International Braz J Urol最新文献

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether morphological (linear measurements) and functional (ADC value) assessments of periprostatic fat can predict the aggressiveness of prostate cancer (PCa) over a 5-year follow-up period.

Material and methods: This retrospective study included patients with histologically proven PCa who underwent 3.0T MRI between July 2016 and June 2018. Clinical and demographic data collected included PSA, PSA density (dPSA), ISUP grade, clinical and pathological staging, and treatment details. MRI-derived parameters were assessed by an experienced radiologist, who measured subcutaneous and periprostatic fat thickness, and calculated ADC values from ROI plots in periprostatic fat. Clinical and MRI parameters were analyzed for associations with biochemical recurrence, systemic metastasis, and PCa-related mortality.

Results: After applying exclusion criteria, 109 patients were included. Using the Cox model, dPSA (p<0.01), systemic disease at diagnosis (p<0.01), and mean ADC (p<0.02) were independent predictors of overall survival (OS). For progression-free survival (PFS), only dPSA (p<0.01) and systemic disease at diagnosis (p<0.01) were significant predictors. In the Poisson Model for systemic recurrence risk, dPSA had a relative risk (RR) of 1.04 (95%CI 1.0-1.07, p=0.03), systemic disease at diagnosis had an RR of 63.3 (95%CI 3.7-86.4, p<0.01), and average ADC had an RR of 3.42 (95%CI 1.52-7.69, p<0.01).

Conclusions: The ADC value of periprostatic fat may serve as an additional tool for PCa risk stratification, correlating with poorer outcomes such as systemic recurrence and overall survival. If validated by external, prospective, multicenter studies, these findings could impact future therapeutic decisions.

Ischemic priapism is a true urologic emergency. Prompt intervention is required to alleviate the compartment syndrome and restore perfusion to the corporal bodies; failure to do so results in irreversible damage, fibrosis, and profound erectile dysfunction. This paper's objective is to review current literature surrounding the management options for ischemic priapism, focusing on newer surgical techniques. A PubMed database search was performed in June 2024, encompassing the terms "priapism," and "surgical management." Articles were reviewed by two authors independently and included if they were deemed to pertain specifically to management of ischemic priapism. In the acute setting (certainly for priapism lasting <24 hours), management is often successful using bedside maneuvers such as aspiration, irrigation, and injection of sympathomimetic agents. For more prolonged priapism, more aggressive intervention is often warranted. Newer tunneling techniques-including penoscrotal decompression and the corporal snake maneuver-have shown promising preliminary results, not just in terms of priapism resolution but also perhaps sexual function recovery.

Objective: To describe the evidence of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), Stem cells therapy (SCT) and Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWL) for the treatment of Peyronies disease (PD), including information from the main urological society guidelines.

Materials and methods: A literature review of PubMed articles published between 2000 and 2023 was conducted, utilizing keywords such as "Peyronie's Disease", "Penile curvature", "Platelet Rich Plasma", "Stem cells", and "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy". Only full-text articles in English were included, excluding case reports and opinions.

Results: A considerable number of clinical trials were conducted using PRP penile injections for therapy of PD, showing reduction of curvature, plaque size and improvement in quality of life. Preclinical studies in rats have shown the potential benefit of adipose-derived stem cells, with improvements in erectile function and fibrosis. Human studies with mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated promising results, with reduction of curvature and plaque size. ESWL effects on PD were investigated in randomized clinical trials and demonstrated no significant impact in curvature or plaque size, but reasonable effect on pain control.

Conclusion: Restorative therapies has emerged as an innovative treatment option for PD and the results from current studies appear to be promising and demonstrated good safety profile. Unfortunately, due to scarce evidence, PRP and SCT are still considered experimental by American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. ESWT is recommended, by the same guidelines, for pain control only. More high-quality studies with long-term follow-up outcomes are needed to evaluate efficacy and reproducibility of those therapies.

Introduction: Although nerves and vessels of the penis play important role in erection, there are few studies on their development in human fetus. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze, quantitatively, in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, the development of the nerves and vessels in the fetal penis at different gestational ages.

Material and methods: Fifty-six fresh, macroscopically normal human fetuses aged from 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC) were used. Gestational age was determined by the foot length criterion. Penises were immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and routinely processed for paraffin embedding, after which tissue sections from the mid-shaft were obtained. We used immunohistochemical staining to analyze the nerves and vessels in the corpus cavernous and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image-J software.

Results: The quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of nerves varied from 3.03% to 20.35% in the corpora cavernosa and from 1.89% to 23.88% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that nerves growth (incidence) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.9421, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.9312, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. Also, the quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of vessels varies from 2.96% to 12.86% in the corpora cavernosa and from 3.62% to 14.85% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that vessels growth (appearance) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.8722, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.8218, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of nerves in the corpus spongiosum during the 2nd trimester of gestation, when compared with nerves in the corpora cavernosa. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of vessels in the corpus spongiosum when compared with the corpora cavernosa, during the whole fetal period studied.

Conclusions: In the fetal period, the human penis undergoes major developmental changes, notably in the content and distribution of nerves and vessels. We found strong correlation between nerves and vessels growth (amount) with fetal age, both in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. There is significant greater proportional number of nerves than vessels during the whole fetal period studied. Also, nerves and vessels grow in a more intense rate than that of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum areas.

Introduction: We aim to compare the safety and effectiveness of the KangDuo (KD)-Surgical Robot-01 (KD-SR-01) system and the da Vinci (DV) system for robot-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RARNU).

Materials and methods: This multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted between March 2022 and September 2023. Group 1 included 29 patients undergoing KD-RARNU. Group 2 included 29 patients undergoing DV-RARNU. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics, perioperative data, and follow-up outcomes were collected prospectively and compared between the two groups.

Results: There were no significant differences in patient baseline demographic and preoperative characteristics between the two groups. The success rates in both groups were 100% without conversion to open or laparoscopic surgery or positive surgical margins. No significant difference was observed in docking time [242 (120-951) s vs 253 (62-498) s, P = 0.780], console time [137 (55-290) min vs 105 (62-220) min, P = 0.114], operative time [207 (121-460) min vs 185 (96-305) min, P = 0.091], EBL [50 (10-600) mL vs 50 (10-700) mL, P = 0.507], National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index scores, and postoperative serum creatinine levels between the two groups. None of the patients showed evidence of distant metastasis, local recurrence, or equipment-related adverse events during the four-week follow-up. One (3.4%) patient in Group 2 experienced postoperative enterovaginal and enterovesical fistulas (Clavien-Dindo grade III).

Conclusions: The KD-SR-01 system is safe and effective for RARNU compared to the DV Si or Xi system. Further randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required.

Purpose: To assess the impact of thinness on the outcome of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

Materials and methods: A matched case-control study was performed using a prospectively collected database of all patients who underwent PCNL between June 2011 and October 2021. The patients were stratified into two groups according to their phenotypic characteristics, arbitrarily defined according to their body mass index (BMI): <0kg/m2 (Group 1, very thin patients, G<20) and ≥25 kg/m2 (Group 2, non-thin patients, G≥25). Patients were randomly matched based on Guy's Stone Score (GSS) according to case complexity at a ratio of 1:3.

Results: A total of 204 patients were enrolled in this study: 51 patients (G<20) and 153 controls (G≥25). Complications occurred in 15.2% of the patients, with 5.4% of these complications classified as major complications (Clavien grade ≥ 3). According to complications there were no significant differences between the groups. The overall complication rates were 17.6% in the G<20 and 14.4% in the G≥25 (p = 0.653). The major complication rates were 3.9% in the G<20 and 5.8% in the G≥25 (p=0.429). No differences in transfusion or urinary fistula rates were found.

Conclusions: In this study, very thin patients were not at a higher risk of complications when submitted to PCNL than in those with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2. Apparently, this technique can be used in these patients, just as it is used in any other type of patient, independently of their BMI.

Introduction: Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery (ECIRS) has emerged as a promising technique for the management of large and complex kidney stones, potentially offering advantages over traditional Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This study aims to evaluate best practices, outcomes, and future perspectives associated with ECIRS.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted from 2008 to 2024, using MESH terms and the following key words: "ECIRS" and "Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery" The search yielded 157 articles, including retrospective cohort studies, two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and four meta-analyses comparing ECIRS with PCNL. Most important findings were summarized regarding indications, patient positioning, kidney access, tract size, surgical outcomes, and complications.

Results: ECIRS demonstrated higher stone-free rate, lower complication rate, and a reduced need for multiple procedures compared to traditional PCNL. Additionally, ECIRS has the potential to integrate new technologies to further enhance outcomes.

Conclusion: ECIRS demonstrates significant advantages in the management of large kidney stones. Future research should focus on well-designed RCTs to provide robust evidence of its efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness, potentially establishing ECIRS as the first option treatment for complex kidney stones.

Introduction: Robotic Radical Prostatectomy using the Da-Vinci Single-Port (SP) robot can provide comparable functional and oncological outcomes with potential advantages pertaining to peri-operative morbidity, especially in patients with an extensive history of prior abdominal surgeries (1, 2).

Materials and methods: Our case is a 74-year-old male with a history of diabetes, cardiac bypass, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, presenting with a PSA of 7.2. His MRI showed a PIRADS-5 lesion in the left apex and mid-gland peripheral zone, and he was diagnosed with unfavorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer after MRI guided fusion biopsy. His BMI was 31, and past surgical history was pertinent for two exploratory laparotomies due to gunshot wounds and a colostomy creation followed by reversal. The standardized steps of robotic radical prostatectomy were carried out using SP robotic platform performed by author SH (3, 4).

Results: Total operative time and estimated blood loss were 210 minutes and 150mL respectively. The patient was discharged on postoperative day one and final pathology showed adenocarcinoma of the prostate Gleason score 4+3=7, pT2NxR0 and negative surgical margins. The patient was continent four weeks after surgery and the PSA continues to be undetectable after three months.

Conclusion: Transvesical Radical prostatectomy using the single port platform provides acceptable oncological and functional outcomes and quicker recovery given decreased risk of ileus and peritoneal irritation. Given that the abdominal cavity is not violated, the risk of bowel or vascular injury is mitigated, especially in patients with a hostile abdomen.