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Captagon: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis (1962–2024) of its global impact, health and mortality risks Captagon:对其全球影响、健康和死亡风险的综合文献计量分析(1962-2024 年
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102188
Seraphina Fong , Alessandro Carollo , Andrea Rossato , Elisabeth Prevete , Gianluca Esposito , Ornella Corazza
Captagon is a synthetic stimulant combining amphetamine and theophylline. Initially introduced in 1961 as a treatment for hyperactivity, depression, and narcolepsy, Captagon was later classified as a Schedule 1 controlled substance due to its addictive and hallucinogenic properties. Despite its global prohibition in 1986, the trade of counterfeit products is widespread, especially in south-east Europe and far-east Asia, with its production being on the rise in Middle Eastern regions. This paper presents a quantitative data-driven bibliometric analysis of the existing literature on Captagon up to July 2024. It aims to delineate the structure and development of knowledge surrounding the substance, including key contributing countries, authors, prominent sources, and recurring thematic keywords. The quantitative and data-driven results were then used to guide the narrative discussion on Captagon. Findings indicate that current research predominantly focuses on Captagon’s use and impact in conflict zones, often exploring its interaction with other substances used by civilians and militias. Results also show a growing trend in Captagon research, with Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Iraq emerging as main contributors to the literature. Despite the attention in specific regions, a considerable gap remains in understanding the mechanisms of action of Captagon (particularly regarding its metabolism, toxicology, mortality risk), and in developing protocols for its discontinuation. Additionally, the drug’s inconsistent composition requires further analyses to better predict risks and establish effective management strategies. Addressing these gaps will be crucial for the development of novel interventions and policies to mitigate the adverse effects of Captagon and improve public health systems worldwide.
卡普他酮是一种结合了苯丙胺和茶碱的合成兴奋剂。Captagon 最初于 1961 年问世,用于治疗多动症、抑郁症和嗜睡症,后因其成瘾和致幻特性被列为附表 1 受控物质。尽管 Captagon 于 1986 年被全球禁用,但假冒产品的交易却非常普遍,尤其是在东南欧和远东亚洲,中东地区的生产量也在不断上升。本文对截至 2024 年 7 月有关 Captagon 的现有文献进行了定量数据驱动的文献计量分析。其目的是勾勒出围绕该物质的知识结构和发展,包括主要贡献国、作者、主要来源和重复出现的主题关键词。定量和数据驱动的结果随后被用于指导有关 Captagon 的叙述性讨论。研究结果表明,目前的研究主要侧重于 Captagon 在冲突地区的使用和影响,通常探讨其与平民和民兵使用的其他物质之间的相互作用。研究结果还显示出 Captagon 研究的增长趋势,沙特阿拉伯、约旦和伊拉克成为文献的主要贡献者。尽管特定地区的研究备受关注,但在了解 Captagon 的作用机制(特别是其代谢、毒理学、死亡风险)和制定停药方案方面仍存在相当大的差距。此外,还需要进一步分析该药物不一致的成分,以便更好地预测风险和制定有效的管理策略。缩小这些差距对于制定新型干预措施和政策以减轻 Captagon 的不良影响并改善全球公共卫生系统至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacological investigations of newly synthesized oxazolones and imidazolones as COX-2 inhibitors 作为 COX-2 抑制剂的新合成噁唑酮和咪唑酮的药理研究
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102191
Iqra Saleem Naz Babari , Muhammad Islam , Hamid Saeed , Humaira Nadeem , Hassaan Anwer Rathore
Oxazoles and Imidazoles are heterocyclic compounds with significant biological activities. The present study explores the pharmacological effects of some new oxazole and imidazole derivatives as potential COX-2 inhibitors. Docking studies of the compounds against targeted proteins COX-2 and TACE manifested good binding affinities for both the targets supporting their anti-inflammatory potential. Compounds (3F-A, 3F-B, N-A, N-B) were evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory effects by carrageenan-induced paw edema. Among all, compound N-A was found to be the most effective as it displayed most pronounced reduction in inflammation that was comparable to indomethacin. The in vivo tissue antioxidant activity was performed for estimation of the level of catalase, GSH, GST, and thiobarbituric acid in paw tissue. The results exhibited that targeted compounds improved the oxidative stress and restored the expression of enzymes. H &E staining revealed that aforesaid compounds displayed well-defined restoration of cellular damage. Compound NA exhibited maximum structural and functional preservation. Reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers was also analyzed by ELISA and maximum reduction in protein expression (COX-2 and TNF-a) was observed for compound N-B. Quantification of mRNA was done using PCR and a decrease in the expression of COX-2 mRNA level in treatment groups was depicted by all the new compounds but N-B showed maximum reduction in enzyme expression. All the results obtained from the present study have shown the significant anti-inflammatory potential of new compounds via the COX-2 inhibition pathway.
噁唑和咪唑是具有重要生物活性的杂环化合物。本研究探讨了一些新的噁唑和咪唑衍生物作为潜在 COX-2 抑制剂的药理作用。这些化合物与靶蛋白 COX-2 和 TACE 的对接研究表明,它们与这两个靶蛋白都有很好的结合亲和力,支持它们的抗炎潜力。通过卡拉胶诱导的爪水肿评估了化合物(3F-A、3F-B、N-A、N-B)的体内抗炎作用。结果发现,在所有化合物中,化合物 N-A 的消炎效果最明显,与吲哚美辛相当。体内组织抗氧化活性是通过评估爪组织中过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽、谷胱甘肽和硫代巴比妥酸的水平来实现的。结果显示,靶向化合物改善了氧化应激,恢复了酶的表达。Hamp;E 染色显示,上述化合物对细胞损伤有明确的修复作用。化合物 NA 表现出最大程度的结构和功能保护。还通过 ELISA 分析了炎症标志物表达的减少情况,发现化合物 N-B 蛋白表达(COX-2 和 TNF-a)的减少幅度最大。利用 PCR 对 mRNA 进行了定量分析,结果显示,所有新化合物都降低了处理组中 COX-2 mRNA 的表达水平,但 N-B 的酶表达降低幅度最大。本研究的所有结果都表明,新化合物通过 COX-2 抑制途径具有显著的抗炎潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal: A Special Issue 庆祝《沙特药学杂志》创刊 30 周年:特刊
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102190
Nasser B. Alsaleh, Omer I. Fantoukh
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review and meta-analysis 沙特阿拉伯耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(CRE)的流行情况:系统回顾和荟萃分析
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102186
Ahmad A. Alshehri , Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant public health issue. In addressing the threat of multidrug resistant bacterial infections, carbapenems have been used. The carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are, however, rapidly expanding worldwide. Since the issue of CRE is also a problem in Saudi Arabia, the current meta-analysis was performed to comprehensively evaluate the resistance rates to the main carbapenem antibiotics and determine the actual prevalence of CRE in the country. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was followed. Different web databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched for relevant records. Data were extracted, and summary estimates for resistance to carbapenems were calculated using DerSimonian-Laird method of meta-analysis and the random-effects model. From a total of 787 retrieved records, 69 studies were found fully eligible and were included in the final analyses. More than 50 % of all the studies were conducted after 2010, and the most frequently examined members of the Enterobacterales were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The pooled prevalence estimate for imipenem resistance was 6.6 % (95 % CI: 4.7–9.2), 9.1 % (95 % CI: 6.7–12.3) for meropenem, and 18.6 % (95 % CI: 11.9–27.9) for ertapenem. High heterogeneity (I2 > 97 %, p < 0.001) was observed for all the estimates. Compared to other regions of the country, there was higher resistance rates in the Al-Qassim and Al-Jouf provinces. Additionally, resistance to ertapenem was as high as 34.2 % in the most recent study period (2021–2024). Proteus spp was the most prevalent CRE (26.2 %). This review highlights an increasing rate of carbapenem resistance among Enterobacterales, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to implement strict infection control and prevention measures. Consistent surveillance is indispensable for safeguarding public health, guiding clinical decisions, and strengthening efforts to tackle the challenges of antibiotic resistance.
抗菌药耐药性是一个重大的公共卫生问题。为应对耐多药细菌感染的威胁,人们一直在使用碳青霉烯类药物。然而,耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(CRE)正在全球迅速蔓延。由于 CRE 在沙特阿拉伯也是一个问题,因此本研究进行了荟萃分析,以全面评估主要碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率,并确定 CRE 在该国的实际流行率。研究遵循了《系统综述和荟萃分析首选报告项目》(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses,PRISMA)指南。在不同的网络数据库(包括 PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science 和 ScienceDirect)中搜索相关记录。提取数据后,使用DerSimonian-Laird荟萃分析法和随机效应模型计算碳青霉烯类耐药性的汇总估计值。在检索到的总共 787 条记录中,有 69 项研究完全符合条件并被纳入最终分析。在所有研究中,50% 以上的研究是在 2010 年之后进行的,最常见的肠杆菌科细菌是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。亚胺培南耐药性的汇总流行率估计值为 6.6%(95 % CI:4.7-9.2),美罗培南为 9.1%(95 % CI:6.7-12.3),厄他培南为 18.6%(95 % CI:11.9-27.9)。所有估计值均存在高度异质性(I2 > 97 %, p < 0.001)。与该国其他地区相比,卡西姆省和朱夫省的耐药率较高。此外,在最近的研究期间(2021-2024 年),对厄他培南的耐药性高达 34.2%。变形杆菌是最常见的 CRE(26.2%)。本综述强调了肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率的不断上升,强调需要共同努力实施严格的感染控制和预防措施。持续的监测对于保障公众健康、指导临床决策以及加强应对抗生素耐药性挑战的工作都是不可或缺的。
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引用次数: 0
Salubrious effects of proanthocyanidins on behavioral phenotypes and DNA repair deficiency in the BTBR mouse model of autism 原花青素对自闭症 BTBR 小鼠模型的行为表型和 DNA 修复缺陷的有益影响
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102187
Abdulelah F. Alhusain , Mohamed A. Mahmoud , Hussain N. Alhamami , Saad Ebrahim Alobid , Mushtaq A. Ansari , Sheikh F. Ahmad , Ahmed Nadeem , Saleh A. Bakheet , Gamaleldin I. Harisa , Sabry M. Attia
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder distinguished by impaired social interaction and repetitive behaviors. Global estimates indicate that autism affects approximately 1.6% of children, with the condition progressively becoming more prevalent over time. Despite noteworthy progress in autism research, the condition remains untreatable. This serves as a driving force for scientists to explore new approaches to disease management. Autism is linked to elevated levels of oxidative stress and disturbances in the DNA repair mechanism, which may potentially play a role in its comorbidities development. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of the naturally occurring flavonoid proanthocyanidins on the behavioral characteristics and repair efficacy of autistic BTBR mice. Moreover, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were clarified. The present findings indicate that repeated administration of proanthocyanidins effectively reduces altered behavior in BTBR animals without altering motor function. Proanthocyanidins decreased oxidative DNA strand breaks and accelerated the rate of DNA repair in autistic animals, as evaluated by the modified comet test. In addition, proanthocyanidins reduced the elevated oxidative stress and recovered the disrupted DNA repair mechanism in the autistic animals by decreasing the expressions of Gadd45a and Parp1 levels and enhancing the expressions of Ogg1, P53, and Xrcc1 genes. This indicates that proanthocyanidins have significant potential as a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating autistic features.
自闭症是一种神经发育障碍,主要表现为社交互动障碍和重复行为。据估计,全球约有 1.6% 的儿童患有自闭症,而且随着时间的推移,发病率会逐渐升高。尽管自闭症研究取得了显著进展,但这种疾病仍然无法治疗。这促使科学家们探索新的疾病治疗方法。自闭症与氧化应激水平升高和 DNA 修复机制紊乱有关,这可能是自闭症合并症发展的潜在因素。目前的研究旨在评估天然类黄酮原花青素对自闭症 BTBR 小鼠行为特征和修复功效的有益影响。此外,还阐明了产生这些影响的机制。目前的研究结果表明,反复服用原花青素可有效减少 BTBR 动物的行为改变,而不会改变其运动功能。根据改良彗星试验的评估,原花青素可减少自闭症动物的氧化 DNA 链断裂,加快 DNA 修复速度。此外,原花青素通过降低 Gadd45a 和 Parp1 的表达水平,提高 Ogg1、P53 和 Xrcc1 基因的表达水平,减少了自闭症动物体内升高的氧化应激,恢复了被破坏的 DNA 修复机制。这表明,原花青素作为一种新的治疗策略,在缓解自闭症特征方面具有巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of compounds from Origanum compactum and Origanum elongatum using HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and comparative analysis of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties 利用 HPLC/UV-ESI-MS 鉴定小叶牛至和长叶牛至中的化合物,并比较分析其抗氧化、抗菌、抗凝血和抗糖尿病特性
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102184
Omkulthom Al Kamaly , Aziz Drioiche , Firdaous Remok , Soukaina Saidi , Ahde El Imache , Fadoua El Makhoukhi , Bshra A. Alsfouk , Touriya Zair
<div><div>The aim was to assess the phytochemical composition, phenolic component levels, and biological properties of the flowering tops of <em>Origanum compactum</em> and <em>Origanum elongatum</em>. The study employed phytochemical assays, spectrophotometric techniques for quantitative analysis of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, and compound identification using HPLC/UV-ESI-MS. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and antidiabetic properties were examined both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. The results showed that the <em>O. compactum</em> extract had significantly high levels of total polyphenols, measuring 47.368 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram, and flavonoids, measuring 14.839 mg quercetin equivalents per gram. The phytochemical examination of <em>O. compactum</em> revealed that lithospermic acid accounted for 36.82 % of the chemicals detected, followed by salvianolic acid C at 12.57 % and ros-marinic acid at 6.01 %. The main constituents of <em>O. elongatum</em> are salvianolic acid C (14.46 %), luteolin-3-O-glucuronide (13.51 %), salvianolic acid B (12.24 %), rosmarinic acid (7.83 %), and rutin (6.18 %). The results demonstrated different levels of effectiveness against the investigated microorganisms, with the extract from <em>O. compactum</em> exhibiting better activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria, certain yeasts, and the fungus Aspergillus niger. The aqueous extracts of both <em>Origanum</em> species demonstrate significant antioxidant activity. <em>O. compactum</em> has a higher total antioxidant capacity (IC<sub>50</sub> of 35.083 μg/mL) compared to <em>O. elongatum</em> (IC<sub>50</sub> of 77.080 μg/mL). However, <em>O. elongatum</em> has a higher reducing power (35.697 μg/mL) compared to <em>O. compactum</em> (42.563 μg/mL). <em>In vivo</em> evaluations revealed that the aqueous extracts of <em>O. compactum</em> and <em>O. elongatum</em> possess significant antihyperglycemic and anticoagulant properties. The extracts demonstrated a marked reduction in blood glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Wistar rats and effectively prolonged both prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), highlighting their ability to inhibit coagulation pathways. Moreover, their comparable efficacy to standard antihyperglycemic medications and absence of severe toxicity, even at high doses, underscore their therapeutic potential for safe and effective treatment applications. Between the two species, <em>O. compactum</em> exhibited superior efficacy in key biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant properties, making it a strong candidate for therapeutic applications. This study underscores the value of <em>Origanum</em> species as a rich source of bioactive compounds, offering significant potential in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and agri-food industries. The findings pave the way for further exploration of their diverse
目的是评估小叶牛至和长叶牛至的植物化学成分、酚类成分水平和生物特性。研究采用了植物化学测定法、分光光度法对多酚、类黄酮和单宁进行定量分析,并使用 HPLC/UV-ESI-MS 对化合物进行鉴定。此外,还对其抗菌、抗氧化、抗凝血和抗糖尿病特性进行了体外和体内检测。结果表明,O. compactum 提取物的总多酚含量很高,每克提取物中含有 47.368 毫克没食子酸当量,黄酮类化合物含量也很高,每克提取物中含有 14.839 毫克槲皮素当量。植物化学检查显示,在 O. compactum 检测到的化学物质中,石蒜酸占 36.82%,其次是丹酚酸 C(12.57%)和玫瑰橘酸(6.01%)。O. elongatum 的主要成分是丹酚酸 C(14.46 %)、木犀草素-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷(13.51 %)、丹酚酸 B(12.24 %)、迷迭香酸(7.83 %)和芦丁(6.18 %)。结果表明,O. compactum 的提取物对所研究的微生物具有不同程度的功效,尤其是对革兰氏阴性菌、某些酵母菌和黑曲霉菌具有更好的活性。两种牛至的水提取物都具有显著的抗氧化活性。与 O. elongatum(IC50 为 77.080 μg/mL)相比,O. compactum 的总抗氧化能力更高(IC50 为 35.083 μg/mL)。然而,与 O. compactum(42.563 μg/mL)相比,O. elongatum 的还原能力更高(35.697 μg/mL)。体内评估显示,O. compactum 和 O. elongatum 的水提取物具有显著的降血糖和抗凝特性。在对 Wistar 大鼠进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)时,这两种提取物能明显降低血糖水平,并能有效延长凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT),突出了它们抑制凝血途径的能力。此外,它们的疗效与标准降糖药物相当,即使在高剂量下也没有严重毒性,这突出表明它们具有安全有效的治疗应用潜力。在这两个物种中,O. compactum 在抗氧化、抗菌和抗凝特性等关键生物活性方面表现出更高的功效,使其成为治疗应用的有力候选者。这项研究强调了牛至物种作为生物活性化合物丰富来源的价值,为制药、营养保健品和农业食品行业提供了巨大的潜力。研究结果为进一步探索牛至的多样化应用铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
The Dawn till Dusk of phytopharmaceuticals 植物药的黎明到黄昏
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102185
Ritu Tiwari , Smita Mishra , Aishwarya Chauhan , Poornima Gulati , Mahaveer Dhobi
Herbal products and their formulations have a large market at the global level. A significant portion of the worldwide population relies upon herbal treatment. Their apparent non-toxic and cost-effective nature appeals to the population and drives researchers to pursue them for drug development. However, due to the lack of scientific evidence, their conventional preparation, poor regulation and control make these an unseen threat to the people. There has been a long-standing argument that allopathic medicines are better than herbal medicines due to their specificity and precision. To compete with modern medicines, a concept of science-based phytopharmaceutical drugs was introduced through a draft amendment notified to the Drugs and Cosmetics 1940 and Rules 1945. The amendment has introduced a definition for botanicals and their scientific evaluation for quality safety and efficacy by the Central Drugs Standard and Control Organization (CDSCO) office as a marketing authorization requirement. The present article discusses the advantages and challenges faced in the development of phytopharmaceuticals, and how they differ from dietary supplements and herbal drugs. It also gives consolidated information on Phytopharmaceuticals and their regulatory and Pharmacopoeial status with an exemplary PPI monograph – Aegle marmelos. The plant selection was done based on extensive research using the PRISMA approach. A detailed view of the opportunities and challenges provided by phytopharmaceuticals is explained in the present review.
草药产品及其配方在全球拥有巨大的市场。全世界有相当一部分人口依赖草药治疗。草药明显的无毒性和成本效益吸引着人们,也促使研究人员将其用于药物开发。然而,由于缺乏科学依据、传统的制备方法、监管不力等原因,这些草药对人们构成了无形的威胁。长期以来,有一种说法认为,对抗疗法药物因其特异性和精确性而优于草药。为了与现代药物竞争,《1940 年药品和化妆品法》和《1945 年规则》的修正案草案引入了以科学为基础的植物药概念。该修正案引入了植物药的定义,并由中央药品标准和控制组织(CDSCO)办公室对其质量、安全性和有效性进行科学评估,以此作为上市许可要求。本文讨论了植物药开发的优势和面临的挑战,以及它们与膳食补充剂和草药的区别。文章还提供了有关植物药及其监管和药典地位的综合信息,并附有一份典型的 PPI 专论--Aegle marmelos。植物选择是在广泛研究的基础上采用 PRISMA 方法完成的。本综述详细介绍了植物药带来的机遇和挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Retraction notice to “Protective effect of Huangpu Tongqiao capsule against Alzheimer’s disease through inhibiting the apoptosis pathway mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro and in vivo” [Saudi Pharm. J. 30(11) (2022) 1561–1571] 黄埔通窍胶囊通过抑制体外和体内内质网应激介导的细胞凋亡途径对阿尔茨海默病的保护作用》的撤稿通知[《沙特药学杂志》. 30(11) (2022) 1561-1571]
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102183
Xinquan Li , Yunpeng Qin , Shu Ye , Hang Song , Peng Zhou , Biao Cai , Yan Wang
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引用次数: 0
Competencies, skills, and personal characteristics needed for pharmacy leaders: An in-depth interview 药学领导者所需的能力、技能和个人特征:深度访谈
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102181
Nasser F. BinDhim , Nora A. Althumiri , Rahaf A. Albluwi , Hisham S. Aljadhey

Objectives

This study aims to explore the essential competencies, leadership development strategies, skills, values, and personal characteristics required for pharmacists aspiring to leadership positions in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

Semi-structured, in-depth interviews, conducted either in person or via video, were selected to confidentially explore the leadership traits and strategies of pharmacists. The study included twelve pharmacists, consisting of 7 males and 5 females, with varying levels of experience: 3 aspiring leaders, 5 current leaders, and 4 retired leaders. A fourteen-question interview guide was developed to investigate the key elements necessary for effective pharmacy leadership development. The guide was pilot tested with two pharmacists, whose responses were excluded from the final sample and subsequent analysis.

Results

The study revealed significant disparities in the perceptions of leadership skills and personal characteristics among the different groups. The junior cohort, consisting of aspiring pharmacists, emphasized idealistic personal characteristics over practical skills. In contrast, current and retired leaders demonstrated a clear ability to differentiate between personal characteristics and essential skills. Furthermore, the study identified leadership development strategies grounded in the Saudi context, which were particularly resonant with both current and former leaders.

Conclusions

The study examined the essential competencies and leadership development strategies for pharmacists aspiring to leadership roles, revealing notable disparities between early-career individuals and current or former leaders. Future research should focus on bridging these differences in perception and skills through targeted knowledge interventions.
本研究旨在探讨沙特阿拉伯有志于担任领导职务的药剂师所需的基本能力、领导力发展策略、技能、价值观和个人特征。方法 本研究选择了半结构式深度访谈,通过面谈或视频的方式,以保密的方式探讨药剂师的领导特质和策略。研究对象包括 12 名药剂师,其中男性 7 名,女性 5 名,他们的工作经验各不相同:其中包括 3 名有抱负的领导者、5 名现任领导者和 4 名退休领导者。研究人员编写了一份包含 14 个问题的访谈指南,以调查有效发展药剂学领导力所需的关键要素。研究结果表明,不同群体对领导技能和个人特征的认识存在显著差异。由有抱负的药剂师组成的初级组强调理想主义的个人特征,而非实际技能。与此相反,现任和退休领导者在区分个人特点和基本技能方面表现出了明显的能力。此外,研究还发现了基于沙特国情的领导力发展战略,这些战略尤其能引起现任和前任领导者的共鸣。结论这项研究考察了有志于担任领导职务的药剂师的基本能力和领导力发展战略,揭示了早期职业药剂师与现任或前任领导者之间的显著差异。未来的研究应侧重于通过有针对性的知识干预来弥合这些观念和技能上的差异。
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引用次数: 0
SNP analysis of stress-related genes reveals significant correlations with drug addiction in Jordan 压力相关基因的 SNP 分析显示与约旦人吸毒成瘾有显著相关性
IF 3 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102171
Laith AL-Eitan , Hana Abu Kharmah , Mansour Alghamdi

Objective

Drug addiction is a complex disorder caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Stress-related genes such as Galanin (GAL) and Oxytocin (OXT) have been linked to the reward pathways that contribute to the development and progression of substance addiction. This study aimed to explore the correlation between several polymorphisms of stress-related genes and drug addiction among Jordanian males.

Methods

The study included 500 participants, consisting of both healthy controls and drug-addicted Jordanian males. The genetic material and clinical data were collected, and 18 SNPs in four candidate genes were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY® system. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 and the SNPStats website.

Results

The study identified a significant correlation between three SNPs of the GAL gene and drug addiction, specifically rs3136544, rs3136541, and rs694066. The study also found that different genotypes of these variants were significantly associated with drug addiction. Furthermore, different haplotypes of the GAL, GALR1, and OXTR polymorphisms were also significantly correlated with drug addiction. The study also identified a correlation between several drug addiction features and the studied variants, including the association of rs2717162 of Galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) with age at use onset and the association of rs3136541 of GAL with the type of substance and number of substances used.

Conclusion

Stress-related genes can play a significant role in the development and progression of addiction among the Jordanian population, and further investigations are necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms better and improve future treatment strategies.

目标药物成瘾是一种复杂的疾病,由多种因素引起,包括环境和遗传因素。压力相关基因(如加拉宁(GAL)和催产素(OXT))与奖赏通路有关,而奖赏通路有助于药物成瘾的发生和发展。本研究旨在探讨压力相关基因的几种多态性与约旦男性吸毒成瘾之间的相关性。收集了遗传物质和临床数据,并使用 Sequenom MassARRAY® 系统对四个候选基因中的 18 个 SNPs 进行了基因分型。研究发现,GAL 基因的三个 SNPs(rs3136544、rs3136541 和 rs694066)与吸毒成瘾之间存在显著相关性。研究还发现,这些变异的不同基因型与吸毒成瘾有显著相关性。此外,GAL、GALR1 和 OXTR 多态性的不同单倍型也与吸毒成瘾有显著相关性。研究还发现了一些药物成瘾特征与所研究变异之间的相关性,包括 Galanin 受体 1 (GALR1) 的 rs2717162 与开始吸毒年龄的相关性,以及 GAL 的 rs3136541 与使用药物的类型和数量的相关性。
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Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
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