首页 > 最新文献

Public Health Ethics最新文献

英文 中文
Pharmaceutical Pollution from Human Use and the Polluter Pays Principle. 人类使用的药物污染与污染者付费原则。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad012
Erik Malmqvist, Davide Fumagalli, Christian Munthe, D G Joakim Larsson

Human consumption of pharmaceuticals often leads to environmental release of residues via urine and faeces, creating environmental and public health risks. Policy responses must consider the normative question how responsibilities for managing such risks, and costs and burdens associated with that management, should be distributed between actors. Recently, the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) has been advanced as rationale for such distribution. While recognizing some advantages of PPP, we highlight important ethical and practical limitations with applying it in this context: PPP gives ambiguous and arbitrary guidance due to difficulties in identifying the salient polluter. Moreover, when PPP does identify responsible actors, these may be unable to avoid or mitigate their contribution to the pollution, only able to avoid/mitigate it at excessive cost to themselves or others, or excusably ignorant of contributing. These limitations motivate a hybrid framework where PPP, which emphasizes holding those causing large-scale problems accountable, is balanced by the Ability to Pay Principle (APP), which emphasizes efficiently managing such problems. In this framework, improving wastewater treatment and distributing associated financial costs across water consumers or taxpayers stand out as promising responses to pharmaceutical pollution from human use. However, sound policy depends on empirical considerations requiring further study.

人类对药品的消费往往导致残留物通过尿液和粪便向环境释放,造成环境和公共健康风险。政策反应必须考虑如何在行为者之间分配管理这种风险的责任以及与这种管理有关的成本和负担的规范性问题。最近,“污染者自付原则”(PPP)被提出作为分配的基本原理。在认识到公私伙伴关系的一些优势的同时,我们强调了在这种情况下应用它的重要的道德和实践限制:由于难以确定主要污染者,公私伙伴关系给出了模糊和武断的指导。此外,当PPP确实确定了负责任的行为者时,这些行为者可能无法避免或减轻他们对污染的贡献,只能以对自己或他人付出过高代价的方式避免或减轻污染,或者可以原谅的是,他们对自己的贡献一无所知。这些限制激发了一种混合框架,在这种框架中,PPP强调追究造成大规模问题的人的责任,而支付能力原则(APP)则强调有效管理此类问题。在这一框架下,改善废水处理和在用水消费者或纳税人之间分摊相关财务成本是应对人类使用药物污染的有希望的对策。然而,健全的政策取决于需要进一步研究的实证考虑。
{"title":"Pharmaceutical Pollution from Human Use and the Polluter Pays Principle.","authors":"Erik Malmqvist,&nbsp;Davide Fumagalli,&nbsp;Christian Munthe,&nbsp;D G Joakim Larsson","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human consumption of pharmaceuticals often leads to environmental release of residues via urine and faeces, creating environmental and public health risks. Policy responses must consider the normative question how responsibilities for managing such risks, and costs and burdens associated with that management, should be distributed between actors. Recently, the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) has been advanced as rationale for such distribution. While recognizing some advantages of PPP, we highlight important ethical and practical limitations with applying it in this context: PPP gives ambiguous and arbitrary guidance due to difficulties in identifying the salient polluter. Moreover, when PPP does identify responsible actors, these may be unable to avoid or mitigate their contribution to the pollution, only able to avoid/mitigate it at excessive cost to themselves or others, or excusably ignorant of contributing. These limitations motivate a hybrid framework where PPP, which emphasizes holding those causing large-scale problems accountable, is balanced by the Ability to Pay Principle (APP), which emphasizes efficiently managing such problems. In this framework, improving wastewater treatment and distributing associated financial costs across water consumers or taxpayers stand out as promising responses to pharmaceutical pollution from human use. However, sound policy depends on empirical considerations requiring further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Reinvigorating Public Health Ethics: Values, Topics and Theory 重振公共卫生伦理:价值、主题和理论
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad018
A. Dawson, L. Reid
{"title":"Reinvigorating Public Health Ethics: Values, Topics and Theory","authors":"A. Dawson, L. Reid","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48217796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction: Inequalities in the Challenges Affecting Children and their Families during COVID-19 with School Closures and Reopenings: A Qualitative Study. 更正:2019冠状病毒病期间影响儿童及其家庭的挑战中的不平等与学校关闭和重新开放:一项定性研究。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad010

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac030.].

[更正文章DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac030.]。
{"title":"Correction: Inequalities in the Challenges Affecting Children and their Families during COVID-19 with School Closures and Reopenings: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac030.].</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2c/63/phad010.PMC10401493.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10319335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Taking Risks to Protect Others-Pediatric Vaccination and Moral Responsibility. 冒险保护他人--儿童疫苗接种与道德责任。
IF 1.4 3区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2023-05-04 eCollection Date: 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad005
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist

The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2022 raised ethical questions concerning the balance between individual autonomy and the protection of the population, vulnerable individuals and the healthcare system. Pediatric COVID-19 vaccination differs from, for example, measles vaccination in that children were not as severely affected. The main question concerning pediatric vaccination has been whether the autonomy of parents outweighs the protection of the population. When children are seen as mature enough to be granted autonomy, questions arise about whether they have the right to decline vaccination and who should make the decision when parents disagree with each other and/or the child. In this paper, I argue that children should be encouraged to not only take responsibility for themselves, but for others. The discussion of pediatric vaccination in cases where this kind of risk-benefit ratio exists extends beyond the 2020-2022 pandemic. The pandemic entailed a question that is crucial for the future of public health as a global problem, that is, to what extent children should be seen as responsible decision-makers who are capable of contributing to its management and potential solution. I conclude that society should encourage children to cultivate such responsibility, conceived as a virtue, in the context of public health.

2020-2022 年期间的 COVID-19 大流行提出了有关个人自主权与保护人口、弱势人群和医疗保健系统之间平衡的伦理问题。小儿 COVID-19 疫苗接种不同于麻疹疫苗接种,因为儿童受影响的程度没有麻疹那么严重。有关小儿疫苗接种的主要问题是父母的自主权是否大于对人口的保护。当儿童被视为足够成熟,可以被赋予自主权时,就会出现这样的问题:他们是否有权拒绝接种疫苗,以及当父母意见不一致和/或儿童意见不一致时,应该由谁来做决定。在本文中,我认为应鼓励儿童不仅为自己负责,也为他人负责。在存在这种风险-收益比的情况下,对儿童接种疫苗的讨论将超越 2020-2022 年的大流行。这次大流行带来了一个对作为全球问题的公共卫生的未来至关重要的问题,即儿童在多大程度上应被视为负责任的决策者,能够为管理和潜在的解决方案做出贡献。我的结论是,在公共卫生领域,社会应鼓励儿童培养这种责任感,并将其视为一种美德。
{"title":"Taking Risks to Protect Others-Pediatric Vaccination and Moral Responsibility.","authors":"Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/phe/phad005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2022 raised ethical questions concerning the balance between individual autonomy and the protection of the population, vulnerable individuals and the healthcare system. Pediatric COVID-19 vaccination differs from, for example, measles vaccination in that children were not as severely affected. The main question concerning pediatric vaccination has been whether the autonomy of parents outweighs the protection of the population. When children are seen as mature enough to be granted autonomy, questions arise about whether they have the right to decline vaccination and who should make the decision when parents disagree with each other and/or the child. In this paper, I argue that children should be encouraged to not only take responsibility for themselves, but for others. The discussion of pediatric vaccination in cases where this kind of risk-benefit ratio exists extends beyond the 2020-2022 pandemic. The pandemic entailed a question that is crucial for the future of public health as a global problem, that is, to what extent children should be seen as responsible decision-makers who are capable of contributing to its management and potential solution. I conclude that society should encourage children to cultivate such responsibility, conceived as a virtue, in the context of public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10007384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Approaching COVID-19 as an Environmental Ethical Problem: A Perspective from African Relational Animal Ethics 将COVID-19视为环境伦理问题:来自非洲关系动物伦理的视角
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad007
Munamato Chemhuru
After the discovery of the origins of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be possibly wet markets in Wuhan, China, the normative questions of what ought to be the ethical relations between human beings and non-human animals have started to attract renewed interest among environmentalists. Although these are not new questions in environmental philosophy, the impact of COVID-19 across the world is challenging human beings to seriously reconsider some of these often-neglected questions. In this article, I examine COVID-19 as essentially an environmental ethical challenge. Specifically, I consider the extent to which the relationships between human and non-human animals can effectively impact the health and lives of humanity and the environment at large. I then provide some alternative ways by which human beings ought to re-think their relationships with non-human animals to avoid future catastrophes like COVID-19. I argue that the African view of animal ethics could at least provide a valuable lens through which to view correct relations between human beings and non-human animals. Ultimately, I set forth and defend an African environmental ethic for the right relations between human beings and animals and to show how such an ethic better places humanity in confronting future zoonoses.
在发现2019新型冠状病毒疾病(新冠肺炎)的起源可能是中国武汉的湿货市场后,人类与非人类动物之间的伦理关系这一规范性问题开始引起环保主义者的新兴趣。尽管这些都不是环境哲学中的新问题,但新冠肺炎对世界各地的影响正在挑战人类认真重新考虑其中一些经常被忽视的问题。在这篇文章中,我研究了新冠肺炎本质上是一种环境伦理挑战。具体来说,我认为人类和非人类动物之间的关系在多大程度上可以有效地影响人类的健康和生活以及整个环境。然后,我提供了一些替代方法,让人类重新审视与非人类动物的关系,以避免未来发生像新冠肺炎这样的灾难。我认为,非洲的动物伦理观至少可以提供一个有价值的视角,通过它来看待人类和非人类动物之间的正确关系。最终,我提出并捍卫了一种非洲环境伦理,即人与动物之间的正确关系,并展示了这种伦理如何更好地让人类应对未来的人畜共患疾病。
{"title":"Approaching COVID-19 as an Environmental Ethical Problem: A Perspective from African Relational Animal Ethics","authors":"Munamato Chemhuru","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 After the discovery of the origins of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be possibly wet markets in Wuhan, China, the normative questions of what ought to be the ethical relations between human beings and non-human animals have started to attract renewed interest among environmentalists. Although these are not new questions in environmental philosophy, the impact of COVID-19 across the world is challenging human beings to seriously reconsider some of these often-neglected questions. In this article, I examine COVID-19 as essentially an environmental ethical challenge. Specifically, I consider the extent to which the relationships between human and non-human animals can effectively impact the health and lives of humanity and the environment at large. I then provide some alternative ways by which human beings ought to re-think their relationships with non-human animals to avoid future catastrophes like COVID-19. I argue that the African view of animal ethics could at least provide a valuable lens through which to view correct relations between human beings and non-human animals. Ultimately, I set forth and defend an African environmental ethic for the right relations between human beings and animals and to show how such an ethic better places humanity in confronting future zoonoses.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43606866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Responding to the Injustice of Climate Change 应对气候变化的不公正
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad008
J. Dwyer
Climate change continues to have profound impacts on people’s health, lives and life prospects. For the most part, people who are at highest risk from the impacts of climate change have contributed very little to the problem. This is the crux of the injustice. After I discuss the risks and contributions associated with the injustice of climate change, I turn to the issue of responsiveness: of why and how people should respond to this injustice. I avoid discussions of legal liability and focus more attention on the need to take political action to change social structures and habits. However, I realize how political engagement can prove to be ineffective, burdensome and dangerous. So in the last section, I say more about the reasons and changes that limit the effectiveness of political engagement. I suggest how we might change both the perception and practice of politics. At the end, I note two issues that I have not addressed in this limited article.
气候变化继续对人们的健康、生命和生活前景产生深远影响。在很大程度上,受气候变化影响风险最高的人对这个问题的贡献很小。这是不公正的症结所在。在我讨论了与气候变化的不公正相关的风险和贡献之后,我转向响应的问题:人们为什么以及如何应对这种不公正。我避免讨论法律责任,而更多地关注采取政治行动改变社会结构和习惯的必要性。然而,我意识到政治参与可能被证明是无效的、繁重的和危险的。因此,在最后一部分中,我将更多地讨论限制政治参与有效性的原因和变化。我建议我们如何改变对政治的认知和实践。最后,我要指出在这篇篇幅有限的文章中没有提到的两个问题。
{"title":"Responding to the Injustice of Climate Change","authors":"J. Dwyer","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Climate change continues to have profound impacts on people’s health, lives and life prospects. For the most part, people who are at highest risk from the impacts of climate change have contributed very little to the problem. This is the crux of the injustice. After I discuss the risks and contributions associated with the injustice of climate change, I turn to the issue of responsiveness: of why and how people should respond to this injustice. I avoid discussions of legal liability and focus more attention on the need to take political action to change social structures and habits. However, I realize how political engagement can prove to be ineffective, burdensome and dangerous. So in the last section, I say more about the reasons and changes that limit the effectiveness of political engagement. I suggest how we might change both the perception and practice of politics. At the end, I note two issues that I have not addressed in this limited article.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46668581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Universalists, Republicans and Rationalists: Exploring Health Sector Solidarity and Its Boundary through the Comparative Experience of Overseas Taiwanese 普遍主义者、共和主义者与理性主义者:从海外台湾人的比较经验探讨卫生部门团结及其边界
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad006
Through users’ cross-system comparative experience engaging with the health systems in Taiwan and other countries, this article probes into their understandings and value judgments and specifically their reasonings for the ‘solidarity with whom?’ question in the health sector solidarity. With the cross-system comparison approach, the study adopted semi-structured interviews with 30 Taiwanese participants who have studied, lived or worked abroad and engaged with the health system in Canada, the USA or the UK. This approach offers the opportunity for one to evaluate the health system in the home country from a relative viewpoint from the host country. The participants suggested that the boundary of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) should be as inclusive as possible, covering all legal residents in Taiwan regardless of their status, and that the citizens should share more financial responsibility. The ethical reasons for supporting the NHI include recognizing health sector solidarity among people, considering the coverage as a protection of the human right to health, humanitarian reasons and self-interest. Three archetypes of users emerged from the synthesis: Universalists, Rationalists and Republicans. The cross-system comparative experience makes the participants have more supportive attitudes toward the ideals of health sector solidarity.
本文通过使用者参与台湾与其他国家卫生系统的跨系统比较经验,探讨使用者对“与谁团结?”的理解与价值判断,特别是对“与谁团结?”卫生部门团结的问题。本研究采用半结构化访谈法,访问30位曾在海外学习、生活或工作,并参与加拿大、美国或英国医疗系统的台湾受访者。这种方法使人们有机会从东道国的相对观点来评价母国的卫生系统。嘉宾建议,台湾全民健康保险的边界应尽可能包容,涵盖所有在台湾的合法居民,不论其身份如何,公民应分担更多的经济责任。支持全国健康保险的道德理由包括:承认卫生部门在人民之间的团结,将该保险视为对健康人权的保护,人道主义原因和自身利益。在这种综合中出现了三种用户原型:普遍主义者、理性主义者和共和主义者。跨系统的比较经验使与会者对卫生部门团结的理想持更加支持的态度。
{"title":"Universalists, Republicans and Rationalists: Exploring Health Sector Solidarity and Its Boundary through the Comparative Experience of Overseas Taiwanese","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Through users’ cross-system comparative experience engaging with the health systems in Taiwan and other countries, this article probes into their understandings and value judgments and specifically their reasonings for the ‘solidarity with whom?’ question in the health sector solidarity. With the cross-system comparison approach, the study adopted semi-structured interviews with 30 Taiwanese participants who have studied, lived or worked abroad and engaged with the health system in Canada, the USA or the UK. This approach offers the opportunity for one to evaluate the health system in the home country from a relative viewpoint from the host country. The participants suggested that the boundary of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) should be as inclusive as possible, covering all legal residents in Taiwan regardless of their status, and that the citizens should share more financial responsibility. The ethical reasons for supporting the NHI include recognizing health sector solidarity among people, considering the coverage as a protection of the human right to health, humanitarian reasons and self-interest. Three archetypes of users emerged from the synthesis: Universalists, Rationalists and Republicans. The cross-system comparative experience makes the participants have more supportive attitudes toward the ideals of health sector solidarity.","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45652287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Moral Intuitions About Stigmatizing Practices and Feeding Stigmatizing Practices: How Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory Relates to Infectious Disease Stigma. 关于污名化行为和喂养污名化行为的道德直觉:海特的道德基础理论与传染病污名化的关系。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002
C Damsté, K Kramer

Despite extensive stigma mitigation efforts, infectious disease stigma remains common. So far, little attention has been paid to the moral psychology of stigmatizing practices (i.e. beliefs, attitudes, actions) rather than the experience of being stigmatized. Addressing the moral psychology behind stigmatizing practices seems necessary to explain the persistence of infectious disease stigma and to develop effective mitigation strategies. Our article proposes building on Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory, which states that moral judgements follow from intuitions rather than conscious reasoning. Conceptual analysis was conducted to show how Haidt's five moral foundations can be connected to (i) moral judgements about stigmatizing practices and (ii) stigmatizing practices themselves. We found that care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal and sanctity/degradation intuitions can inform moral judgements about stigmatizing practices. Loyalty/betrayal and sanctity/degradation intuitions can sometimes also feed stigmatizing practices. Authority/subversion intuitions can inform moral judgements and stigmatizing practices towards people who disrespect authoritative rules meant to protect public health. Moral dumbfounding and posthoc reasoning might explain the persistence of stigmatizing practices. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the relevance of Haidt's approach to infectious disease stigma research and mitigation strategies. We hope that this study motivates researchers to further test and assess this approach.

尽管采取了广泛的减轻耻辱感的措施,但传染病的耻辱感仍然很普遍。到目前为止,很少有人关注污名化行为(即信仰、态度、行为)的道德心理,而不是被污名化的经历。解决污名化做法背后的道德心理学似乎是解释传染病污名化持续存在和制定有效缓解战略的必要条件。我们的文章建议建立在Jonathan Haidt的道德基础理论之上,该理论指出道德判断遵循直觉而不是有意识的推理。进行了概念分析,以显示Haidt的五个道德基础如何与(i)关于污名化实践的道德判断和(ii)污名化实践本身联系起来。我们发现,关心/伤害、公平/欺骗、忠诚/背叛和圣洁/堕落的直觉可以为污名化行为的道德判断提供信息。忠诚/背叛和神圣/堕落的直觉有时也会助长污名化的做法。权威/颠覆直觉可以为不尊重旨在保护公众健康的权威规则的人的道德判断和污名化做法提供依据。道德哑巴和事后推理或许可以解释污名化行为的持续存在。总之,这项研究证明了Haidt的方法与传染病病耻感研究和缓解策略的相关性。我们希望这项研究能激励研究人员进一步测试和评估这种方法。
{"title":"Moral Intuitions <i>About</i> Stigmatizing Practices and <i>Feeding</i> Stigmatizing Practices: How Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory Relates to Infectious Disease Stigma.","authors":"C Damsté,&nbsp;K Kramer","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite extensive stigma mitigation efforts, infectious disease stigma remains common. So far, little attention has been paid to the moral psychology of stigmatizing practices (i.e. beliefs, attitudes, actions) rather than the experience of <i>being</i> stigmatized. Addressing the moral psychology behind stigmatizing practices seems necessary to explain the persistence of infectious disease stigma and to develop effective mitigation strategies. Our article proposes building on Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory, which states that moral judgements follow from intuitions rather than conscious reasoning. Conceptual analysis was conducted to show how Haidt's five moral foundations can be connected to (i) moral judgements about stigmatizing practices and (ii) stigmatizing practices themselves. We found that care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal and sanctity/degradation intuitions can inform moral judgements about stigmatizing practices. Loyalty/betrayal and sanctity/degradation intuitions can sometimes also feed stigmatizing practices. Authority/subversion intuitions can inform moral judgements and stigmatizing practices towards people who disrespect authoritative rules meant to protect public health. Moral dumbfounding and posthoc reasoning might explain the persistence of stigmatizing practices. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the relevance of Haidt's approach to infectious disease stigma research and mitigation strategies. We hope that this study motivates researchers to further test and assess this approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10161519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9430151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Taxonomy of Non-honesty in Public Health Communication. 公共卫生传播中的不诚实行为分类
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad003
Rebecca C H Brown, Mícheál de Barra

This paper discusses the ethics of public health communication. We argue that a number of commonplace tools of public health communication risk qualifying as non-honest and question whether or not using such tools is ethically justified. First, we introduce the concept of honesty and suggest some reasons for thinking it is morally desirable. We then describe a number of common ways in which public health communication presents information about health-promoting interventions. These include the omission of information about the magnitude of benefits people can expect from health-promoting interventions, and failure to report uncertainty associated with the outcomes of interventions. Next we outline some forms of behaviour which are generally recognised by philosophers as being non-honest, including deception, manipulation, and so on. Finally, we suggest that many of the public health communicative practices identified earlier share features with the non-honest behaviours described and suggest this warrants reflection upon whether such non-honesty is justified by the goals of public health communication.

本文探讨了公共卫生传播的伦理问题。我们认为,一些常见的公共卫生传播工具可能被认定为不诚实,并质疑使用这些工具是否在道德上是合理的。首先,我们介绍了诚实的概念,并提出了认为诚实在道德上是可取的一些原因。然后,我们描述了公共卫生传播提供有关健康促进干预措施信息的一些常见方式。这些问题包括缺乏有关人们可从促进健康的干预措施中预期获益程度的信息,以及未能报告与干预措施结果相关的不确定性。接下来,我们将概述一些被哲学家普遍认为是不诚实的行为形式,包括欺骗、操纵等等。最后,我们认为,之前确定的许多公共卫生传播实践与所描述的不诚实行为具有共同特征,并建议这值得反思,这种不诚实是否符合公共卫生传播的目标。
{"title":"A Taxonomy of Non-honesty in Public Health Communication.","authors":"Rebecca C H Brown,&nbsp;Mícheál de Barra","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper discusses the ethics of public health communication. We argue that a number of commonplace tools of public health communication risk qualifying as non-honest and question whether or not using such tools is ethically justified. First, we introduce the concept of honesty and suggest some reasons for thinking it is morally desirable. We then describe a number of common ways in which public health communication presents information about health-promoting interventions. These include the omission of information about the magnitude of benefits people can expect from health-promoting interventions, and failure to report uncertainty associated with the outcomes of interventions. Next we outline some forms of behaviour which are generally recognised by philosophers as being non-honest, including deception, manipulation, and so on. Finally, we suggest that many of the public health communicative practices identified earlier share features with the non-honest behaviours described and suggest this warrants reflection upon whether such non-honesty is justified by the goals of public health communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10161520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9430158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction to: Moral Intuitions About Stigmatizing Practices and Feeding Stigmatizing Practices: How Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory Relates to Infectious Disease Stigma. 纠正:关于污名化做法和喂养污名化做法的道德直觉:海特的道德基础理论如何与传染病污名化有关。
IF 2.1 3区 哲学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad009

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002.].

[更正文章DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002.]。
{"title":"Correction to: Moral Intuitions <i>About</i> Stigmatizing Practices and <i>Feeding</i> Stigmatizing Practices: How Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory Relates to Infectious Disease Stigma.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/phe/phad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phad009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/phe/phad002.].</p>","PeriodicalId":49136,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10161515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9784681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Public Health Ethics
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1