Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102210
Wenjie Hu , Xueyan Kuang , Yao Zhang , Yimin Luo , Litao Zhang
Phenylacetylglycine (PAGly) is a small molecule derived from phenylalanine in the gut via glycine degradation and conjugation. It has been associated with both the progression of atherosclerosis and protective effects on the myocardium. This study evaluated the function and the underlying mechanisms of PAGly in a rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model. The results indicated that PAGly markedly alleviated cerebral infarct volume (P = 0.0024) and improved the neurobehavioral outcomes (P = 0.0149) after I/R injury. PAGly is structurally analogous to catecholamines and binds to β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR) on microglia without altering the expression of these receptors (P = 0.9137), but instead inhibiting their activity. It was also observed that when β2AR was engaged in microglia, PAGly suppressed the release of TNF-α (P = 0.0018), IL-1β (P = 0.0310), and IL-6 (P = 0.0017), thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis (P = 0.000003). Furthermore, the protective effect of PAGly diminished after the administration of β2AR-specific agonist fenoterol (P = 0.0055). These data indicate that PAGly mitigates cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting microglial inflammation via β2AR, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent. These findings position PAGly as a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in cerebrovascular injuries, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.
{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of phenylacetylglycine via β2AR on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats","authors":"Wenjie Hu , Xueyan Kuang , Yao Zhang , Yimin Luo , Litao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenylacetylglycine (PAGly) is a small molecule derived from phenylalanine in the gut <em>via</em> glycine degradation and conjugation. It has been associated with both the progression of atherosclerosis and protective effects on the myocardium. This study evaluated the function and the underlying mechanisms of PAGly in a rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model. The results indicated that PAGly markedly alleviated cerebral infarct volume (<em>P</em> = 0.0024) and improved the neurobehavioral outcomes (<em>P</em> = 0.0149) after I/R injury. PAGly is structurally analogous to catecholamines and binds to β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR) on microglia without altering the expression of these receptors (<em>P</em> = 0.9137), but instead inhibiting their activity. It was also observed that when β2AR was engaged in microglia, PAGly suppressed the release of TNF-α (<em>P</em> = 0.0018), IL-1β (<em>P</em> = 0.0310), and IL-6 (<em>P</em> = 0.0017), thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis (<em>P</em> = 0.000003). Furthermore, the protective effect of PAGly diminished after the administration of β2AR-specific agonist fenoterol (<em>P</em> = 0.0055). These data indicate that PAGly mitigates cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting microglial inflammation <em>via</em> β2AR, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent. These findings position PAGly as a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in cerebrovascular injuries, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102212
Mohammed M. Almutairi , Abdulrahman Althekair , Fahad Almutairi , Mohammed Alatabani , Abdulaziz Alsaikhan
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent, age-inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. Previous investigations reveal that disrupted mitochondrial physiological homeostasis may contribute to ADHD. Several factors, including environmental factors, metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and genetic abnormalities, can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitophagic pathways. Several investigations have been established a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction in ADHD and variations in monoaminergic genes, including dopamine receptors, dopamine transporters, norepinephrine transporters, serotonin transporters, and synaptic genes. The interplay between mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy in ADHD provides a promising research area and understating this interaction may help in the investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms and the innovation of novel therapeutic approaches to ADHD. Accordingly, this review explores previous studies that have investigated the mitochondrial abnormalities and dysfunctions in mitophagy at the cellular and molecular level in the development of ADHD.
{"title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in ADHD: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","authors":"Mohammed M. Almutairi , Abdulrahman Althekair , Fahad Almutairi , Mohammed Alatabani , Abdulaziz Alsaikhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent, age-inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. Previous investigations reveal that disrupted mitochondrial physiological homeostasis may contribute to ADHD. Several factors, including environmental factors, metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and genetic abnormalities, can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitophagic pathways. Several investigations have been established a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction in ADHD and variations in monoaminergic genes, including dopamine receptors, dopamine transporters, norepinephrine transporters, serotonin transporters, and synaptic genes. The interplay between mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy in ADHD provides a promising research area and understating this interaction may help in the investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms and the innovation of novel therapeutic approaches to ADHD. Accordingly, this review explores previous studies that have investigated the mitochondrial abnormalities and dysfunctions in mitophagy at the cellular and molecular level in the development of ADHD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102206
Samiah Alhabardi, Gamal Mahrous, Asma Alshahrani, Ehab Taha
The fundamental objective in developing any drug delivery approach is to achieve effective and safe therapy. Medications classified as generics are those that contain the same active ingredients and have the same quality as the reference medications. Several generic drugs are available on the market, all at a reasonable cost. In this study, the quality of Three generic brands of diclofenac dispersible tablets available in the Saudi market was assessed, namely: G1 and G2, and G3.
Except for the borderline performance of one generic formulation (G3), all formulations passed in vitro quality tests according to the United States Pharmacopoeia. According to the US Pharmacopoeia, every generic formulation passed in vitro quality tests, except for one generic formulation (G3) that performed inconclusively. All brands showed low weight variation, minimum weight loss in the friability test, and a rapid dispersion time of around 5 s. The chemical potency results demonstrated that all three brands complied with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications, typically falling between 90% and 110% of the labeled amount. G1 and G2 passed the content uniformity test in their first attempt. G3 initially failed the content uniformity test but passed upon retesting with additional samples. G1 and G2 tablets passed the USP Acceptance criteria in stage one, and G3 tablets met the requirements in stage two. G1 showed the highest DE (%78.83), followed by G2 (%72.23), and G3 (%67.50). The G1 dissolution data, which showed the highest dissolution efficiency, were used as the reference product to calculate the similarity factor (f2 (ratio. G1 (Reference) and G2 with an f2 of (58.3) have similar dissolution profiles, however, the dissolution profiles for the two products may be considered similar without f2 calculation since more than 85% of the drug was dissolved within 15 min (SFDA Guidelines for Bioequivalence, Similarity while G3, with an f2 of (47.5) suggest a lack of similarity between the two dissolution profiles. This study highlights the importance of post-marketing evaluations of generic drug performance.
{"title":"Pharmaceutical quality of dispersible diclofenac tablets in the Saudi market","authors":"Samiah Alhabardi, Gamal Mahrous, Asma Alshahrani, Ehab Taha","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fundamental objective in developing any drug delivery approach is to achieve effective and safe therapy. Medications classified as generics are those that contain the same active ingredients and have the same quality as the reference medications. Several generic drugs are available on the market, all at a reasonable cost. In this study, the quality of Three generic brands of diclofenac dispersible tablets available in the Saudi market was assessed, namely: G1 and G2, and G3.</div><div>Except for the borderline performance of one generic formulation (G3), all formulations passed in vitro quality tests according to the United States Pharmacopoeia. According to the US Pharmacopoeia, every generic formulation passed in vitro quality tests, except for one generic formulation (G3) that performed inconclusively. <u>All brands showed low weight variation, minimum weight loss in the friability test, and a rapid dispersion time of around 5 s</u>. The chemical potency results demonstrated that all three brands complied with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications, typically falling between 90% and 110% of the labeled amount. G1 and G2 passed the content uniformity test in their first attempt. G3 initially failed the content uniformity test but passed upon retesting with additional samples. G1 and G2 tablets passed the USP Acceptance criteria in stage one, and G3 tablets met the requirements in stage two. G1 showed the highest DE (%78.83), followed by G2 (%72.23), and G3 (%67.50). The G1 dissolution data, which showed the highest dissolution efficiency, were used as the reference product to calculate the similarity factor (f2 (ratio. G1 (Reference) and G2 with an f2 of (58.3) have similar dissolution profiles, however, the dissolution profiles for the two products may be considered similar without f2 calculation since more than 85% of the drug was dissolved within 15 min (SFDA Guidelines for Bioequivalence, Similarity while G3, with an f2 of (47.5) suggest a lack of similarity between the two dissolution profiles. This study highlights the importance of post-marketing evaluations of generic drug performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102211
Hasin Hasnat , Safaet Alam , Suriya Akter Shompa , Tanoy Saha , Fahmida Tasnim Richi , Md. Hemayet Hossain , Anika Zaman , Chunlai Zeng , Chuxiao Shao , Shuanghu Wang , Peiwu Geng , Abdullah Al Mamun
Natural products have perennially served as a cornerstone for the genesis of novel medicinal compounds. Most clinical therapeutics originate from ancestral herbal remedies and their formulations. Scholars and practitioners have always aimed to extract better remedies to treat various ailments. Genus Ficus, consisting of over 800 varieties, is a substantial tree native to tropical regions, characterized by its deciduous or evergreen nature. Various parts of this plant, including its bark, roots, leaves, fruit, and latex, find extensive use in treating a multitude of ailments. This review aims to update the ethnopharmacology, chemistry, and potential clinical applications of extracts and active ingredients from the ten most prevalent Ficus species. Major databases like Chemical Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, etc. have all been used to generate references for this review. According to a thorough review of the literature, the many species of Ficus have a wide range of biological properties, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antiasthmatic, larvicidal, antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activity. A bunch of different secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic acids, phytosterols, etc., were also reported, which can be responsible for exerted medicinal actions as well as play a crucial role in the field of new drug discovery and development. However, most species are missing well-controlled and double-blind clinical investigations. Thus, we still recommend further extensive exploration of this miraculous genus.
{"title":"Phyto-pharmacological wonders of genus Ficus: Ethnopharmacological insights and phytochemical treasures from natural products","authors":"Hasin Hasnat , Safaet Alam , Suriya Akter Shompa , Tanoy Saha , Fahmida Tasnim Richi , Md. Hemayet Hossain , Anika Zaman , Chunlai Zeng , Chuxiao Shao , Shuanghu Wang , Peiwu Geng , Abdullah Al Mamun","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural products have perennially served as a cornerstone for the genesis of novel medicinal compounds. Most clinical therapeutics originate from ancestral herbal remedies and their formulations. Scholars and practitioners have always aimed to extract better remedies to treat various ailments. Genus <em>Ficus</em>, consisting of over 800 varieties, is a substantial tree native to tropical regions, characterized by its deciduous or evergreen nature. Various parts of this plant, including its bark, roots, leaves, fruit, and latex, find extensive use in treating a multitude of ailments. This review aims to update the ethnopharmacology, chemistry, and potential clinical applications of extracts and active ingredients from the ten most prevalent <em>Ficus</em> species. Major databases like Chemical Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, etc. have all been used to generate references for this review. According to a thorough review of the literature, the many species of <em>Ficus</em> have a wide range of biological properties, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antiasthmatic, larvicidal, antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activity. A bunch of different secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic acids, phytosterols, etc., were also reported, which can be responsible for exerted medicinal actions as well as play a crucial role in the field of new drug discovery and development. However, most species are missing well-controlled and double-blind clinical investigations. Thus, we still recommend further extensive exploration of this miraculous genus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102215
Xilinqiqige Bao , Hanqing Li , Jiayin Xu , Xiaoqing Liu , Runa A , Jianming Chen , Fengzheng Chen , Nan Ya , Rigula Sa
Despite the remarkable bioactivities exhibited by monascin against several tumors, its therapeutic targets remain unexplored. In this study, our objective is to identify therapeutic targets based on the antitumor activity of monascin against lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) A549 cells. The compound monascin was derived from extracts of Monascus purpureus-fermented rice. Its chemical structure was determined using spectroscopic methods, while the physicochemical properties of monascin were investigated through thermal behavior analysis. Herein, antitumor studies indicated that monascin significantly inhibited the viability of A549 cells, with an IC50 value of 2.05 μM; RNA-sequencing revealed 12 up-regulated and 29 down-regulated genes as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for A549 cells in response to monascin; RT-qPCR validation supported the plausibility of the RNA-sequencing results. Moreover, utilizing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses provided evidence supporting GPR37 and FAM83A as potential candidate genes for predicting disease progression in LUAD patients. Additionally, the LASSO Cox regression and nomogram analyses confirmed that FAM83A and GPR37 genes had the potential to predict overall survival for LUAD patients. Finally, molecular docking studies suggested that monascin could interact with both GPR37 and FAM83A proteins through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions; Western blotting assays indicated that monascin inhibited the expression levels of both GPR37 and FAM83A proteins. Overall, the clinical prognosis of GPR37 and FAM83A highlights the rationale for targeting these specific genes with monascin. Additionally, there findings provide compelling evidence for the polypharmacological properties of monascin against LUAD.
{"title":"Identification and validation of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)-associated targets for monascin from the extracts of Monascus purpureus-fermented rice: Compound preparation, high-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis","authors":"Xilinqiqige Bao , Hanqing Li , Jiayin Xu , Xiaoqing Liu , Runa A , Jianming Chen , Fengzheng Chen , Nan Ya , Rigula Sa","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the remarkable bioactivities exhibited by monascin against several tumors, its therapeutic targets remain unexplored. In this study, our objective is to identify therapeutic targets based on the antitumor activity of monascin against lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) A549 cells. The compound monascin was derived from extracts of <em>Monascus purpureus</em>-fermented rice. Its chemical structure was determined using spectroscopic methods, while the physicochemical properties of monascin were investigated through thermal behavior analysis. Herein, antitumor studies indicated that monascin significantly inhibited the viability of A549 cells, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 2.05 μM; RNA-sequencing revealed 12 up-regulated and 29 down-regulated genes as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for A549 cells in response to monascin; RT-qPCR validation supported the plausibility of the RNA-sequencing results. Moreover, utilizing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses provided evidence supporting GPR37 and FAM83A as potential candidate genes for predicting disease progression in LUAD patients. Additionally, the LASSO Cox regression and nomogram analyses confirmed that FAM83A and GPR37 genes had the potential to predict overall survival for LUAD patients. Finally, molecular docking studies suggested that monascin could interact with both GPR37 and FAM83A proteins through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions; Western blotting assays indicated that monascin inhibited the expression levels of both GPR37 and FAM83A proteins. Overall, the clinical prognosis of GPR37 and FAM83A highlights the rationale for targeting these specific genes with monascin. Additionally, there findings provide compelling evidence for the polypharmacological properties of monascin against LUAD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102214
Farahwahida Mohd Kasim , Ernieda Hatah , Lokhman Hakim Osman , Adliah Mhd Ali , Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
Background
Pooled procurement is key to managing drug spending amid rising healthcare costs, but conclusive evidence on its sustained impact is lacking, driven by market competition.
Objective
This study aims to evaluate the trends and factors influencing the price changes of drugs awarded for pooled procurement systems utilizing a drug price index analysis.
Methods
This retrospective study involved a review of secondary data on public pooled procurement of drugs in Malaysia. Drugs were selected through purposive sampling and focused on eight therapeutic subgroups that showed significant patterns of expenditure and consumption. The observed data are retrieved from centralized contracts that were managed through a tendering process spanning from 2010 to 2021. A price index was computed to assess fluctuations in pharmaceutical pricing and market competition. To assess the influence of potential variables on market competition, quantified through the drug price index, a multiple linear regression analysis was utilized. The variables studied include product age, quantity index, bidding periods, therapeutic subgroups, and market competition elements such as types and number of competing products, dosage form, and types of procurements. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.
Results
The median price index, derived from the analysis of 88 drugs involved in 335 tenders over 10 years was 89.28 (range between 1.91 and 123.81). The observed trends indicated a consistent decline in the median drug price index throughout the bidding periods. The regression model, encompassing 19 selected variables, demonstrated the ability to predict the drug price index shown by the F-statistic (F (19, 315) = 68.022, p < 0.0005) with adj. R2 = 0.79. The coexistence of innovative or reference products and their generic or biosimilar equivalents in a market may promote competition. Five to eight competing products resulted in remarkably low drug prices.
Conclusion
Pooled procurement is one of the approaches to cost containment that is potentially subject to the dynamics of market competition. Time can be a limiting factor that hinders the realization of greater savings. Therefore, it is important to strike a delicate balance when considering regulatory measures, such as patents and barriers to market entry, in order to maintain a fair and competitive landscape within the industry.
{"title":"Analyzing trends and factors influencing price changes in public pooled drugs procurement system in Malaysia: Exploring market competition","authors":"Farahwahida Mohd Kasim , Ernieda Hatah , Lokhman Hakim Osman , Adliah Mhd Ali , Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pooled procurement is key to managing drug spending amid rising healthcare costs, but conclusive evidence on its sustained impact is lacking, driven by market competition.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to evaluate the trends and factors influencing the price changes of drugs awarded for pooled procurement systems utilizing a drug price index analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study involved a review of secondary data on public pooled procurement of drugs in Malaysia. Drugs were selected through purposive sampling and focused on eight therapeutic subgroups that showed significant patterns of expenditure and consumption.<!--> <!-->The observed data are retrieved from centralized contracts that were managed through a tendering process spanning from 2010 to 2021. A price index was computed to assess fluctuations in pharmaceutical pricing and market competition. To assess the influence of potential variables on market competition, quantified through the drug price index, a multiple linear regression analysis was utilized. The variables studied include product age, quantity index, bidding periods, therapeutic subgroups, and market competition elements such as types and number of competing products, dosage form, and types of procurements. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median price index, derived from the analysis of 88 drugs involved in 335 tenders over 10 years was 89.28 (range between 1.91 and 123.81). The observed trends indicated a consistent decline in the median drug price index throughout the bidding periods. The regression model, encompassing 19 selected variables, demonstrated the ability to predict the drug price index shown by the F-statistic (F (19, 315) = 68.022, p < 0.0005) with adj. R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79. The coexistence of innovative or reference products and their generic or biosimilar equivalents in a market may promote competition. Five to eight competing products resulted in remarkably low drug prices.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pooled procurement is one of the approaches to cost containment that is potentially subject to the dynamics of market competition. Time can be a limiting factor that hinders the realization of greater savings. Therefore, it is important to strike a delicate balance when considering regulatory measures, such as patents and barriers to market entry, in order to maintain a fair and competitive landscape within the industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102213
Yanqun Luo , Haiping Xue , Hongyu Chen , Ying Gao , Guang Ji , Tao Wu
Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a prevalent digestive system disorder characterized by the recurrent damage to the gastric mucosal epithelium, with the potential to progress to gastric cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its holistic perspective and treatment modalities grounded in syndrome differentiation, provides a distinctive approach to both the prevention and treatment of CAG. This review aims to encapsulate the recent advancements in the application of metabolomics to the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and the TCM-based prevention and treatment of CAG, offering novel insights into the therapeutic and preventive strategies for the disease. A systematic analysis was performed on the literature from 2013 to 2024, focusing on studies that utilized metabolomics to investigate the effects of TCM on CAG. The data was sourced from reputable electronic databases including PubMed and Web of Science. The review emphasizes the utility of metabolomics in identifying biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with CAG and illustrates the capacity of TCM to influence and ameliorate CAG conditions through various mechanisms, including the regulation of gut microbiota and modulation of specific metabolic pathways. This review presents that metabolomics can offer new perspectives for the application of TCM in CAG management, demonstrating significant potential in elucidating the pathogenesis of CAG and in identifying potential therapeutic targets. The convergence of TCM with metabolomics heralds a promising avenue for the personalized treatment of CAG.
{"title":"Metabolomics advances in chronic atrophic gastritis diagnosis and the integration of traditional Chinese medicine","authors":"Yanqun Luo , Haiping Xue , Hongyu Chen , Ying Gao , Guang Ji , Tao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a prevalent digestive system disorder characterized by the recurrent damage to the gastric mucosal epithelium, with the potential to progress to gastric cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its holistic perspective and treatment modalities grounded in syndrome differentiation, provides a distinctive approach to both the prevention and treatment of CAG. This review aims to encapsulate the recent advancements in the application of metabolomics to the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and the TCM-based prevention and treatment of CAG, offering novel insights into the therapeutic and preventive strategies for the disease. A systematic analysis was performed on the literature from 2013 to 2024, focusing on studies that utilized metabolomics to investigate the effects of TCM on CAG. The data was sourced from reputable electronic databases including PubMed and Web of Science. The review emphasizes the utility of metabolomics in identifying biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with CAG and illustrates the capacity of TCM to influence and ameliorate CAG conditions through various mechanisms, including the regulation of gut microbiota and modulation of specific metabolic pathways. This review presents that metabolomics can offer new perspectives for the application of TCM in CAG management, demonstrating significant potential in elucidating the pathogenesis of CAG and in identifying potential therapeutic targets. The convergence of TCM with metabolomics heralds a promising avenue for the personalized treatment of CAG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102209
Jiaming Bi , Jiawei Zeng , Xiaohao Liu , Chuzi Mo , Mingyan Yao , Jing Zhang , Peiyan Yuan , Bo Jia , Shuaimei Xu
With the accumulation of knowledge on aging, people have gradually realized that among the many factors that cause individual aging, the accumulation of aging cells is an essential cause of organ degeneration and, ultimately, age-related diseases. Most cells present in the bone microenvironment gradually age over time, leading to an imbalance of osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. This imbalance contributes to age-related bone loss and the development of age-related bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone aging can prolong the lifespan and delay the development of age-related diseases. Nanoparticles have controllable and stable physical and chemical properties and can precisely target different tissues and organs. By preparing multiple easily modified and biocompatible nanoparticles as different drug delivery carriers, specifically targeting various diseased tissues for controlled-release and sustained-release administration, the delivery efficiency of drugs can be significantly improved, and the toxicity and side effects of drugs can be substantially reduced, thereby improving the therapeutic effect of age-related bone diseases. In addition, other novel anti-aging strategies (such as stem cell exosomes) also have significant scientific and practical significance in anti-aging research on age-related bone diseases. This article reviews the research progress of various nano-drug-loaded particles and emerging anti-aging methods for treating age-related bone diseases, offering new insights and directions for precise targeted clinical therapies.
{"title":"Drug delivery for age-related bone diseases: From therapeutic targets to common and emerging therapeutic strategies","authors":"Jiaming Bi , Jiawei Zeng , Xiaohao Liu , Chuzi Mo , Mingyan Yao , Jing Zhang , Peiyan Yuan , Bo Jia , Shuaimei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the accumulation of knowledge on aging, people have gradually realized that among the many factors that cause individual aging, the accumulation of aging cells is an essential cause of organ degeneration and, ultimately, age-related diseases. Most cells present in the bone microenvironment gradually age over time, leading to an imbalance of osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. This imbalance contributes to age-related bone loss and the development of age-related bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone aging can prolong the lifespan and delay the development of age-related diseases. Nanoparticles have controllable and stable physical and chemical properties and can precisely target different tissues and organs. By preparing multiple easily modified and biocompatible nanoparticles as different drug delivery carriers, specifically targeting various diseased tissues for controlled-release and sustained-release administration, the delivery efficiency of drugs can be significantly improved, and the toxicity and side effects of drugs can be substantially reduced, thereby improving the therapeutic effect of age-related bone diseases. In addition, other novel anti-aging strategies (such as stem cell exosomes) also have significant scientific and practical significance in anti-aging research on age-related bone diseases. This article reviews the research progress of various nano-drug-loaded particles and emerging anti-aging methods for treating age-related bone diseases, offering new insights and directions for precise targeted clinical therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102205
Beatriz Menegate Santos , Jessica Peres Alves de Souza , Luísa Rodrigues de Paula Goulart , Jéssica Castro Pereira Petrine , Fernando Henrique Ferrari Alves , Bruno Del Bianco-Borges
The increasing prevalence of Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) among women, driven by the pursuit of improved body aesthetics, characterized by higher lean mass and reduced adipose tissue, raises significant health concerns, particularly due to the limited knowledge regarding their effects on the female organism. Prolonged use and/or high doses of AAS are linked to various harmful side effects, including mood changes, psychiatric disorders, voice deepening, clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities, and cardiovascular complications, prompting medical societies to discourage their widespread use due to insufficient evidence supporting their safety and efficacy. Studies in female rodents have shown that AAS can lead to increased aggression, inflammation, reduced neuronal density, and negative impacts on the myocardium and blood vessels. Additionally, maternal administration of androgens during pregnancy can adversely affect offspring’s reproductive, neuronal, and metabolic health, resulting in long-term impairments. The complexity of the mechanisms underlying AAS effects, and their potential genotoxicity remains poorly understood. This review aims to elucidate the various ways in which AAS can impact female physiology and that of their offspring, highlight commonly used anabolic substances, and discuss the positions of medical societies regarding AAS use.
{"title":"Impacts of Anabolic-androgenic steroid supplementation on female health and offspring: Mechanisms, side effects, and medical perspectives","authors":"Beatriz Menegate Santos , Jessica Peres Alves de Souza , Luísa Rodrigues de Paula Goulart , Jéssica Castro Pereira Petrine , Fernando Henrique Ferrari Alves , Bruno Del Bianco-Borges","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing prevalence of Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) among women, driven by the pursuit of improved body aesthetics, characterized by higher lean mass and reduced adipose tissue, raises significant health concerns, particularly due to the limited knowledge regarding their effects on the female organism. Prolonged use and/or high doses of AAS are linked to various harmful side effects, including mood changes, psychiatric disorders, voice deepening, clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities, and cardiovascular complications, prompting medical societies to discourage their widespread use due to insufficient evidence supporting their safety and efficacy. Studies in female rodents have shown that AAS can lead to increased aggression, inflammation, reduced neuronal density, and negative impacts on the myocardium and blood vessels. Additionally, maternal administration of androgens during pregnancy can adversely affect offspring’s reproductive, neuronal, and metabolic health, resulting in long-term impairments. The complexity of the mechanisms underlying AAS effects, and their potential genotoxicity remains poorly understood. This review aims to elucidate the various ways in which AAS can impact female physiology and that of their offspring, highlight commonly used anabolic substances, and discuss the positions of medical societies regarding AAS use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102208
Mohamed M. Badran , Areej Alsubaie , Mounir M. Salem Bekhit , Abdullah H. Alomrani , Aliyah Almomen , Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim , Doaa Hasan Alshora
Itraconazole (ITZ) is a highly effective antifungal agent. However, its oral application is associated with systemic toxicity and poor topical use. The present study aims to improve the antifungal activity of ITZ by loading it into bioadhesive niosomes. This approach is considered to enhance the ocular permeation of ITZ, thereby boosting its efficacy against fungal infections. Therefore, it was encapsulated into niosomes (F1) and subsequently coated with hyaluronic acid (HA; F2), chitosan (CS; F3), or a bilayer of CS/HA (F4). In addition, they were further incorporated into pH-sensitive in situ gels. This dual approach is expected to increase the amount of corneal-permeated ITZ, facilitating more effective management of ocular fungal infection.
Firstly, the niosomes were prepared by hydrating proniosomes using span 60, cholesterol, and phospholipid. ITZ-niosomes showed an increase in vesicle size from 165.5 ± 3.4 (F1) to 378.2 ± 7.2 nm (F3). The zeta potential varied within −20.9 ± 2.1 (F1), −29.5 ± 3.1 (F2), 32.3 ± 1.9 (F3), and 22.6 ± 1.3 mV (F4). The high EE% values ranged from 78.1 ± 2.2 % to 86.6 ± 2.9 %. Regarding ITZ release, F1 demonstrated a high release profile, whereas bioadhesive niosomes showed sustained release patterns. Furthermore, in situ gels containing niosomes displayed excellent gelling capacity and viscosity. Remarkably, F3 laden-in situ gels (F3-ISG) demonstrated the highest ex vivo corneal permeability of ITZ and antifungal activity with a safety effect. These results indicate that F3-ISG presents a promising strategy for boosting the ocular delivery of ITZ, that could help in treating ocular fungal infections.
{"title":"Bioadhesive hybrid system of niosomes and pH sensitive in situ gel for itraconazole ocular delivery: Dual approach for efficient treatment of fungal infections","authors":"Mohamed M. Badran , Areej Alsubaie , Mounir M. Salem Bekhit , Abdullah H. Alomrani , Aliyah Almomen , Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim , Doaa Hasan Alshora","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Itraconazole (ITZ) is a highly effective antifungal agent. However, its oral application is associated with systemic toxicity and poor topical use. The present study aims to improve the antifungal activity of ITZ by loading it into bioadhesive niosomes. This approach is considered to enhance the ocular permeation of ITZ, thereby boosting its efficacy against fungal infections. Therefore, it was encapsulated into niosomes (F1) and subsequently coated with hyaluronic acid (HA; F2), chitosan (CS; F3), or a bilayer of CS/HA (F4). In addition, they were further incorporated into pH-sensitive <em>in situ</em> gels. This dual approach is expected to increase the amount of corneal-permeated ITZ, facilitating more effective management of ocular fungal infection.</div><div>Firstly, the niosomes were prepared by hydrating proniosomes using span 60, cholesterol, and phospholipid. ITZ-niosomes showed an increase in vesicle size from 165.5 ± 3.4 (F1) to 378.2 ± 7.2 nm (F3). The zeta potential varied within −20.9 ± 2.1 (F1), −29.5 ± 3.1 (F2), 32.3 ± 1.9 (F3), and 22.6 ± 1.3 mV (F4). The high EE% values ranged from 78.1 ± 2.2 % to 86.6 ± 2.9 %. Regarding ITZ release, F1 demonstrated a high release profile, whereas bioadhesive niosomes showed sustained release patterns. Furthermore, <em>in situ</em> gels containing niosomes displayed excellent gelling capacity and viscosity. Remarkably, F3 laden-<em>in situ</em> gels (F3-ISG) demonstrated the highest <em>ex vivo</em> corneal permeability of ITZ and antifungal activity with a safety effect. These results indicate that F3-ISG presents a promising strategy for boosting the ocular delivery of ITZ, that could help in treating ocular fungal infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 12","pages":"Article 102208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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