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Role of diosmin in preventing doxorubicin-induced cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertrophy: A mechanistic approach 地奥司明在预防多柔比星诱导的心脏氧化应激、炎症和肥大中的作用:机理研究
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102103
Abdullah F. AlAsmari , Mohammed M. Al-Shehri , Nasser Algarini , Nada A. Alasmari , Alabid Alhazmi , Mohammed AlSwayyed , Metab Alharbi , Fawaz Alasmari , Nemat Ali

Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin (Dox), are commonly used to treat a variety of malignancies. However, Dox-induced cardiotoxicity limits the drug’s clinical applications. Hence, this study intended to investigate whether diosmin could prevent or limit Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in an animal setting. Thirty-two rats were separated into four distinct groups of controls, those treated with Dox (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.), those treated with diosmin 100 mg plus Dox, and those treated with diosmin 200 mg plus Dox. At the end of the experiment, rats were anesthetized and sacrificed and their blood and hearts were collected. Cardiac toxicity markers were analyzed in the blood, and the heart tissue was analyzed by the biochemical assays MDA, GSH, and CAT, western blot analysis (NF-kB, IL-6, TLR-4, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2), and gene expression analysis (β-MHC, BNP). Formalin-fixed tissue was used for histopathological studies. We demonstrated that a Dox insult resulted in increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertrophy as shown by increased MDA levels and reduced GSH content and CAT activity. Furthermore, Dox treatment induced cardiac hypertrophy and damage, as evidenced by the biochemical analysis, ELISA, western blot analysis, and gene expression analysis. However, co-administration of diosmin at both doses, 100 mg and 200 mg, mitigated these alterations. Data derived from the current research revealed that the cardioprotective effect of diosmin was likely due to its ability to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation. However, further study is required to investigate the protective effects of diosmin against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.

多柔比星(Dox)等化疗药物常用于治疗各种恶性肿瘤。然而,多柔比星诱发的心脏毒性限制了该药物的临床应用。因此,本研究旨在探讨地奥司明能否在动物实验中预防或限制 Dox 诱导的心脏毒性。研究人员将 32 只大鼠分为四组,分别为对照组、接受 Dox(20 毫克/千克,腹腔注射)治疗组、使用地奥司明 100 毫克加 Dox 治疗组和使用地奥司明 200 毫克加 Dox 治疗组。实验结束后,大鼠被麻醉并处死,收集血液和心脏。对血液和心脏组织进行生化分析(MDA、GSH 和 CAT)、Western 印迹分析(NF-kB、IL-6、TLR-4、TNF-α、iNOS 和 COX-2)和基因表达分析(β-MHC、BNP)。福尔马林固定组织用于组织病理学研究。我们发现,Dox损伤导致氧化应激、炎症和肥大增加,表现为MDA水平升高、GSH含量和CAT活性降低。此外,生化分析、ELISA、Western 印迹分析和基因表达分析都表明,Dox 治疗会诱发心脏肥大和损伤。然而,同时服用 100 毫克和 200 毫克两种剂量的地奥司明可缓解这些变化。目前的研究数据显示,地奥司明对心脏的保护作用可能是由于其缓解氧化应激和炎症的能力。不过,还需要进一步研究地奥司明对多克斯诱导的心脏毒性的保护作用。
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引用次数: 0
Preparing a novel baicalin-loaded microemulsion-based gel for transdermal delivery and testing its anti-gout effect 制备新型黄芩苷微乳液透皮给药凝胶并测试其抗痛风效果
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102100
Yingzhou Wang , Mingxue Liu , Junjie Li , Peipei Jiang , Di Han , Hongling Zhang , Lingyun Xu , Yinsheng Qiu

We previously demonstrated that baicalin had efficacy against gouty arthritis (GA) by oral administration. In this paper, a novel baicalin-loaded microemulsion-based gel (B-MEG) was prepared and assessed for the transdermal delivery of baicalin against GA. The preparation method and transdermal capability of B-MEG was screened and optimized using the central composite design, Franz diffusion cell experiments, and the split-split plot design. Skin irritation tests were performed in guinea pigs. The anti-gout effects were evaluated using mice. The optimized B-MEG comprised of 50 % pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline, 4.48 % ethyl oleate, 31.64 % tween 80, 13.88 % glycerin, 2 % borneol, 0.5 % clove oil and 0.5 % xanthan gum, with a baicalin content of (10.42 ± 0.08) mg/g and particle size of (15.71 ± 0.41) nm. After 12 h, the cumulative amount of baicalin permeated from B-MEG was (672.14 ± 44.11) μg·cm−2. No significant skin irritation was observed following B-MEG application. Compared to the model group, B-MEG groups significantly decreased the rate of auricular swelling (P < 0.01) and number of twists observed in mice (P < 0.01); and also reduced the rate of paw swelling (P < 0.01) and inflammatory cell infiltration in a mouse model of GA. In conclusion, B-MEG represents a promising transdermal carrier for baicalin delivery and can be used as a potential therapy for GA.

我们曾证实黄芩苷口服对痛风性关节炎(GA)有疗效。本文制备了一种新型的黄芩苷微乳液凝胶(B-MEG),并对其透皮给药治疗痛风性关节炎的效果进行了评估。采用中心复合设计、弗朗兹扩散细胞实验和分割-分裂图设计对 B-MEG 的制备方法和透皮能力进行了筛选和优化。在豚鼠身上进行了皮肤刺激试验。用小鼠进行了抗痛风效果评估。优化的 B-MEG 由 50 % pH 7.4 磷酸盐缓冲盐水、4.48 % 油酸乙酯、31.64 % 吐温 80、13.88 % 甘油、2 % 龙脑、0.5 % 丁香油和 0.5 % 黄原胶组成,黄芩苷含量为 (10.42 ± 0.08) mg/g,粒径为 (15.71 ± 0.41) nm。12 小时后,从 B-MEG 中渗透的黄芩苷累积量为 (672.14 ± 44.11) μg-cm-2。使用 B-MEG 后未观察到明显的皮肤刺激症状。与模型组相比,B-MEG 组明显降低了小鼠的耳廓肿胀率(P < 0.01)和捻发音数量(P < 0.01);还降低了 GA 小鼠模型的爪肿胀率(P < 0.01)和炎症细胞浸润。总之,B-MEG 是一种很有前景的黄芩苷透皮载体,可用作治疗 GA 的潜在疗法。
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引用次数: 0
Streptomyces isolate SOM013, a potential agent against microbial resistance and gastric ulcers 链霉菌分离物 SOM013--抗微生物耐药性和胃溃疡的潜在药物
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102101
Kizito Eneye Bello , Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola , Ahmad A. Alshehri

The menace of microbial resistance and re-emerging disease is still a problem for healthcare givers globally, and the need for newer sources of potent antibiotics has become paramount. This study investigated the antimicrobial and antiulcer activities of Streptomyces isolate SOM013. Streptomyces isolates were cultivated and purified following standard microbiological protocols. Secondary metabolites were recovered and characterized from Streptomyces isolate SOM013 via broth fermentation and extraction. Varying concentrations (0.5 mg/mL, 0.025 mg/mL and 0.0125 mg/mL) of the SOM013 extract were used for antimicrobial screening against resistant bacteria and medically important fungi (methicillin-resistant Escherichia coli, Oxacillin resistant Helicobacter pylori, Shigella spp, extended broad-spectrum resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp, Campylobacter spp, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus). The antiulcer activity of the SOM013 was also examined in a methanol-induced gastric ulcer animal model. A total of 23 Streptomyces spp were recovered from the study. Methanolic extract of the SOM013 isolates was more potent across the clinical test microorganisms compared to water extract. The antimicrobial activity was dose dependent, with methanolic extract at 0.05 g/mL displaying the highest zone of inhibition (18.8 ± 0.3 mm) when tested against extended broad-spectrum resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further, the extract's ulcer index and protection efficacy were significant as the concentration increased (P < 0.01). SOM013 isolate has a moderate antimicrobial and high antiulcer activity worthy of pharmacological exploration.

微生物抗药性和疾病复发的威胁仍然是全球医疗保健人员面临的一个问题,因此对新的强效抗生素来源的需求变得尤为迫切。本研究调查了链霉菌分离物 SOM013 的抗菌和抗溃疡活性。链霉菌分离物按照标准微生物学规程进行培养和纯化。通过肉汤发酵和提取,从分离出的链霉菌 SOM013 中回收并鉴定了次生代谢物。不同浓度(0.5 毫克/毫升、0.025 毫克/毫升和 0.0125 mg/mL)对耐药细菌和重要医学真菌(耐甲氧西林大肠杆菌、耐奥沙西林幽门螺旋杆菌、志贺氏菌属、广谱耐药铜绿假单胞菌、链球菌属、弯曲杆菌属、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉和黄曲霉)进行抗菌筛选。此外,还在甲醇诱导的胃溃疡动物模型中检测了 SOM013 的抗溃疡活性。研究共回收了 23 种链霉菌。与水提取物相比,SOM013 分离物的甲醇提取物对临床测试微生物更有效。其抗菌活性与剂量有关,在对扩展广谱抗菌铜绿假单胞菌进行测试时,0.05 克/毫升的甲醇提取物显示出最高的抑菌区(18.8 ± 0.3 毫米)。此外,该提取物的溃疡指数和保护效力随着浓度的增加而显著提高(P < 0.01)。SOM013 分离物具有中等程度的抗菌性和较高的抗溃疡活性,值得进行药理研究。
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引用次数: 0
The concomitant use of ultra short beta-blockers with vasopressors and inotropes in critically ill patients with septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials 在脓毒性休克重症患者中同时使用β受体阻滞剂和血管加压/肌注药物:系统综述和荟萃分析
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102094
Khalid Al Sulaiman , Hadeel A. Alkofide , Mashael E. AlFaifi , Sarah S. Aljohani , Abdullah F. Al Harthi , Rahaf A. Alqahtani , Ashwaq M. Alanazi , Lama H. Nazer , Abdulrahman I. Al Shaya , Ohoud Aljuhani

Background

Septic shock is associated with systemic inflammatory response, hemodynamic instability, impaired sympathetic control, and the development of multiorgan dysfunction that requires vasopressor or inotropic support. The regulation of immune function in sepsis is complex and varies over time. However, activating Beta-2 receptors and blocking Beta-1 receptors reduces the proinflammatory response by influencing cytokine production. Evidence that supports the concomitant use of ultra short beta-blockers with inotropes and vasopressors in patients with septic shock is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ultra short beta-blockers and its impact on the ICU related outcomes such as mortality, length of stay, heart rate control, shock resolution, and vasopressors/inotropes requirements.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including critically ill patients with septic shock who received inotropes and vasopressors. Patients who received either epinephrine or norepinephrine without beta-blockers “control group” were compared to patients who received ultra short beta-blockers concomitantly with either epinephrine or norepinephrine “Intervention group”. MEDLINE and Embase databases were utilized to systematically search for studies investigating the use of ultra short beta-blockers in critically ill patients on either epinephrine or norepinephrine from inception to October 10, 2023. The primary outcome was the 28-day mortality. While, length of stay, heart rate control, and inotropes/ vasopressors requirements were considered secondary outcomes.

Results

Among 47 potentially relevant studies, nine were included in the analysis. The 28-day mortality risk was lower in patients with septic shock who used ultra short beta-blockers concomitantly with either epinephrine or norepinephrine compared with the control group (RR (95%CI): 0.69 (0.53, 0.89), I2=26%; P=0.24). In addition, heart rate was statistically significantly lower with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -22.39 (95% CI: -24.71, –20.06) among the beta-blockers group than the control group. The SMD for hospital length of stay and the inotropes requirement were not statistically different between the two groups (SMD (95%CI): -0.57 (-2.77, 1.64), and SMD (95%CI): 0.08 (-0.02, 0.19), respectively).

Conclusion

The use of ultra short beta-blockers concomitantly with either epinephrine or norepinephrine in critically ill patients with septic shock was associated with better heart rate control and survival benefits without increment in the inotropes and vasopressors requirement.

背景脓毒性休克与全身炎症反应、血液动力学不稳定、交感神经控制受损以及多器官功能障碍的发展有关,需要血管加压或肌力支持。脓毒症的免疫功能调节非常复杂,且随时间而变化。不过,激活 Beta-2 受体和阻断 Beta-1 受体可通过影响细胞因子的产生来减少促炎反应。支持在脓毒性休克患者中同时使用超短β-受体阻滞剂与肌注药和血管加压药的证据仍然有限。本研究旨在评估超短β-受体阻滞剂的使用及其对重症监护室相关结果的影响,如死亡率、住院时间、心率控制、休克缓解以及血管加压剂/肌注的需求。将接受肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素治疗但不使用β-受体阻滞剂的 "对照组 "患者与同时接受超短β-受体阻滞剂和肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素治疗的 "干预组 "患者进行比较。利用 MEDLINE 和 Embase 数据库,系统地搜索了从开始到 2023 年 10 月 10 日期间有关在使用肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素的重症患者中使用超短β-受体阻滞剂的研究。主要结果是 28 天死亡率。结果 在 47 项可能相关的研究中,有 9 项被纳入分析。与对照组相比,同时使用超短β受体阻滞剂和肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素的脓毒症休克患者 28 天内的死亡风险较低(RR (95%CI): 0.69 (0.53, 0.89), I2=26%; P=0.24)。此外,与对照组相比,β-受体阻滞剂组的心率明显降低,标准化平均差(SMD)为-22.39(95% CI:-24.71,-20.06)。两组间住院时间和肌注需求的 SMD 无统计学差异(SMD (95%CI): -0.57 (-2.77, 1.64) 和 SMD (95%CI): 0.08 (-0.02, 0.19))。结论脓毒性休克重症患者在使用超短β受体阻滞剂的同时使用肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素能更好地控制心率,并在不增加肌力药和血管加压药需求的情况下提高存活率。
{"title":"The concomitant use of ultra short beta-blockers with vasopressors and inotropes in critically ill patients with septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Khalid Al Sulaiman ,&nbsp;Hadeel A. Alkofide ,&nbsp;Mashael E. AlFaifi ,&nbsp;Sarah S. Aljohani ,&nbsp;Abdullah F. Al Harthi ,&nbsp;Rahaf A. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Ashwaq M. Alanazi ,&nbsp;Lama H. Nazer ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman I. Al Shaya ,&nbsp;Ohoud Aljuhani","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Septic shock is associated with systemic inflammatory response, hemodynamic instability, impaired sympathetic control, and the development of multiorgan dysfunction that requires vasopressor or inotropic support. The regulation of immune function in sepsis is complex and varies over time. However, activating Beta-2 receptors and blocking Beta-1 receptors reduces the proinflammatory response by influencing cytokine production. Evidence that supports the concomitant use of ultra short beta-blockers with inotropes and vasopressors in patients with septic shock is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ultra short beta-blockers and its impact on the ICU related outcomes such as mortality, length of stay, heart rate control, shock resolution, and vasopressors/inotropes requirements.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including critically ill patients with septic shock who received inotropes and vasopressors. Patients who received either epinephrine or norepinephrine without beta-blockers “control group” were compared to patients who received ultra short beta-blockers concomitantly with either epinephrine or norepinephrine “Intervention group”. MEDLINE and Embase databases were utilized to systematically search for studies investigating the use of ultra short beta-blockers in critically ill patients on either epinephrine or norepinephrine from inception to October 10, 2023. The primary outcome was the 28-day mortality. While, length of stay, heart rate control, and inotropes/ vasopressors requirements were considered secondary outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 47 potentially relevant studies, nine were included in the analysis. The 28-day mortality risk was lower in patients with septic shock who used ultra short beta-blockers concomitantly with either epinephrine or norepinephrine compared with the control group (RR (95%CI): 0.69 (0.53, 0.89),<!--> <em>I</em>2=26%;<em> <!-->P</em>=0.24). In addition, heart rate was statistically significantly lower with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -22.39 (95% CI: -24.71, –20.06) among the beta-blockers group than the control group. The SMD for hospital length of stay and the inotropes requirement were not statistically different between the two groups (SMD (95%CI): -0.57 (-2.77, 1.64), and SMD (95%CI): 0.08 (-0.02, 0.19), respectively).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The use of ultra short beta-blockers concomitantly with either epinephrine or norepinephrine in critically ill patients with septic shock was associated with better heart rate control and survival benefits without increment in the inotropes and vasopressors requirement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102094"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001440/pdfft?md5=6a714149a42972bd56eb64361902c5c4&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001440-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141038882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trend of pharmaceuticals 3D printing in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: An overview, regulatory perspective and future outlook 中东和北非 (MENA) 地区的制药 3D 打印趋势:概述、监管视角和未来展望
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102098
Riyad F. Alzhrani , Mohammed Y. Alyahya , Mohammed S. Algahtani , Rawan A. Fitaihi , Essam A. Tawfik

The traditional method of producing medicine using the “one-size fits all” model is becoming a major issue for pharmaceutical manufacturers due to its inability to produce customizable medicines for individuals’ needs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new disruptive technology that offers many benefits to the pharmaceutical industry by revolutionizing the way pharmaceuticals are developed and manufactured. 3D printing technology enables the on-demand production of personalized medicine with tailored dosage, shape and release characteristics. Despite the lack of clear regulatory guidance, there is substantial interest in adopting 3D printing technology in the large-scale manufacturing of medicine. This review aims to evaluate the research efforts of 3D printing technology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular emphasis on pharmaceutical research and development. Our analysis indicates an upsurge in the overall research activity of 3D printing technology but there is limited progress in pharmaceuticals research and development. While the MENA region still lags, there is evidence of the regional interest in expanding the 3D printing technology applications in different sectors including pharmaceuticals. 3D printing holds great promise for pharmaceutical development within the MENA region and its advancement will require a strong collaboration between academic researchers and industry partners in parallel with drafting detailed guidelines from regulatory authorities.

使用 "一刀切 "模式生产药品的传统方法,由于无法生产出符合个人需求的定制药品,正成为制药商面临的一大问题。三维(3D)打印技术是一项全新的颠覆性技术,它彻底改变了药品的研发和生产方式,为制药业带来了诸多益处。三维打印技术可按需生产具有定制剂量、形状和释放特性的个性化药品。尽管缺乏明确的监管指导,但人们对在大规模药品生产中采用 3D 打印技术兴趣浓厚。本综述旨在评估中东和北非(MENA)地区的 3D 打印技术研究工作,尤其侧重于医药研发。我们的分析表明,3D 打印技术的整体研究活动激增,但在制药研发方面进展有限。虽然中东和北非地区仍然落后,但有证据表明,该地区对扩大 3D 打印技术在制药等不同领域的应用很感兴趣。在中东和北非地区,3D 打印技术为制药业的发展带来了巨大的希望,其发展需要学术研究人员和行业合作伙伴之间的紧密合作,同时监管机构也要起草详细的指导方针。
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引用次数: 0
Human plasma derived exosomes: Impact of active and passive drug loading approaches on drug delivery 人血浆外泌体:主动和被动载药方法对药物输送的影响
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102096
Rabia Gul , Hamid Bashir , Muhammad Sarfraz , Ahson Jabbar Shaikh , Yousef A. Bin Jardan , Zahid Hussain , Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad , Faisal Gulzar , Bo Guan , Imran Nazir , Muhammad Imran Amirzada

The aim of the current study was to explore the potential of human plasma-derived exosomes as versatile carriers for drug delivery by employing various active and passive loading methods. Exosomes were isolated from human plasma using differential centrifugation and ultrafiltration method. Drug loading was achieved by employing sonication and freeze thaw methods, facilitating effective drug encapsulation within exosomes for delivery. Each approach was examined for its effectiveness, loading efficiency and ability to preserve membrane stability. Methotrexate (MTX), a weak acid model drug was loaded at a concentration of 2.2 µM to exosomes underwent characterization using various techniques such as particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy and drug loading capacity. Human plasma derived exosomes showed a mean size of 162.15 ± 28.21 nm and zeta potential of −30.6 ± 0.71 mV. These exosomes were successfully loaded with MTX demonstrated a better drug encapsulation of 64.538 ± 1.54 % by freeze thaw method in comparison 55.515 ± 1.907 % by sonication. In-vitro drug release displayed 60 % loaded drug released within 72 h by freeze thaw method that was significantly different from that by sonication method i.e., 99 % within 72 h (p value 0.0045). Moreover, cell viability of exosomes loaded by freeze thaw method was significantly higher than that by sonication method (p value 0.0091) suggested that there was membrane disruption by sonication method. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the potential of human plasma-derived exosomes loaded by freeze thaw method suggest as a promising carrier for improved drug loading and maintenance of exosomal membrane integrity.

本研究的目的是通过采用各种主动和被动负载方法,探索人血浆衍生外泌体作为多功能载体用于药物递送的潜力。研究人员采用差速离心和超滤方法从人血浆中分离出外泌体。采用超声和冻融方法实现了药物负载,从而促进了药物在外泌体中的有效包封和输送。对每种方法的有效性、装载效率和保持膜稳定性的能力进行了检验。使用粒度分析、透射电子显微镜和药物负载能力等多种技术对外泌体进行了表征,将甲氨蝶呤(MTX)这种弱酸性模型药物以 2.2 µM 的浓度载入外泌体。人血浆衍生外泌体的平均粒径为 162.15 ± 28.21 nm,zeta 电位为 -30.6 ± 0.71 mV。这些外泌体成功载入了 MTX,冻融法的药物包封率为 64.538 ± 1.54%,而超声法为 55.515 ± 1.907%。体外药物释放显示,冻融法在 72 小时内释放了 60% 的药物,与超声法在 72 小时内释放了 99% 的药物有显著差异(p 值为 0.0045)。此外,冻融法负载外泌体的细胞存活率明显高于超声法(p 值 0.0091),表明超声法存在膜破坏。总之,本研究为冻融法负载人血浆衍生外泌体提供了有价值的见解,表明这种载体具有改善药物负载和保持外泌体膜完整性的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The ethanol extract of cocoa pod husk minimizes hyperalgesia and blood glucose levels in diabetic neuropathy model through transient receptor protein vanilloid (TRPV)-1 可可荚果壳乙醇提取物通过瞬时受体蛋白香草素(TRPV)-1 降低糖尿病神经病变模型的痛觉减退和血糖水平
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102097
Fifteen Aprila Fajrin , Diana Holidah , Heni Nurhidayah , Putri Suci Wulansari , Didik Pudji Restanto , Lailatul Azkiyah , Yuli Witono , Ari Satia Nugraha

Oxidative stress accumulation becomes a pathophysiological factor in diabetic neuropathy (DN), activating TRPV-1. Resveratrol in cocoa pod husk exhibits antioxidant activity that could be beneficial in DN. This study examined how the ethanol extract of cocoa pod husk (EECPH) affects DN in mice by targeting TRPV-1. Cocoa pod husk was extracted using 96 % ethanol with remaceration. The antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH. Mice were induced using alloxan 210 mg/kg BW i.p. At day 14, mice were randomized into seven groups: normal, diabetic, gabapentin 100 mg/kg BW, metformin 250 mg/kg BW, and EECPH (doses 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally, once daily for 14 days. The latency time and blood glucose levels were measured on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. On day 29, mice were sacrificed, and the blood, pancreas, and spinal cord were removed. Malondialdehyde, cholesterol, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic/pyruvic transaminase (SGOT/PT) were examined. Morphology of the spinal cord and pancreas was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of TRPV-1 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The EECPH dose of 750 mg/kg BW showed the greatest effect in lowering hyperalgesia and blood glucose as well as cholesterol and SGOT/PT in mice. That dose also improved the histology of the pancreas and spinal cord by altering the expression of TRPV-1. It can be concluded that EECPH may lower the expression of TRPV-1 in the pancreas and spinal cord of mice. This activity was responsible of reducing hyperalgesia in DN mice.

氧化应激累积是糖尿病神经病变(DN)的一个病理生理因素,会激活 TRPV-1。可可荚果皮中的白藜芦醇具有抗氧化活性,可能对糖尿病神经病变有益。本研究探讨了可可荚果壳乙醇提取物(EECPH)如何通过靶向 TRPV-1 影响小鼠的 DN。可可荚果皮是用 96% 的乙醇再曝气提取的。使用 DPPH 测量抗氧化活性。第 14 天,将小鼠随机分为七组:正常组、糖尿病组、加巴喷丁 100 毫克/千克体重组、二甲双胍 250 毫克/千克体重组和 EECPH 组(剂量为 250、500 和 750 毫克/千克体重组)。每天口服一次,连续治疗 14 天。第 7、14、21 和 28 天测量潜伏时间和血糖水平。第 29 天,小鼠被处死,并取出血液、胰腺和脊髓。检查丙二醛、胆固醇和血清谷草转氨酶/丙酮转氨酶(SGOT/PT)。使用苏木精和伊红染色法确定脊髓和胰腺的形态。TRPV-1的表达采用免疫组化法进行评估。750 毫克/千克体重的 EECPH 剂量对降低小鼠的痛觉减退、血糖、胆固醇和 SGOT/PT 的效果最好。该剂量还能通过改变 TRPV-1 的表达来改善胰腺和脊髓的组织学。由此可以得出结论,EECPH 可以降低 TRPV-1 在小鼠胰腺和脊髓中的表达。这种活性可减轻 DN 小鼠的痛觉减退。
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引用次数: 0
α-Glucosidase inhibitory potential of Oroxylum indicum using molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in vitro evaluation 利用分子对接、分子动力学和体外评估研究 Oroxylum indicum 的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制潜力
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102095
Samhita Bhaumik , Alekhya Sarkar , Sudhan Debnath , Bimal Debnath , Rajat Ghosh , Magdi E.A. Zaki , Sami A. Al-Hussain

Background

According to the International Diabetes Federation, there will be 578 million individuals worldwide with diabetes by 2030 and 700 million by 2045. One of the promising drug targets to fight diabetes is α-glucosidase (AG), and its inhibitors may be used to manage diabetes by reducing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. The study aims to identify and validate potential AG inhibitors in natural sources to combat diabetes.

Methods

Computational techniques such as structure-based virtual screening and molecular dyncamic simulation were employed to predict potential AG inhibitors from compounds of Oroxylum indicum. Finally, in silico results were validated by in vitro analysis using n-butanol fraction of crude methanol extracts.

Results

The XP glide scores of top seven hits OI_13, OI_66, OI_16, OI_44, OI_43, OI_20, OI_78 and acarbose were –14.261, –13.475, –13.074, –13.045, –12.978, –12.659, –12.354 and –12.296 kcal/mol, respectively. These hits demonstrated excellent binding affinity towards AG, surpassing the known AG inhibitor acarbose. The MM-GBSA dG binding energies of OI_13, OI_66, and acarbose were −69.093, −62.950, and −53.055 kcal/mol, respectively. Most of the top hits were glycosides, indicating that active compounds lie in the n-butanol fraction of the extract. The IC50 value for AG inhibition by n-butanol fraction was 248.1 μg/ml, and for that of pure acarbose it was 89.16 μg/ml. The predicted oral absorption rate in humans for the top seven hits was low like acarbose, which favors the use of these compounds as anti-diabetes in the small intestine.

Conclusion

In summary, the study provides promising insights into the use of natural compounds derived from O. indicum as potential AG inhibitors to manage diabetes. However, further research, including clinical trials and pharmacological studies, would be necessary to validate their efficacy and safety before clinical use.

背景据国际糖尿病联合会预测,到 2030 年,全球将有 5.78 亿人患有糖尿病,到 2045 年将达到 7 亿人。α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)是抗击糖尿病的有望药物靶点之一,其抑制剂可通过减少复杂碳水化合物分解为单糖来控制糖尿病。本研究旨在从天然资源中鉴定和验证潜在的 AG 抑制剂,以防治糖尿病。方法采用基于结构的虚拟筛选和分子动力学模拟等计算技术,从 Oroxylum indicum 的化合物中预测潜在的 AG 抑制剂。最后,利用甲醇粗提取物的正丁醇馏分进行体外分析,验证硅学结果。结果OI_13、OI_66、OI_16、OI_44、OI_43、OI_20、OI_78和阿卡波糖的XP滑翔得分分别为-14.261、-13.475、-13.074、-13.045、-12.978、-12.659、-12.354和-12.296 kcal/mol。这些化合物与 AG 的结合亲和力极佳,超过了已知的 AG 抑制剂阿卡波糖。OI_13、OI_66和阿卡波糖的MM-GBSA dG结合能分别为-69.093、-62.950和-53.055 kcal/mol。命中率最高的大部分是苷类化合物,表明活性化合物存在于提取物的正丁醇馏分中。正丁醇馏分抑制 AG 的 IC50 值为 248.1 μg/ml,纯阿卡波糖的 IC50 值为 89.16 μg/ml。与阿卡波糖一样,前七种化合物的预测人体口服吸收率较低,这有利于这些化合物在小肠中作为抗糖尿病药物使用。然而,在临床使用之前,有必要开展进一步的研究,包括临床试验和药理学研究,以验证其有效性和安全性。
{"title":"α-Glucosidase inhibitory potential of Oroxylum indicum using molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in vitro evaluation","authors":"Samhita Bhaumik ,&nbsp;Alekhya Sarkar ,&nbsp;Sudhan Debnath ,&nbsp;Bimal Debnath ,&nbsp;Rajat Ghosh ,&nbsp;Magdi E.A. Zaki ,&nbsp;Sami A. Al-Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>According to the International Diabetes Federation, there will be 578 million individuals worldwide with diabetes by 2030 and 700 million by 2045. One of the promising drug targets to fight diabetes is α-glucosidase (AG), and its inhibitors may be used to manage diabetes by reducing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. The study aims to identify and validate potential AG inhibitors in natural sources to combat diabetes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Computational techniques such as structure-based virtual screening and molecular dyncamic simulation were employed to predict potential AG inhibitors from compounds of <em>Oroxylum indicum</em>. Finally, in silico results were validated by <em>in vitro</em> analysis using <em>n</em>-butanol fraction of crude methanol extracts.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The XP glide scores of top seven hits OI_13, OI_66, OI_16, OI_44, OI_43, OI_20, OI_78 and acarbose were –14.261, –13.475, –13.074, –13.045, –12.978, –12.659, –12.354 and –12.296 kcal/mol, respectively. These hits demonstrated excellent binding affinity towards AG, surpassing the known AG inhibitor acarbose. The MM-GBSA dG binding energies of OI_13, OI_66, and acarbose were −69.093, −62.950, and −53.055 kcal/mol, respectively. Most of the top hits were glycosides, indicating that active compounds lie in the <em>n</em>-butanol fraction of the extract. The IC<sub>50</sub> value for AG inhibition by <em>n</em>-butanol fraction was 248.1 μg/ml, and for that of pure acarbose it was 89.16 μg/ml. The predicted oral absorption rate in humans for the top seven hits was low like acarbose, which favors the use of these compounds as anti-diabetes in the small intestine.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In summary, the study provides promising insights into the use of natural compounds derived from <em>O. indicum</em> as potential AG inhibitors to manage diabetes. However, further research, including clinical trials and pharmacological studies, would be necessary to validate their efficacy and safety before clinical use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102095"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001452/pdfft?md5=5ad10387fcd25e2e345afed6e9c307e6&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001452-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A novel source of biologically active compounds – The leaves of Serbian herbaceous peonies 生物活性化合物的新来源--塞尔维亚草本牡丹的叶子
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102090
Petar Batinić , Aleksandra Jovanović , Dejan Stojković , Natalija Čutović , Ilija Cvijetić , Uroš Gašić , Tamara Carević , Gökhan Zengin , Aleksandar Marinković , Tatjana Marković

In order to gain further insight into how various extraction techniques (maceration, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extractions) affect the chemical profile and biological activities of leaf extracts from Paeonia tenuifolia L., Paeonia peregrina Mill., and Paeonia officinalis L., this research was performed. The targeted chemical characterization of the extracts was achieved using the Ultra-High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography-Linear-Trap-Mass-Spectrometry OrbiTrap instrumental technique, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was conducted to investigate the structural properties of the examined leaf extracts. According to the results, the species P. officinalis, Božurna locality as the origin of the plant material, and microwave-assisted extraction produced the maximum polyphenol yield, (491.9 ± 2.7 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL).

The ethanolic extracts exhibited moderate antioxidant activity as evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and phosphomolybdenum tests. With MIC values of 0.125 mg/mL, the leaf extracts produced by ultrasound-assisted extraction and maceration (Deliblato sands and Bogovo gumno) had the best antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella Typhimurium. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has proven to produce the most effective antimicrobial agents. Inhibitory potential towards glucosidase, amylase, cholinesterases, and tyrosinase was evaluated in enzyme inhibition assays and molecular docking simulations. Results show that leaves of P. tenuifolia L. obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction had the highest acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Namely, the complexity of the polyphenol structures, the extraction method, the used locality, and the different mechanisms of the reactions between bioactives from leaf extracts and other components (free radicals, microorganisms, and enzymes) are the main factors that influence the results of the antioxidant tests, as well as the antibacterial and enzyme-inhibitory activities of the extracts. Hydroxymethyl-phenyl pentosyl-hexoside and acetyl-hydroxyphenyl-hexoside were the first time identified in the leaf extract of the Paeonia species. Due to their proven biological activities and the confirmed existence of bioactive compounds, leaf extracts may find use in foodstuffs, functional foods, and pharmaceutical products.

为了进一步了解各种萃取技术(浸渍、微波和超声辅助萃取)如何影响芍药(Paeonia tenuifolia L.)、芍药(Paeonia peregrina Mill.)和芍药(Paeonia officinalis L.)叶提取物的化学特征和生物活性,本研究进行了萃取。利用超高效液相色谱-线性阱质谱仪 OrbiTrap 仪器技术对提取物进行了有针对性的化学表征,并利用傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究了受检叶提取物的结构特性。乙醇提取物表现出中等程度的抗氧化活性,DPPH(2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼)和磷钼测试对此进行了评估。通过超声波辅助萃取和浸渍(德利布拉托沙和 Bogovo gumno)产生的叶提取物的 MIC 值为 0.125 mg/mL,对绿脓杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌具有最佳抗菌活性。事实证明,超声辅助提取能产生最有效的抗菌剂。在酶抑制试验和分子对接模拟中评估了对葡萄糖苷酶、淀粉酶、胆碱酯酶和酪氨酸酶的抑制潜力。结果表明,通过超声辅助萃取法获得的 P. tenuifolia L. 叶子对乙酰胆碱酯酶和丁酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性最高。也就是说,多酚结构的复杂性、萃取方法、使用地点以及叶提取物中的生物活性物质与其他成分(自由基、微生物和酶)之间的不同反应机制是影响抗氧化试验结果以及提取物的抗菌和酶抑制活性的主要因素。羟甲基-苯基戊糖基-己糖苷和乙酰基-羟苯基-己糖苷是首次在芍药叶提取物中发现。由于芍药叶提取物已被证实具有生物活性,并存在生物活性化合物,因此可用于食品、功能性食品和药品中。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of factors affecting pharmacists and pharmacy technicians' satisfaction towards practicing CE activities in Saudi Arabia 评估影响沙特阿拉伯药剂师和药学技术人员对开展 CE 活动满意度的因素
IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102083
Raniah Aljadeed , Rana Aljadeed , Wasmeah Alsamti , Hadeel Alharbi , Rand Alturki , Haya Almalag , Lobna Aljuffali , Jawza Alsabhan , Noha AlAloola , Hadeel Alkofide , Rihaf Alfaraj , Njoud Altuwaijri , Nora Alkhudair , Lamya Alnaim , Ghada Bawazeer
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Continuing education (CE) is an essential requirement for pharmacy professionals to stay abreast with the evolving knowledge and skills of the practice and meet the regulatory mandate. The purpose of this research is to assess factors affecting the satisfaction of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians towards CE practices in Saudi Arabia.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>A self-administered survey instrument was developed following an extensive literature search. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: participants’ demographics, data on CE activities over the past year and overall satisfaction, and statements of barriers (14 items) and facilitators (12 items) for participation in CE activities (scored on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = always, 1 = never)). The survey was piloted and then distributed as a link through the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Data was available on 398 pharmacists and 40 pharmacy technicians (completion rate was 55 %). The majority were practitioners, male, working in a hospital setting and had more than five years of practice experience. Half of the participants were from the Central Region and about one-third were non-Saudi. Only a quarter of the participants were satisfied/very satisfied with the current CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Job constraints (62.7 %), cost (55.9 %), schedule of CE activities (55.4 %), lack of information on CE opportunities (53 %) and professional burnout (49.7 %) were the top barriers. There was a significant level of dissatisfaction among pharmacy technicians when compared to pharmacists (<em>p</em> = 0.003), as well as among Saudi pharmacists when compared to non-Saudi pharmacists (<em>p</em> = 0.002). Lack of relevant CE activities (<em>p</em> = 0.05), lack of quality activities (<em>p</em> = 0.002), lack of recognition (<em>p</em> = 0.013) and lack of internet access (<em>p</em> = 0.006) were significantly more barriers for pharmacy technicians compared to pharmacists. The most identified facilitators to engage in CE activities were a personal desire to learn (78.4 %), the requirement to maintain a professional license (73.8 %) and relaxation provided by learning (58.5 %) and networking opportunities (53.4 %). The majority of the participants preferred conferences or interactive workshops, short CE over half a day or less, and the topic of disease management/drug therapy.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings of the study highlight the need for a partnership strategy that includes various stakeholders to improve CE program quality and accessibility that supports and promotes the professional development of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in Saudi Arabia. It also underscores the importance of meeting the preferences of pharmacy practitioners when designing CE programs and aligning such activities with their practices.</p><
背景继续教育(CE)是药学专业人员的一项基本要求,以跟上实践中不断发展的知识和技能,并满足监管要求。本研究旨在评估影响沙特阿拉伯药剂师和药学技术人员对继续教育实践满意度的因素。调查问卷包括三个部分:参与者的人口统计学特征、过去一年中有关 CE 活动的数据和总体满意度,以及参与 CE 活动的障碍(14 个项目)和促进因素(12 个项目)的陈述(以 5 分制李克特量表(5 = 总是,1 = 从不)计分)。该调查通过沙特卫生专业委员会和沙特药学会(SPS)进行试点,然后在 2018 年 1 月至 2019 年 2 月期间以链接的形式分发。结果 398 名药剂师和 40 名药剂师的数据(完成率为 55%)。大部分参与者为执业药师,男性,在医院工作,有五年以上的执业经验。半数参与者来自中部地区,约三分之一为非沙特人。只有四分之一的参与者对沙特阿拉伯目前的行政长官实践表示满意/非常满意。工作限制(62.7%)、费用(55.9%)、继续教育活动时间安排(55.4%)、缺乏继续教育机会信息(53%)和职业倦怠(49.7%)是最大的障碍。与药剂师相比,药剂技术人员的不满意度较高(p = 0.003);与非沙特籍药剂师相比,沙特籍药剂师的不满意度也较高(p = 0.002)。与药剂师相比,缺乏相关的 CE 活动(p = 0.05)、缺乏高质量的活动(p = 0.002)、缺乏认可(p = 0.013)和缺乏互联网接入(p = 0.006)是药剂师面临的更大障碍。参与 CE 活动的最大促进因素是个人的学习愿望(78.4%)、保持专业执照的要求(73.8%)、学习带来的放松(58.5%)和交流机会(53.4%)。大多数参与者更倾向于参加会议或互动研讨会、半天或更短时间的短期职业教育,以及疾病管理/药物治疗主题。研究还强调了在设计继续教育项目时满足药剂师的偏好并使这些活动与药剂师的实践相一致的重要性。
{"title":"Evaluation of factors affecting pharmacists and pharmacy technicians' satisfaction towards practicing CE activities in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Raniah Aljadeed ,&nbsp;Rana Aljadeed ,&nbsp;Wasmeah Alsamti ,&nbsp;Hadeel Alharbi ,&nbsp;Rand Alturki ,&nbsp;Haya Almalag ,&nbsp;Lobna Aljuffali ,&nbsp;Jawza Alsabhan ,&nbsp;Noha AlAloola ,&nbsp;Hadeel Alkofide ,&nbsp;Rihaf Alfaraj ,&nbsp;Njoud Altuwaijri ,&nbsp;Nora Alkhudair ,&nbsp;Lamya Alnaim ,&nbsp;Ghada Bawazeer","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102083","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Continuing education (CE) is an essential requirement for pharmacy professionals to stay abreast with the evolving knowledge and skills of the practice and meet the regulatory mandate. The purpose of this research is to assess factors affecting the satisfaction of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians towards CE practices in Saudi Arabia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Material and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A self-administered survey instrument was developed following an extensive literature search. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: participants’ demographics, data on CE activities over the past year and overall satisfaction, and statements of barriers (14 items) and facilitators (12 items) for participation in CE activities (scored on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = always, 1 = never)). The survey was piloted and then distributed as a link through the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Data was available on 398 pharmacists and 40 pharmacy technicians (completion rate was 55 %). The majority were practitioners, male, working in a hospital setting and had more than five years of practice experience. Half of the participants were from the Central Region and about one-third were non-Saudi. Only a quarter of the participants were satisfied/very satisfied with the current CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Job constraints (62.7 %), cost (55.9 %), schedule of CE activities (55.4 %), lack of information on CE opportunities (53 %) and professional burnout (49.7 %) were the top barriers. There was a significant level of dissatisfaction among pharmacy technicians when compared to pharmacists (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.003), as well as among Saudi pharmacists when compared to non-Saudi pharmacists (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002). Lack of relevant CE activities (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.05), lack of quality activities (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002), lack of recognition (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.013) and lack of internet access (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.006) were significantly more barriers for pharmacy technicians compared to pharmacists. The most identified facilitators to engage in CE activities were a personal desire to learn (78.4 %), the requirement to maintain a professional license (73.8 %) and relaxation provided by learning (58.5 %) and networking opportunities (53.4 %). The majority of the participants preferred conferences or interactive workshops, short CE over half a day or less, and the topic of disease management/drug therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The findings of the study highlight the need for a partnership strategy that includes various stakeholders to improve CE program quality and accessibility that supports and promotes the professional development of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in Saudi Arabia. It also underscores the importance of meeting the preferences of pharmacy practitioners when designing CE programs and aligning such activities with their practices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001336/pdfft?md5=6f37d36336cbec793e0391e29fe7dcf2&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001336-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140952205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
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