻疹疫苗接种,因为儿童受影响的程度没有麻疹那么严重。有关小儿疫苗接种的主要问题是父母的自主权是否大于对人口的保护。当儿童被视为足够成熟,可以被赋予自主权时,就会出现这样的问题:他们是否有权拒绝接种疫苗,以及当父母意见不一致和/或儿童意见不一致时,应该由谁来做决定。在本文中,我认为应鼓励儿童不仅为自己负责,也为他人负责。在存在这种风险-收益比的情况下,对儿童接种疫苗的讨论将超越 2020-2022 年的大流行。这次大流行带来了一个对作为全球问题的公共卫生的未来至关重要的问题,即儿童在多大程度上应被视为负责任的决策者,能够为管理和潜在的解决方案做出贡献。我的结论是,在公共卫生领域,社会应鼓励儿童培养这种责任感,并将其视为一种美德。
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引用次数: 0
Approaching COVID-19 as an Environmental Ethical Problem: A Perspective from African Relational Animal Ethics 将COVID-19视为环境伦理问题:来自非洲关系动物伦理的视角
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad007
Munamato Chemhuru
After the discovery of the origins of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be possibly wet markets in Wuhan, China, the normative questions of what ought to be the ethical relations between human beings and non-human animals have started to attract renewed interest among environmentalists. Although these are not new questions in environmental philosophy, the impact of COVID-19 across the world is challenging human beings to seriously reconsider some of these often-neglected questions. In this article, I examine COVID-19 as essentially an environmental ethical challenge. Specifically, I consider the extent to which the relationships between human and non-human animals can effectively impact the health and lives of humanity and the environment at large. I then provide some alternative ways by which human beings ought to re-think their relationships with non-human animals to avoid future catastrophes like COVID-19. I argue that the African view of animal ethics could at least provide a valuable lens through which to view correct relations between human beings and non-human animals. Ultimately, I set forth and defend an African environmental ethic for the right relations between human beings and animals and to show how such an ethic better places humanity in confronting future zoonoses.
在发现2019新型冠状病毒疾病(新冠肺炎)的起源可能是中国武汉的湿货市场后,人类与非人类动物之间的伦理关系这一规范性问题开始引起环保主义者的新兴趣。尽管这些都不是环境哲学中的新问题,但新冠肺炎对世界各地的影响正在挑战人类认真重新考虑其中一些经常被忽视的问题。在这篇文章中,我研究了新冠肺炎本质上是一种环境伦理挑战。具体来说,我认为人类和非人类动物之间的关系在多大程度上可以有效地影响人类的健康和生活以及整个环境。然后,我提供了一些替代方法,让人类重新审视与非人类动物的关系,以避免未来发生像新冠肺炎这样的灾难。我认为,非洲的动物伦理观至少可以提供一个有价值的视角,通过它来看待人类和非人类动物之间的正确关系。最终,我提出并捍卫了一种非洲环境伦理,即人与动物之间的正确关系,并展示了这种伦理如何更好地让人类应对未来的人畜共患疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Responding to the Injustice of Climate Change 应对气候变化的不公正
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad008
J. Dwyer
Climate change continues to have profound impacts on people’s health, lives and life prospects. For the most part, people who are at highest risk from the impacts of climate change have contributed very little to the problem. This is the crux of the injustice. After I discuss the risks and contributions associated with the injustice of climate change, I turn to the issue of responsiveness: of why and how people should respond to this injustice. I avoid discussions of legal liability and focus more attention on the need to take political action to change social structures and habits. However, I realize how political engagement can prove to be ineffective, burdensome and dangerous. So in the last section, I say more about the reasons and changes that limit the effectiveness of political engagement. I suggest how we might change both the perception and practice of politics. At the end, I note two issues that I have not addressed in this limited article.
气候变化继续对人们的健康、生命和生活前景产生深远影响。在很大程度上,受气候变化影响风险最高的人对这个问题的贡献很小。这是不公正的症结所在。在我讨论了与气候变化的不公正相关的风险和贡献之后,我转向响应的问题:人们为什么以及如何应对这种不公正。我避免讨论法律责任,而更多地关注采取政治行动改变社会结构和习惯的必要性。然而,我意识到政治参与可能被证明是无效的、繁重的和危险的。因此,在最后一部分中,我将更多地讨论限制政治参与有效性的原因和变化。我建议我们如何改变对政治的认知和实践。最后,我要指出在这篇篇幅有限的文章中没有提到的两个问题。
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引用次数: 0
Universalists, Republicans and Rationalists: Exploring Health Sector Solidarity and Its Boundary through the Comparative Experience of Overseas Taiwanese 普遍主义者、共和主义者与理性主义者:从海外台湾人的比较经验探讨卫生部门团结及其边界
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad006
Through users’ cross-system comparative experience engaging with the health systems in Taiwan and other countries, this article probes into their understandings and value judgments and specifically their reasonings for the ‘solidarity with whom?’ question in the health sector solidarity. With the cross-system comparison approach, the study adopted semi-structured interviews with 30 Taiwanese participants who have studied, lived or worked abroad and engaged with the health system in Canada, the USA or the UK. This approach offers the opportunity for one to evaluate the health system in the home country from a relative viewpoint from the host country. The participants suggested that the boundary of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) should be as inclusive as possible, covering all legal residents in Taiwan regardless of their status, and that the citizens should share more financial responsibility. The ethical reasons for supporting the NHI include recognizing health sector solidarity among people, considering the coverage as a protection of the human right to health, humanitarian reasons and self-interest. Three archetypes of users emerged from the synthesis: Universalists, Rationalists and Republicans. The cross-system comparative experience makes the participants have more supportive attitudes toward the ideals of health sector solidarity.
本文通过使用者参与台湾与其他国家卫生系统的跨系统比较经验,探讨使用者对“与谁团结?”的理解与价值判断,特别是对“与谁团结?”卫生部门团结的问题。本研究采用半结构化访谈法,访问30位曾在海外学习、生活或工作,并参与加拿大、美国或英国医疗系统的台湾受访者。这种方法使人们有机会从东道国的相对观点来评价母国的卫生系统。嘉宾建议,台湾全民健康保险的边界应尽可能包容,涵盖所有在台湾的合法居民,不论其身份如何,公民应分担更多的经济责任。支持全国健康保险的道德理由包括:承认卫生部门在人民之间的团结,将该保险视为对健康人权的保护,人道主义原因和自身利益。在这种综合中出现了三种用户原型:普遍主义者、理性主义者和共和主义者。跨系统的比较经验使与会者对卫生部门团结的理想持更加支持的态度。
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引用次数: 0
Moral Intuitions About Stigmatizing Practices and Feeding Stigmatizing Practices: How Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory Relates to Infectious Disease Stigma. 关于污名化行为和喂养污名化行为的道德直觉:海特的道德基础理论与传染病污名化的关系。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002
C Damsté, K Kramer

Despite extensive stigma mitigation efforts, infectious disease stigma remains common. So far, little attention has been paid to the moral psychology of stigmatizing practices (i.e. beliefs, attitudes, actions) rather than the experience of being stigmatized. Addressing the moral psychology behind stigmatizing practices seems necessary to explain the persistence of infectious disease stigma and to develop effective mitigation strategies. Our article proposes building on Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory, which states that moral judgements follow from intuitions rather than conscious reasoning. Conceptual analysis was conducted to show how Haidt's five moral foundations can be connected to (i) moral judgements about stigmatizing practices and (ii) stigmatizing practices themselves. We found that care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal and sanctity/degradation intuitions can inform moral judgements about stigmatizing practices. Loyalty/betrayal and sanctity/degradation intuitions can sometimes also feed stigmatizing practices. Authority/subversion intuitions can inform moral judgements and stigmatizing practices towards people who disrespect authoritative rules meant to protect public health. Moral dumbfounding and posthoc reasoning might explain the persistence of stigmatizing practices. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the relevance of Haidt's approach to infectious disease stigma research and mitigation strategies. We hope that this study motivates researchers to further test and assess this approach.

尽管采取了广泛的减轻耻辱感的措施,但传染病的耻辱感仍然很普遍。到目前为止,很少有人关注污名化行为(即信仰、态度、行为)的道德心理,而不是被污名化的经历。解决污名化做法背后的道德心理学似乎是解释传染病污名化持续存在和制定有效缓解战略的必要条件。我们的文章建议建立在Jonathan Haidt的道德基础理论之上,该理论指出道德判断遵循直觉而不是有意识的推理。进行了概念分析,以显示Haidt的五个道德基础如何与(i)关于污名化实践的道德判断和(ii)污名化实践本身联系起来。我们发现,关心/伤害、公平/欺骗、忠诚/背叛和圣洁/堕落的直觉可以为污名化行为的道德判断提供信息。忠诚/背叛和神圣/堕落的直觉有时也会助长污名化的做法。权威/颠覆直觉可以为不尊重旨在保护公众健康的权威规则的人的道德判断和污名化做法提供依据。道德哑巴和事后推理或许可以解释污名化行为的持续存在。总之,这项研究证明了Haidt的方法与传染病病耻感研究和缓解策略的相关性。我们希望这项研究能激励研究人员进一步测试和评估这种方法。
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引用次数: 0
A Taxonomy of Non-honesty in Public Health Communication. 公共卫生传播中的不诚实行为分类
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad003
Rebecca C H Brown, Mícheál de Barra

This paper discusses the ethics of public health communication. We argue that a number of commonplace tools of public health communication risk qualifying as non-honest and question whether or not using such tools is ethically justified. First, we introduce the concept of honesty and suggest some reasons for thinking it is morally desirable. We then describe a number of common ways in which public health communication presents information about health-promoting interventions. These include the omission of information about the magnitude of benefits people can expect from health-promoting interventions, and failure to report uncertainty associated with the outcomes of interventions. Next we outline some forms of behaviour which are generally recognised by philosophers as being non-honest, including deception, manipulation, and so on. Finally, we suggest that many of the public health communicative practices identified earlier share features with the non-honest behaviours described and suggest this warrants reflection upon whether such non-honesty is justified by the goals of public health communication.

本文探讨了公共卫生传播的伦理问题。我们认为,一些常见的公共卫生传播工具可能被认定为不诚实,并质疑使用这些工具是否在道德上是合理的。首先,我们介绍了诚实的概念,并提出了认为诚实在道德上是可取的一些原因。然后,我们描述了公共卫生传播提供有关健康促进干预措施信息的一些常见方式。这些问题包括缺乏有关人们可从促进健康的干预措施中预期获益程度的信息,以及未能报告与干预措施结果相关的不确定性。接下来,我们将概述一些被哲学家普遍认为是不诚实的行为形式,包括欺骗、操纵等等。最后,我们认为,之前确定的许多公共卫生传播实践与所描述的不诚实行为具有共同特征,并建议这值得反思,这种不诚实是否符合公共卫生传播的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Moral Intuitions About Stigmatizing Practices and Feeding Stigmatizing Practices: How Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory Relates to Infectious Disease Stigma. 纠正:关于污名化做法和喂养污名化做法的道德直觉:海特的道德基础理论如何与传染病污名化有关。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad009

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002.].

[更正文章DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002.]。
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引用次数: 0
Exercising Caution: A Case for Ethics Analysis in Physical Activity Promotion 谨慎锻炼:体育活动促进中的伦理分析案例
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad004
K. Esmonde
Despite the important role of physical activity in population health and well-being, it has received less focus in public health ethics as compared to other modifiable lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet. However, when considering the current and potential role of physical activity within public health—including interventions and policies to encourage physical activity in schools and workplaces, changes to the built environment and the equity issues associated with access to physical activity—it is a ripe territory for ethical analysis. This paper makes a case for a more sustained focus on physical activity within public health ethics by reviewing two ethical issues within physical activity and public health: physical activity inequity as a structural injustice issue, and stigma in physical activity promotion. While the benefits of physical activity for every age group and demographic are numerous, ethics oversight is encouraged to ensure that these efforts do not impose unnecessary risks or stigmatize marginalized populations.
尽管体育活动在人口健康和福祉方面发挥着重要作用,但与吸烟和饮食等其他可改变的生活方式因素相比,它在公共卫生伦理方面受到的关注较少。然而,当考虑到体育活动在公共卫生中的当前和潜在作用时,包括鼓励在学校和工作场所进行体育活动的干预措施和政策,建筑环境的变化以及与获得体育活动相关的公平问题,这是一个成熟的伦理分析领域。本文通过回顾体育活动和公共卫生中的两个伦理问题:作为结构性不公正问题的体育活动不平等,以及体育活动促进中的耻辱,为在公共卫生伦理中更持续地关注体育活动提供了一个案例。虽然体育活动对每个年龄组和人口都有很多好处,但鼓励进行道德监督,以确保这些努力不会带来不必要的风险或使边缘化人群蒙受耻辱。
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引用次数: 1
Paternalism in Historical Context: Helmet and Seatbelt Legislation in the UK. 历史背景下的家长制:英国的头盔和安全带立法。
IF 1.4 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-03-13 eCollection Date: 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad001
Janet Weston

Paternalism is a frequent source of anxiety and scholarly enquiry within public health. This article examines debate in the UK from the 1950s to the early 1980s about two quintessentially paternalistic laws: those making it compulsory to use a motorcycle helmet, and a car seatbelt. This kind of historical analysis, looking at change over time and the circumstances that prevent or enable such change, draws attention to two significant features: the contingent nature of that which is perceived as paternalistic and therefore objectionable, and the wide range of arguments that can be marshalled for and against. It suggests that paternalism became a particularly disruptive accusation in the UK of the 1970s in relation to seatbelts, thanks to the population that would be affected and the wider socio-political context. It also suggests that arguments about the social cost of death and injury on the roads, along with overt acceptance that some element of paternalism could be acceptable, proved influential-as was the sense of inevitability that 10 years of regular debate helped to create.

家长制经常引起公共卫生领域的焦虑和学术探讨。本文研究了英国从 20 世纪 50 年代到 80 年代初关于两项典型的家长制法律的争论:强制使用摩托车头盔和汽车安全带的法律。这种历史分析着眼于随着时间的推移而发生的变化,以及阻止或促成这种变化的环境,使人们注意到两个重要特征:被视为家长式作风因而令人反感的法律的偶然性,以及支持和反对家长式作风的论据的广泛性。报告指出,在 20 世纪 70 年代的英国,家长式作风成为与安全带有关的特别具有破坏性的指控,这要归功于受影响的人口和更广泛的社会政治背景。研究还表明,关于道路上人员伤亡的社会成本的争论,以及公开承认某些家长式作风是可以接受的,都被证明是有影响力的,而10年的定期辩论也有助于形成一种不可避免的感觉。
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引用次数: 0
Inequalities in the Challenges Affecting Children and their Families during COVID-19 with School Closures and Reopenings: A Qualitative Study. COVID-19 期间影响儿童及其家庭的不平等挑战与学校关闭和重新开放:定性研究。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2022-12-14 eCollection Date: 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac030
Ilaria Galasso, Gemma Watts

School closure is one of the most debated measures undertaken to contain the spread of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The pandemic has devastating health and socio-economic effects and must be contained, but schools play a vital role in present and future well-being, capabilities and health of children. We examine the detrimental consequences of both the closure and reopening of schools, by focusing on inequalities in the challenges affecting children and their families. This paper is grounded on Irish and Italian data from a multi-national longitudinal qualitative interview study. Research participants articulated a variety of issues and challenges that highlight inequalities in access to education during school closures, in the supportiveness of home setting, and in school preparedness to reopen, often mirroring or exacerbating pre-existing inequalities. The reported unequal lived experiences indicate that some harms are actionable, and already suggest some potential harm mitigation strategies. We conclude by advocating for enhanced public consultation to help mitigate the consequences of public dilemmas in general, and to help detect and tackle inadequacies and inequalities for school children through and beyond the pandemic, by learning from the experience of the concerned actors.

学校停课是为遏制冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行而采取的最受争议的措施之一。这种流行病对健康和社会经济具有破坏性影响,必须加以控制,但学校对儿童现在和未来的福祉、能力和健康起着至关重要的作用。我们通过关注影响儿童及其家庭的挑战中的不平等现象,研究了学校关闭和重新开放的有害后果。本文以爱尔兰和意大利的多国纵向定性访谈研究数据为基础。研究参与者阐述了各种问题和挑战,这些问题和挑战凸显了学校关闭期间受教育机会、家庭环境支持以及学校复课准备方面的不平等,这些问题和挑战往往反映或加剧了先前存在的不平等。所报告的不平等的生活经历表明,有些危害是可以采取行动的,并已提出了一些潜在的危害缓解策略。最后,我们提倡加强公众咨询,以帮助减轻公共困境的总体后果,并通过学习相关参与者的经验,帮助发现和解决大流行期间及之后学童面临的不足和不平等问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Public Health Ethics
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