Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of phenylacetylglycine via β2AR on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats","authors":"Wenjie Hu ,&nbsp;Xueyan Kuang ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yimin Luo ,&nbsp;Litao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenylacetylglycine (PAGly) is a small molecule derived from phenylalanine in the gut <em>via</em> glycine degradation and conjugation. It has been associated with both the progression of atherosclerosis and protective effects on the myocardium. This study evaluated the function and the underlying mechanisms of PAGly in a rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model. The results indicated that PAGly markedly alleviated cerebral infarct volume (<em>P</em> = 0.0024) and improved the neurobehavioral outcomes (<em>P</em> = 0.0149) after I/R injury. PAGly is structurally analogous to catecholamines and binds to β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR) on microglia without altering the expression of these receptors (<em>P</em> = 0.9137), but instead inhibiting their activity. It was also observed that when β2AR was engaged in microglia, PAGly suppressed the release of TNF-α (<em>P</em> = 0.0018), IL-1β (<em>P</em> = 0.0310), and IL-6 (<em>P</em> = 0.0017), thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis (<em>P</em> = 0.000003). Furthermore, the protective effect of PAGly diminished after the administration of β2AR-specific agonist fenoterol (<em>P</em> = 0.0055). These data indicate that PAGly mitigates cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting microglial inflammation <em>via</em> β2AR, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent. These findings position PAGly as a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in cerebrovascular injuries, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phyto-pharmacological wonders of genus Ficus: Ethnopharmacological insights and phytochemical treasures from natural products","authors":"Hasin Hasnat ,&nbsp;Safaet Alam ,&nbsp;Suriya Akter Shompa ,&nbsp;Tanoy Saha ,&nbsp;Fahmida Tasnim Richi ,&nbsp;Md. Hemayet Hossain ,&nbsp;Anika Zaman ,&nbsp;Chunlai Zeng ,&nbsp;Chuxiao Shao ,&nbsp;Shuanghu Wang ,&nbsp;Peiwu Geng ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al Mamun","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural products have perennially served as a cornerstone for the genesis of novel medicinal compounds. Most clinical therapeutics originate from ancestral herbal remedies and their formulations. Scholars and practitioners have always aimed to extract better remedies to treat various ailments. Genus <em>Ficus</em>, consisting of over 800 varieties, is a substantial tree native to tropical regions, characterized by its deciduous or evergreen nature. Various parts of this plant, including its bark, roots, leaves, fruit, and latex, find extensive use in treating a multitude of ailments. This review aims to update the ethnopharmacology, chemistry, and potential clinical applications of extracts and active ingredients from the ten most prevalent <em>Ficus</em> species. Major databases like Chemical Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, etc. have all been used to generate references for this review. According to a thorough review of the literature, the many species of <em>Ficus</em> have a wide range of biological properties, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antiasthmatic, larvicidal, antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activity. A bunch of different secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic acids, phytosterols, etc., were also reported, which can be responsible for exerted medicinal actions as well as play a crucial role in the field of new drug discovery and development. However, most species are missing well-controlled and double-blind clinical investigations. Thus, we still recommend further extensive exploration of this miraculous genus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug delivery for age-related bone diseases: From therapeutic targets to common and emerging therapeutic strategies","authors":"Jiaming Bi ,&nbsp;Jiawei Zeng ,&nbsp;Xiaohao Liu ,&nbsp;Chuzi Mo ,&nbsp;Mingyan Yao ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Peiyan Yuan ,&nbsp;Bo Jia ,&nbsp;Shuaimei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the accumulation of knowledge on aging, people have gradually realized that among the many factors that cause individual aging, the accumulation of aging cells is an essential cause of organ degeneration and, ultimately, age-related diseases. Most cells present in the bone microenvironment gradually age over time, leading to an imbalance of osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. This imbalance contributes to age-related bone loss and the development of age-related bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone aging can prolong the lifespan and delay the development of age-related diseases. Nanoparticles have controllable and stable physical and chemical properties and can precisely target different tissues and organs. By preparing multiple easily modified and biocompatible nanoparticles as different drug delivery carriers, specifically targeting various diseased tissues for controlled-release and sustained-release administration, the delivery efficiency of drugs can be significantly improved, and the toxicity and side effects of drugs can be substantially reduced, thereby improving the therapeutic effect of age-related bone diseases. In addition, other novel anti-aging strategies (such as stem cell exosomes) also have significant scientific and practical significance in anti-aging research on age-related bone diseases. This article reviews the research progress of various nano-drug-loaded particles and emerging anti-aging methods for treating age-related bone diseases, offering new insights and directions for precise targeted clinical therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Anabolic-androgenic steroid supplementation on female health and offspring: Mechanisms, side effects, and medical perspectives","authors":"Beatriz Menegate Santos ,&nbsp;Jessica Peres Alves de Souza ,&nbsp;Luísa Rodrigues de Paula Goulart ,&nbsp;Jéssica Castro Pereira Petrine ,&nbsp;Fernando Henrique Ferrari Alves ,&nbsp;Bruno Del Bianco-Borges","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing prevalence of Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) among women, driven by the pursuit of improved body aesthetics, characterized by higher lean mass and reduced adipose tissue, raises significant health concerns, particularly due to the limited knowledge regarding their effects on the female organism. Prolonged use and/or high doses of AAS are linked to various harmful side effects, including mood changes, psychiatric disorders, voice deepening, clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities, and cardiovascular complications, prompting medical societies to discourage their widespread use due to insufficient evidence supporting their safety and efficacy. Studies in female rodents have shown that AAS can lead to increased aggression, inflammation, reduced neuronal density, and negative impacts on the myocardium and blood vessels. Additionally, maternal administration of androgens during pregnancy can adversely affect offspring’s reproductive, neuronal, and metabolic health, resulting in long-term impairments. The complexity of the mechanisms underlying AAS effects, and their potential genotoxicity remains poorly understood. This review aims to elucidate the various ways in which AAS can impact female physiology and that of their offspring, highlight commonly used anabolic substances, and discuss the positions of medical societies regarding AAS use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioadhesive hybrid system of niosomes and pH sensitive in situ gel for itraconazole ocular delivery: Dual approach for efficient treatment of fungal infections","authors":"Mohamed M. Badran ,&nbsp;Areej Alsubaie ,&nbsp;Mounir M. Salem Bekhit ,&nbsp;Abdullah H. Alomrani ,&nbsp;Aliyah Almomen ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Doaa Hasan Alshora","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Itraconazole (ITZ) is a highly effective antifungal agent. However, its oral application is associated with systemic toxicity and poor topical use. The present study aims to improve the antifungal activity of ITZ by loading it into bioadhesive niosomes. This approach is considered to enhance the ocular permeation of ITZ, thereby boosting its efficacy against fungal infections. Therefore, it was encapsulated into niosomes (F1) and subsequently coated with hyaluronic acid (HA; F2), chitosan (CS; F3), or a bilayer of CS/HA (F4). In addition, they were further incorporated into pH-sensitive <em>in situ</em> gels. This dual approach is expected to increase the amount of corneal-permeated ITZ, facilitating more effective management of ocular fungal infection.</div><div>Firstly, the niosomes were prepared by hydrating proniosomes using span 60, cholesterol, and phospholipid. ITZ-niosomes showed an increase in vesicle size from 165.5 ± 3.4 (F1) to 378.2 ± 7.2 nm (F3). The zeta potential varied within −20.9 ± 2.1 (F1), −29.5 ± 3.1 (F2), 32.3 ± 1.9 (F3), and 22.6 ± 1.3 mV (F4). The high EE% values ranged from 78.1 ± 2.2 % to 86.6 ± 2.9 %. Regarding ITZ release, F1 demonstrated a high release profile, whereas bioadhesive niosomes showed sustained release patterns. Furthermore, <em>in situ</em> gels containing niosomes displayed excellent gelling capacity and viscosity. Remarkably, F3 laden-<em>in situ</em> gels (F3-ISG) demonstrated the highest <em>ex vivo</em> corneal permeability of ITZ and antifungal activity with a safety effect. These results indicate that F3-ISG presents a promising strategy for boosting the ocular delivery of ITZ, that could help in treating ocular fungal infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-informed drug discovery and development approaches to inform clinical trial design and regulatory decisions: A primer for the MENA region","authors":"Mohammed S. Alasmari ,&nbsp;Salwa Albusaysi ,&nbsp;Marwa Elhefnawy ,&nbsp;Ali M. Ali ,&nbsp;Khalid Altigani ,&nbsp;Mohammed Almoslem ,&nbsp;Mohammed Alharbi ,&nbsp;Jahad Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Abdullah Alsultan","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model-Informed Drug Discovery and Development (MID3) represents a transformative approach in pharmaceutical research, integrating quantitative models to inform and optimize decision-making throughout the drug development process. This review explores the current applications, challenges, and future prospects of MID3 within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. By leveraging local data and advanced computational techniques, MID3 has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency and success rates of drug development tailored to regional health priorities. We discussed successful case studies of applying MID3 at different phases of drug development and clinical trials. Furthermore, we emphasized the critical need for MENA countries to embrace MID3 by investing in workforce training, aligning regulatory frameworks, and fostering collaborative research initiatives. This call to action underscores the importance of a robust MID3 ecosystem, urging policymakers, academic institutions, and industry stakeholders to prioritize and support its integration into the MENA region’s healthcare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Budget impact analysis of baricitinib for treatment of alopecia areata: A Saudi hospital perspective","authors":"A. Alshahrani ,&nbsp;S. Al-Aqeel ,&nbsp;M. Alshahrani ,&nbsp;S. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;S.T. Alhawwashi ,&nbsp;M.S. Al-Nasser ,&nbsp;M. Zaitoun","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To perform a budget impact analysis (BIA) of the adoption of baricitinib for the management of alopecia areata (AA) by a Saudi public sector payer.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A BIA model was developed to calculate the expected financial impact under two scenarios: the baseline scenario, which reflects the current mix of treatments without baricitinib, and the projected scenario, in which baricitinib is adopted. The model assumed that patients with severe AA and those with mild-to-moderate AA who did not respond to other treatments were eligible for baricitinib treatment. The model input was based on published evidence, expert opinions, and the Saudi Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of AA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Assuming a hypothetical total eligible population of 368 patients received different AA treatments over the 12-months study period. The aggregated 5-years cost in the baseline scenario was SR 5,836,616. Upon the introduction of baricitinib as an alternative treatment for severe AA, the projected aggregated budget impact was SR 7,473,138. Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were most sensitive to AA prevalence, percentage of severe AA, and predicted market share for baricitinib over the 5-year time horizon.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The addition of baricitinib to formularies is likely to increase the cost impact from a government hospital perspective. However, this addition expands the treatment options for patients with AA and may result in improved outcomes. Future cost-effectiveness analyses are recommended to estimate the cost per incremental improvement in the outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World safety and effectiveness of evolocumab in primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Abdulaali R. Almutairi ,&nbsp;Walaa A. Alshahrani ,&nbsp;Ghaida K. Alhathlol ,&nbsp;Fatimah Alsheikh ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz Alakeel ,&nbsp;Majed S. Al Yami ,&nbsp;Mohammad Fouda ,&nbsp;Omar A. Almohammed ,&nbsp;Meshal S. Alhamed ,&nbsp;Awatif Hafiz ,&nbsp;Hussam Kutbi ,&nbsp;Alaa Bagalagel ,&nbsp;Aisha Alharbi ,&nbsp;Mashael Alaboud ,&nbsp;Sarah Aljohani ,&nbsp;Waddah Ashram","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Evolocumab’s short-term efficacy and safety were proven in phase-3 clinical trial, but its long-term safety and effectiveness in the Saudi population are yet to be studied. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term safety and effectiveness of evolocumab in Saudi patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A retrospective cohort study evaluated adult patients who had newly been prescribed evolocumab for hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. Safety events included myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart failure, rhabdomyolysis, renal dysfunction, and myalgia. Effectiveness outcomes included changes in lipid profiles from baseline, assessed at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study sample were 469 who newly prescribed evolocumab, from which 69.1 % being male, were included. The most prevalent comorbidities were coronary artery disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Statin was the most commonly used therapy. The most common adverse events at 6-month follow-up, based on the incidence rate per 1000 person-years, were coronary revascularization (63.20), myalgia (44.96), myocardial infarction (31.53), unstable angina (31.49), heart failure (26.94), rhabdomyolysis without renal dysfunction (8.93), transient ischemic attack (4.46), and rhabdomyolysis with renal dysfunction (4.46). Stroke incidence increased with follow-up length, from 8.87 per 1000 person-years at 6 months to 12.84 per 1000 person-years at 24 months. Evolocumab use significantly reduced LDL and total cholesterol levels at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months follow-up, while having no significant effect on HDL or triglycerides levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Evolocumab appeared to be safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia to potentially reduce LDL levels to therapeutic levels when statins are insufficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) – A comprehensive insight of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities","authors":"Mohammed F. Hawwal ,&nbsp;Sarfaraz Ahmed ,&nbsp;Perwez Alam ,&nbsp;Omer I. Fantoukh ,&nbsp;Gadah A. AlHamoud ,&nbsp;Hattan A. Alharbi ,&nbsp;Waleed A. Alobaid ,&nbsp;Hanan Khojah","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Otostegia fruticosa<!--> <!-->(Forssk.) is a shrub of the Lamiaceae family with a wide geographic distribution in Saudi Arabia, Western and Eastern Africa, Ethiopia, and the Middle East. The current study provides an overview of recent developments in the knowledge of<!--> <em>O. fruticosa</em>’s<!--> <!-->ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and phytochemical properties. In folkloric medicine, it has been used since ancient times for gastrointestinal disorders, oral health, ocular irritation, antiparasitic, diarrhea, tonsillitis, arthritis, respiratory complications, and sunstroke treatment. Pharmacological investigations of its antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, larvicidal, nephroprotective, and other effects further validated its folklore practice. A range of diterpenoids, triterpenes, flavonoids, and essential oils have been found in<!--> <em>O. fruticosa</em>, according to phytochemical studies, which are thought to be responsible for the pharmacological effects of this plant species. This scientific review summarizes the most important secondary metabolites isolated from the <em>O</em>. <em>fruticosa</em>. It also summarizes the biological activities, providing insights into further scientific exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 11","pages":"Article 102189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytochrome c and cancer cell metabolism: A new perspective","authors":"Bader Alshehri","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cytochrome <em>c</em> is a vital electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. When the outer membrane of mitochondria becomes permeable, cytochrome <em>c</em> is discharged into the cytoplasm, where it initiates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The complex interaction between cytochrome <em>c</em> and apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) leads to the formation of the apoptosome and activation of a cascade of caspases, highlighting the critical role of cytochrome <em>c</em> in controlling cell death mechanisms. Additionally, cytochrome <em>c</em> undergoes post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, which intricately regulate its roles in both respiration and apoptosis. These modifications add layers of complexity to how cytochrome <em>c</em> effectively controls cellular functions. cytochrome <em>c</em> becomes a lighthouse in the intricate web of cancer, its expression patterns providing hints about prognosis and paths toward treatment. Reduced levels of cytochrome <em>c</em> have been observed in cancer tissues, indicating a potential inhibition of apoptosis. For instance, in glioma tissues, cytochrome <em>c</em> levels were lower compared to healthy tissues, and this reduction became more pronounced in advanced stages of the disease. However, the role of cytochrome <em>c</em> in cancer becomes more intricate as it becomes intertwined with the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. This suggests that cytochrome <em>c</em> plays a crucial role in tumor progression and resistance to treatment. Viewing cytochrome <em>c</em> as a molecular mosaic reveals that it is not merely a protein, but also a central player in determining cellular fate. This realization opens up exciting avenues for potential advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies. Despite the advancements made, the narrative surrounding cytochrome <em>c</em> remains incomplete, urging further exploration into its complexities and the biological implications linked to cancer. cytochrome <em>c</em> stands as a beacon of hope and a promising target for therapy in the battle against cancer, particularly due to its significant involvement in tumor metabolism. It holds the potential for a future where innovative solutions can be developed to address the intricate challenges of cellular fate. In this review, we have endeavored to illuminate the multifaceted domain of cytochrome <em>c</em> drawing connections among apoptosis, metabolic reprogramming, and the Warburg effect in the context of cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}