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Donald George Broadley: Bibliography, taxonomic discoveries and patronyms 唐纳德·乔治·布罗德利:书目、分类学发现和父名
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1349004
W. Branch, M. Bates
ABSTRACT Donald G. Broadley was one of Africa’s most prolific recent authors. He produced over 410 articles, including numerous comprehensive and detailed taxonomic reviews of lizard and snake genera. A review of his scientific publications spanning over 50 years of herpetological research reveals three phases. The first (1958–1981) saw Don describe his first new reptile and the completion of numerous important generic revisions. The second phase (1982–1991) was a period of relative taxonomic quiescence, but saw the compilation of major faunal overviews, including two books, the monographic Amphibia Zambesiaca (with J.C. Poynton, 1985–1991), and a checklist of the reptiles of Tanzania (with Kim Howell, 1991). The third and final phase of Don’s career (1992–2015) saw him at the peak of both his collaborative and authoritative stage. His outlook embraced sub-Saharan Africa, although always with a bias towards eastern and southern Africa. Appendices include: a detailed bibliography of his herpetological publications; a chronological list of all the scientific taxa he described; and details of the numerous current patronyms named in his honour. He described 123 taxa, including 115 species/subspecies and 8 genera/subgenera. As of 2016 there are 16 patronyms (five amphibians, nine reptiles and two invertebrates) named in his honour.
唐纳德·g·布罗德利是非洲近年来最多产的作家之一。他发表了410多篇文章,其中包括许多全面而详细的蜥蜴和蛇属分类评论。回顾他50多年来的爬行动物研究的科学出版物,可以发现三个阶段。第一次(1958-1981),唐描述了他的第一个新的爬行动物,并完成了许多重要的通用修订。第二阶段(1982-1991年)是分类学相对平静的时期,但完成了主要动物群概述的汇编,包括两本书:专著《赞比亚两栖》(与J.C. Poynton合著,1985-1991年)和坦桑尼亚爬行动物清单(与Kim Howell合著,1991年)。唐职业生涯的第三个也是最后一个阶段(1992-2015)见证了他在合作和权威阶段的巅峰。他的观点包括撒哈拉以南非洲,尽管总是对东部和南部非洲有偏见。附录包括:他的爬虫类出版物的详细参考书目;他所描述的所有科学分类群的时间顺序表;以及众多以他命名的父姓的细节。描述了123个分类群,包括115个种/亚种和8个属/亚属。截至2016年,有16个父名(5个两栖动物,9个爬行动物和2个无脊椎动物)以他的名字命名。
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引用次数: 2
New species of Mongrel Frogs (Pyxicephalidae: Nothophryne) for northern Mozambique inselbergs 文章题目莫桑比克北部野山蛙的杂种蛙新种(平头蛙科:野蛙科)
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1376714
W. Conradie, Gabriela B Bittencourt-Silva, Harith Farooq, S. Loader, M. Menegon, K. Tolley
ABSTRACT Nothophryne Poynton, 1963 is a monotypic genus of frog, with the nominal species N. broadleyi found only on Mount Mulanje, in southern Malawi. Recent surveys in northern Mozambique, however, have uncovered at least four new species associated with four inselbergs (Mount Inago, Mount Namuli, Mount Ribáuè and Taratibu Hills). Previous phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial genes suggest that each mountain isolate has an endemic species of Nothophryne. Herein we provide a rediagnosis of the genus and comparative diagnoses of four new species based on new material. ZooBank— urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:19C53BF3-BA52-4CAE-933F-5BBEE0AF0457
摘要:花蛙属(Nothophryne Poynton,1963)是蛙的一个单型属,其命名种N.brodleyi仅在马拉维南部的穆兰杰山上发现。然而,最近在莫桑比克北部进行的调查发现,至少有四个新物种与四种昆虫有关(伊纳戈山、纳穆利山、里巴埃山和塔拉提布山)。先前使用线粒体基因进行的系统发育分析表明,每一个山地分离株都有一个特有种。在此,我们根据新材料对该属进行了重新诊断,并对四个新种进行了比较诊断。ZooBank——urn:lsid:ZooBank.org:pub:19C53BF3-BA52-4CAE-933F-5BE0AF0457
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引用次数: 10
A new species of Scolecoseps (Reptilia: Scincidae) from coastal north-eastern Mozambique 文章标题莫桑比克东北部沿海棘足虫属一新种(爬行纲:棘足虫科)
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1413014
L. Verburgt, Ursula K. Verburgt, W. Branch
ABSTRACT Seven specimens of Scolecoseps Loveridge, 1920 from the vicinity of Palma on the north coast of Mozambique are compared morphologically with other known material of this genus. The new material can be distinguished morphologically from all other Scolecoseps by the presence and position of certain head scales, particularly a supraciliary and four small suboculars, a small mental and high subcaudal counts. It is described as a new species, Scolecoseps broadleyi sp. nov. The new species is found in coastal savannah habitat under leaf litter of Berlinia orientalis trees, in sandy soils in close proximity to large wetlands. Its currently known distribution is south of the range of Scolecoseps litipoensis Broadley, 1995 and north of that of Scolecoseps boulengeri Loveridge, 1920. We provide a review of the available literature for the genus Scolecoseps and highlight the necessity for additional research on these poorly known fossorial skinks. ZooBank— Scolecoseps broadleyi: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C4E3723C-F982-4CFA-900B-0B23A9AD5B84
摘要从莫桑比克北部海岸帕尔马附近采集的7个1920年的Scolecoseps Loveridge标本与该属其他已知标本进行了形态学比较。新材料可以通过某些头鳞的存在和位置在形态学上与所有其他头鳞区分开来,特别是一个上鳞片和四个小的下鳞片,一个小的精神和高的尾下鳞片。这是一种新种——Scolecoseps broadleyi sp. 11 .,它是在靠近大型湿地的沙质土壤中,发现于沿海热带稀树草原东方桦凋落叶下的。它目前已知的分布在1995年的Scolecoseps litpoensis Broadley的范围以南和1920年的Scolecoseps boulengeri Loveridge的范围以北。我们提供了一篇关于棘龙属的文献综述,并强调了对这些鲜为人知的化石石龙子进行进一步研究的必要性。ZooBank - Scolecoseps broadleyi: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C4E3723C-F982-4CFA-900B-0B23A9AD5B84
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引用次数: 3
End of an era for African Herpetology—An obituary for a remarkable man: Donald George Broadley (29 May 1932 – 10 March 2016) 非洲爬虫学时代的终结——一位杰出人物的讣告:唐纳德·乔治·布罗德利(1932年5月29日至2016年3月10日)
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2018.1437085
M. Bates, W. Branch
ABSTRACT English-born Donald George Broadley spent most of his adult life working as a herpetologist at two museums in Zimbabwe. His many taxonomic reviews and other publications made him one of the most respected experts on African reptiles and amphibians worldwide. Don passed away at home in Bulawayo on 10 March 2016. This obituary summarises, emphasises and honours his many achievements as a herpetologist, and notes the many honours bestowed on him by the scientific community. His numerous collecting expeditions to south-central and eastern Africa resulted in the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe (Bulawayo) having the second largest collection (more than 52 000 specimens) of reptiles and amphibians in Africa. Included is a brief history of his involvement with the Herpetological Association of Africa, of which he was a founder member. The authors mention a few personal recollections of their associations and collaborations with him since the 1970s.
摘要英国出生的唐纳德·乔治·布罗德利成年后的大部分时间都在津巴布韦的两家博物馆担任爬虫学家。他的许多分类学评论和其他出版物使他成为世界上最受尊敬的非洲爬行动物和两栖动物专家之一。唐于2016年3月10日在布拉瓦约的家中去世。这篇讣告总结、强调和表彰了他作为爬虫学家的许多成就,并指出了科学界授予他的许多荣誉。他多次前往中南部和东部非洲进行收藏探险,使津巴布韦自然历史博物馆(布拉瓦约)拥有非洲第二大爬行动物和两栖动物收藏(超过52000个标本)。其中包括他参与非洲爬虫学协会的简史,他是该协会的创始成员。作者提到了自20世纪70年代以来他们与他的交往和合作的一些个人回忆。
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引用次数: 3
A phylogeny and genus-level revision of the African file snakes Gonionotophis Boulenger (Squamata: Lamprophiidae) 非洲蛇属Gonionotophis Boulenger的系统发育及属级修正(鳞目:蛇科)
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2018.1423578
D. Broadley, K. Tolley, W. Conradie, S. Wishart, J. Trape, M. Burger, C. Kusamba, Ange-Ghislain Zassi-Boulou, E. Greenbaum
ABSTRACT The sub-Saharan African file snake genus Gonionotophis is currently comprised of 15 species. However, the concept of this genus has been confounded by morphological and genetic differences between the constituent taxa. Due to the dearth of DNA samples, a taxonomic assessment has been impractical to date. We therefore sequenced two mitochondrial and one nuclear marker (16S, cyt b, and c-mos) from 45 samples representing ten species of Gonionotophis to construct a molecular phylogeny using Bayesian and likelihood approaches. Four divergent and well-supported clades were recovered, including: (1) grantii + brussauxi; (2) poensis + stenophthalmus; (3) nyassae; and (4) capensis, chanleri, crossi, guirali and savorgnani. Based on these results and morphological data, the genus Gonionotophis is restricted to the first clade, Mehelya is resurrected for the species in the second clade, and new genera are described for the remaining two clades. ZooBank—urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A82CFAD6-E2E0-439E-90BB-9224E225426B
撒哈拉以南非洲的蛇属Gonionotophis目前由15种组成。然而,该属的概念因其组成分类群之间的形态和遗传差异而混淆。由于缺乏DNA样本,分类评估迄今为止是不切实际的。因此,我们从代表10种Gonionotophis的45个样本中测序了两个线粒体和一个核标记(16S, cyt b和c-mos),并使用贝叶斯和似然方法构建了分子系统发育。发现了4个分散且支持良好的分支,包括:(1)grantii + brussauxi;(2)斜眼+窄眼;(3) nyassae;(4) capensis、chanleri、crossi、guilali和savorgnani。根据这些结果和形态学资料,Gonionotophis属被限定在第一个分支中,Mehelya属在第二个分支中复活,其余两个分支中描述了新属。ZooBank-urn: lsid zoobank.org:酒吧:a82cfad6 e2e0 - 439 e - 90 - bb - 9224 e225426b
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引用次数: 14
Diet and feeding in the Cape Cobra, Naja nivea 眼镜蛇角的饮食和喂养
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1388297
I. Layloo, Caitlin Smith, B. Maritz
Abstract It is widely reported that African cobras (genus Naja) are generalist predators, but examination of formal literature yields relatively little evidence of this for most species. Here, we review the diet of cape cobras (Naja nivea) based on examination of museum specimens, an extensive literature review, and social media reported natural history observations. We quantify dietary niche breadth and test the hypothesis that cape cobras are generalist predators. Additionally, we test the hypotheses that diet varies significantly (1) across biomes, and (2) across winter, summer and year-round rainfall regions. We gathered 101 feeding records for cape cobras and based on family-level prey frequencies calculated Levins’ measure of niche breadth as B = 6.57, which we standardised to BA = 0.29. We found no association between prey classes and biomes or rainfall region. Our data indicate that cape cobras consume a wide range of vertebrate prey from all four tetrapod classes, including a large number and diversity of snakes. Our findings suggest that cape cobras may be involved in several important ecological processes. Moreover, our study demonstrates the utility and value of collating natural history observations reported on social media platforms.
摘要据广泛报道,非洲眼镜蛇(眼镜蛇属)是多面手捕食者,但对正式文献的研究表明,大多数物种的证据相对较少。在这里,我们根据对博物馆标本的检查、广泛的文献综述和社交媒体报道的自然史观察,回顾了眼镜蛇的饮食。我们量化了饮食生态位的广度,并检验了眼镜蛇是多面手捕食者的假设。此外,我们还检验了以下假设:(1)不同生物群落的饮食差异显著,(2)冬季、夏季和全年降雨地区的饮食差异明显。我们收集了101条眼镜蛇的进食记录,并根据家族水平的猎物频率计算出Levins对生态位宽度的测量值为B = 6.57,我们将其标准化为BA = 0.29.我们没有发现猎物种类与生物群落或降雨区域之间的联系。我们的数据表明,眼镜蛇角捕食四个四足动物纲的各种脊椎动物猎物,包括大量多样的蛇。我们的研究结果表明,眼镜蛇可能参与了几个重要的生态过程。此外,我们的研究证明了整理社交媒体平台上报道的自然史观察结果的实用性和价值。
{"title":"Diet and feeding in the Cape Cobra, Naja nivea","authors":"I. Layloo, Caitlin Smith, B. Maritz","doi":"10.1080/21564574.2017.1388297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2017.1388297","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is widely reported that African cobras (genus Naja) are generalist predators, but examination of formal literature yields relatively little evidence of this for most species. Here, we review the diet of cape cobras (Naja nivea) based on examination of museum specimens, an extensive literature review, and social media reported natural history observations. We quantify dietary niche breadth and test the hypothesis that cape cobras are generalist predators. Additionally, we test the hypotheses that diet varies significantly (1) across biomes, and (2) across winter, summer and year-round rainfall regions. We gathered 101 feeding records for cape cobras and based on family-level prey frequencies calculated Levins’ measure of niche breadth as B = 6.57, which we standardised to BA = 0.29. We found no association between prey classes and biomes or rainfall region. Our data indicate that cape cobras consume a wide range of vertebrate prey from all four tetrapod classes, including a large number and diversity of snakes. Our findings suggest that cape cobras may be involved in several important ecological processes. Moreover, our study demonstrates the utility and value of collating natural history observations reported on social media platforms.","PeriodicalId":49247,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21564574.2017.1388297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47054614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Habitat structure and presence of Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883 in the Edough Peninsula, north-eastern Algeria 阿尔及利亚东北部埃多夫半岛1883年Salamandra algira Bedriaga的栖息地结构和存在
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1388855
D. Escoriza, Jihène Ben Hassine
Abstract This study examined the role of habitat characteristics on the presence of Salamandra algira in the Edough Peninsula, north-eastern Algeria. In this region, 33 sites were surveyed over the late winter and spring for a period of three years. Salamandra algira was present at 16 of these sites and absent from 17. These sites were characterized based on parameters related to their macroecology (climate, topography) and habitat structure (density, height, canopy closure and diversity of woody plants). Our analyses showed that mean temperature, topography, woody plant density and height and canopy cover contributed most to the explaining differences between sites where S. algira was present and where it was absent. Most of the sites occupied by S. algira were supra- and meso-Mediterranean forest thermotypes and were dominated by deciduous/evergreen oak trees (Quercus canariensis Willd. and Quercus suber L.). In contrast, the presence of S. algira in thermo-Mediterranean forest was only confirmed in one location. This suggests that the transition between the thermophilic facies of the cork oak forest and the thermo-Mediterranean formations possibly determines the lower limits of S. algira in the region of Edough.
摘要本研究探讨了阿尔及利亚东北部埃多夫半岛的生境特征对algira Salamandra存在的影响。在该地区,在冬末和春季对33个地点进行了为期三年的调查。Salamandra algira在其中16个地点出现,17个地点缺席。根据这些样地的宏观生态(气候、地形)和生境结构(密度、高度、郁闭度和木本植物多样性)进行特征分析。分析表明,平均温度、地形、木本植物密度、高度和冠层盖度是造成褐藻存在和不存在地点差异的主要原因。黑桫椤占据的生境主要为中地中海和上地中海森林热型,以canariensis野生栎(Quercus canariensis wild)为主。栎(Quercus suber L.)。相比之下,在地中海热区森林中只在一个地点证实了褐藻的存在。这表明,在Edough地区,软木橡树林的嗜热相与热地中海地层之间的过渡可能决定了S. algira的下限。
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引用次数: 4
Sexual cycle and seasonal expression of testosterone (T) in the testes of Sclerophrys mauritanica (Schlegel, 1841) 毛里塔尼亚硬化症患者睾丸中睾酮(T)的性周期和季节性表达(Schlegel, 1841)
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1369170
Omar Kisserli, E. Moudilou, J. Exbrayat
Abstract Sclerophrys mauritanica is an anuran amphibian found in the wetlands of Beni-belaid, Jijel, Algeria. The animals are constrained by wet (from September until May) and dry (from June until August) seasons, however, the sexual cycle of males is continuous (all germ cells categories are present throughout the year). The aim of this study was to follow the changes in the reproductive organs of male toads during the annual breeding cycle using light microscopy. Our study was conducted over the period 2003 to 2005. The surfaces of testicular sections, interstitial tissue and Leydig cells, as well as the number of total seminiferous tubules with spermatozoa in bundles, were analysed. All showed monthly variations throughout the annual breeding cycle. For each year, the surface of testis sections and the number of spermatozoa in bundles fluctuate in the same way throughout the year, with a strong increase during the dry season (maximum in August) and a slow decrease until January. The surface of interstitial tissue remained stable, with the exception of a strong peak in August. Additionally, the surface of Leydig cells showed a substantial peak in May before the dry period. Finally, testosterone was observed every month of the year.
摘要毛喉硬眼虫(Sclerophrys mauritanica)是一种无尾两栖动物,分布于阿尔及利亚吉杰尔的贝尼-贝莱德湿地。动物受到雨季(从9月到5月)和旱季(从6月到8月)的限制,然而,雄性的性周期是连续的(全年都存在所有生殖细胞类别)。本研究的目的是使用光学显微镜跟踪雄性蟾蜍在年度繁殖周期中生殖器官的变化。我们的研究是在2003年至2005年期间进行的。分析了睾丸切片、间质组织和睾丸间质细胞的表面,以及精子成束的总曲精小管的数量。在整个年度繁殖周期中,所有品种都表现出月度变化。每年,睾丸切片的表面和成束精子的数量在一年中都以同样的方式波动,在旱季期间大幅增加(8月最大),直到1月才缓慢减少。间质组织的表面保持稳定,除了8月份的一个强烈峰值。此外,Leydig细胞的表面在干旱期之前的5月显示出显著的峰值。最后,一年中每个月都会观察到睾酮。
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引用次数: 2
Variation in the daily activity, movement and refugia of Critically Endangered geometric tortoises, Psammobates geometricus, in autumn and spring 秋春季极度濒危几何陆龟日常活动、活动和避难所的变化
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1331935
B. Henen, Ulric P. van Bloemestein, M. Hofmeyr, C. A. Weatherby
Abstract To help assess habitat requirements of Critically Endangered geometric tortoises, we used thread-trailing to measure daily activity, movements and refugia of adult Psammobates geometricus in autumn and spring 2002. We found strong differences between seasons, and effects of weather, individuals and sex. The high activity was consistent with mild weather during autumn and spring. However, daily temperatures limited female movements on cool autumn days and male movements on warm spring days, a pattern consistent with sexual size dimorphism (large females and small males). The long movements in autumn probably helped tortoises find food plants that grow quickly after autumn rains; both sexes recover body condition from autumn lows, and females begin egg production in late-autumn and winter. These movements may also help males mate with females before they ovulate. The high activity of females in spring should help them forage and sustain their vitellogenesis, egg production and nesting in spring. Male paths tended to be more linear than female paths in both seasons, so this sexual difference is likely not linked to food consumption. Males may move long, linear paths to engage females and avoid other males. Males may have been thermally-challenged in spring. Their movements decreased with increased ground temperatures (in the sun), they used denser refugia in spring than in autumn, and in spring used denser refugia than females used. Geometric tortoises typically used different refugia on consecutive nights, a type of predator avoidance mechanism.
摘要/ Abstract摘要:为评价濒危几何象龟的生境需求,采用线迹法对2002年秋春两季几何象龟成虫的日常活动、迁移和避难情况进行了研究。我们发现季节、天气、个人和性别的影响存在很大差异。高活度与秋季和春季气候温和一致。然而,每天的温度限制了女性在凉爽的秋天的活动和男性在温暖的春天的活动,这种模式与性别大小二态性(雌性大,雄性小)一致。秋天的长时间迁徙可能有助于陆龟找到秋雨后生长迅速的食用植物;两性从秋天的低谷中恢复身体状态,雌性在深秋和冬季开始产卵。这些动作也可以帮助雄性在排卵前与雌性交配。雌性在春季的高活动有助于它们觅食,维持它们在春季的卵黄形成、产卵和筑巢。在这两个季节,男性的路径往往比女性的路径更线性,所以这种性别差异可能与食物消耗无关。雄性可能会走很长的线性路线来吸引雌性并避开其他雄性。雄性在春天可能会受到热挑战。它们的活动随着地面温度(在阳光下)的升高而减少,春季比秋季使用更密集的避难所,春季比雌性使用更密集的避难所。几何龟通常在连续的夜晚使用不同的避难所,这是一种躲避捕食者的机制。
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引用次数: 6
Acoustic communication and reproductive behaviour in the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis (Pipidae), a field study 水蛙爪蟾的声交流与生殖行为的野外研究
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2017.1381649
Achim Ringeis, Birgit Krumscheid, P. Bishop, Christian de Vries, A. Elepfandt
Abstract We studied the acoustic and reproductive behaviour of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in a pond with clear water in South Africa over a period of two months. It contained 21 adult males and females. Each was marked with a transponder so that the behaviour of individuals could be tracked. The animals inhabited the bottom of the pond. They were active from dusk to midnight. Series of nights in which several males called alternated with series without calling. Simultaneous calls were not synchronised. On nights when males called, several of them established territories on the bottom of the pond that they defended against other males. They delineated the territory by calling along its borders. When meeting a male intruder they emitted an encounter call, followed by a fighting call if they fought. At the end of a fight the loser emitted a release call. Territories could remain constant over several weeks. They were abandoned on nights without calling, but re-established by the same individuals at the same locations on nights with calling. When a female entered a territory, the male approached, started the courtship call and attempted amplexus. The female usually rejected the male while emitting a release call. Females spawned synchronously on one or two nights, with weeks without oviposition in-between. Eggs were laid individually or in small groups on hard structures all over the pond. The adults preyed upon the tadpoles and only a few single tadpoles remained after two weeks. Raising the water level stimulated calling activity.
摘要在南非一个清澈的池塘中,我们对爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)的声学和生殖行为进行了为期两个月的研究。其中包括21名成年男性和女性。每个都有一个应答器,这样就可以追踪到个体的行为。动物们住在池塘的底部。他们从黄昏一直活动到午夜。一连串的夜晚,几只雄性轮流叫唤,另一些则不叫唤。同时呼叫不同步。在雄性鸣叫的夜晚,它们中的一些在池塘底部建立了领地,以防御其他雄性。他们沿着边界划定领土。当遇到雄性入侵者时,它们会发出“遇到”的叫声,如果它们打架了,就会发出“打架”的叫声。在战斗结束时,失败者发出释放呼叫。领土可能在数周内保持不变。它们在没有鸣叫的夜晚被遗弃,但在有鸣叫的夜晚,由同一个人在同一地点重新建立起来。当雌性进入领地时,雄性就会靠近,开始发出求偶的叫声,并试图交配。雌性通常在发出释放叫声的同时拒绝雄性。雌性在一个或两个晚上同步产卵,中间有几周没有产卵。卵被单独或小群地产在池塘各处的坚硬结构上。成年蝌蚪捕食,两周后只剩下几只蝌蚪。提高水位刺激了叫声活动。
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引用次数: 11
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African Journal of Herpetology
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