Anatomia Histologia Embryologia最新文献

This study examined the vomeronasal organs (VNOs) obtained from the heads of two Akkaraman sheep, two Morkaraman sheep and four Tuj sheep. The animals studied were female and 1.5 years old. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical and histochemical features of the VNO in Akkaraman, Morkaraman, and Tuj sheep breeds. It was determined that the VNO was oval-shaped and tubular in these breeds. In general, the right VNO was longer in all three breeds of sheep. In the cranial sections of the VNO, which is located in the form of a pair of blind tubes at the base of the nasal septum, the entire epithelial layer is rostrally lined with non-sensory epithelium. However, moving caudally, sensory epithelium begins to appear along the medial wall of the VNO. The caudal sections of the VNO had no serous vomeronasal glands. A small number of mucous glands were observed within the lamina propria of the VNO. The VNO of the Akkaraman sheep was found to have more mucous glands than those of the other two breeds of sheep. While the hyaline VN cartilage surrounding the lamina propria was intact rostrally, it was observed that the cartilage opened in the dorsal region. The ring structure was disrupted and the cartilage adopted a J-shape. As it moved caudally, the cartilage closed again from the dorsolateral region. In conclusion, the goblet cells in the non-sensory pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue located in the lateral lamina epithelialis of the VNO showed strong PAS (+) and AB (−) staining characteristics. While the VN glands were generally considered serous, it was observed that most gland cells showed strong PAS (+) staining characteristics, while a few were weak AB (+) and most were AB (−). Mucous glands, which were fewer in number, were negative for both PAS (−) and AB (−). Both PAS and AB staining showed positive (+) staining characteristics for the VN cartilage. In conclusion, the anatomical and histological structure of the VNO in Akkaraman, Morkaraman, and Tuj sheep was examined and compared with findings from other studies on this subject in different animal species.

The lingual apparatus of the birds was used to determine the food type of the birds. The tongue of the Japanese quail showed great plasticity in morphology, histology and function. Although little literature spoke in details about the developmental anatomy of the Japanese quail tongue and its attachment during embryogenesis and the post-hatching period, our data were carried out on 85 healthy random specimens arranged on 45 Japanese quail embryos with ages from the 5th day of incubation to hatching day old and 40 quail chicks with the age of 7, 14, 30 and 60 days old. Those investigations found that the primordium of the tongue arose from the oropharyngeal floor primordium as a clear elongated projection supported by basihyale at the 5th and 6th days old of the embryonated egg. The tongue primordium was attached by a thin layer of epithelium (frenulum linguae primordium). With age advancing, the tongue took different shapes, starting from a ‘U’ shape to a triangular elongated shape. Consequently, its parts were fully developed into a lingual apex that was supported by the paraglossale apical process and paraglossale corpus and the lingual body supported by both the posterior part of paraglossale and basihyale. Besides that, (ala linguae) primordia became more prominent as two oval projections with caudal serrated borders at the 10-day-old embryo which were supported by posterior processes of os paraglossale. But at 13 days old, the transverse papillary crest primordium began to appear, which consisted of caudally directed finger-like papillae. Those papillae were developmentally variable in number, shape and length. The lingual muscle primordia could be noticed: ceratoglossus, hypoglossus anterior and genioglossus muscles at 5, 6 and 7 days old of incubation, respectively. However, the genioglossus muscle showed a degenerative process at the 11-day-old embryo. Lingual glands were compound tubular and tubulo-alveolar end pieces, which its primordia appeared at the 7 and 8-day-old embryo. Histochemically, the glands showed different reactions to AB and PAS, and combined stains, which the developmental stains reaction ended with a slightly alcinophilic reaction.

During the early postnatal period, the liver undergoes significant developmental changes essential for its maturation. Hence, this study investigated postnatal liver development in inbred indigenous rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) using histological and morphometric analyses, focusing on the role of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)^+ve cells. Fifty clinically healthy rabbits were divided into five postnatal day groups (PND 1, 10, 15, 30 and 40). Liver samples were assessed for changes in capsule thickness, hepatocyte dimensions and non-hepatocyte cell density, while immunohistochemistry detected Lgr5 expression to evaluate stem/progenitor cell activity. Results showed a 2.8-fold reduction in liver capsule thickness, concurrent with hepatocyte and sinusoidal maturation. Haematopoietic activity and lipid droplets decreased with age, with fully organised liver architecture achieved by PND 30 and a mature histological appearance resembling that of adult liver tissue by PND 40. Kupffer cells peaked at PND 30, reflecting early immune functions, while megakaryocyte numbers declined, indicating reduced thrombopoiesis. Lgr5^+ve cells peaked at PND 10, acting as bipotential progenitors that supported hepatocyte and cholangiocyte development during liver maturation. These findings reveal that postnatal liver development involves structural maturation and immune remodelling by PND 40, with transient Lgr5^+ve cell activity playing a dynamic role in hepatic remodelling and biliary system development. This study advances our understanding of liver biology and highlights potential avenues for regenerative therapies targeting liver and biliary diseases.

The green iguana (Iguana iguana) is a neotropical lizard with ecological significance due to its role in seed dispersal. Detailed anatomical studies of the circulatory system of this species remain scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the heart, major blood vessels, and coelomic circulation in this species. Four male and two female cadavers were received from environmental authorities, preserved with soft embalming techniques and injected with latex injection. The sinus venosus, positioned dorsally, lacked internal septa and drained into the right atrium via a bicuspid sinoatrial valve. The ventricular sub chambers—cavum arteriosum, cavum venosum, and cavum pulmonale—demonstrated a spatial distribution distinct from other squamates, with the cavum arteriosum and cavum venosum predominantly occupying the left side of the heart. A muscular crest within the ventricle facilitated additional separation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, enhancing circulatory efficiency. The aortic and pulmonary trunk valves were identified as simple bicuspid structures. The right aortic arch originated both carotid trunks. The aorta originated multiple parietal, mesenteric, and renal arteries, exhibiting inter-individual variability. A remarkable vascular plexus at the duodenal bulb was observed, from which the hepatic artery originated. The ventral abdominal vein connected the pelvic region to the hepatic portal system. The absence of lateral abdominal veins supports the recommendation to avoid drug administration in the pelvic limbs and tail to prevent renal or hepatic first-pass effects. These findings provide essential information for clinical applications, including surgical interventions and diagnostic imaging in reptile medicine.

The study aimed to detect the morphological and histological structures and morphometric measurements of foot pads using radiography, dissection, and light and scanning electron microscopy in the Golden Jackal (Canies aureus). For this purpose, one adult male and one adult female Golden Jackal (weighing 11 and 12 kg respectively) were used as animal material. Dissection and radiography methods for the macroscopic structure and histological staining (triple stain) methods for the microscopic structure of the foot pads were used. To determine the size and area of the foot pads, the foot pads were first photographed, and then measurements were made from these pictures via the Fiji program. Macroscopically, in the jackal, it was determined that the foot pads were located on the palmar or plantar surface in the paw and pes; the metacarpal (MCP) and metatarsal pads (MTP) were in a triangle shape, and the basal corners of the metacarpal pad were more prominent than those of the metatarsal pad. II. and V. digital pads in both the paw and pes were separated and ovoid-shaped; III. and IV. digital pads uniting in the proximal were shaped like the letter U, with their arms pointing downwards. In SEM images, it was observed that the corneum layer of the epidermis of the digital pads consisted of multilayered keratinized plates resembling fish scales, that there were occasional round-shaped openings in this layer, that cone-shaped protrusions were evident in this layer of MTC and MTP, and that the dermis layer contained abundant connective tissue bundles.

This study examines the detailed histological architecture of accessory adrenal nodules in 10 male donkeys, employing light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The accessory adrenal nodule is situated adjacent to the adrenal gland pole, enclosed in a strong connective tissue capsule that merges with the adrenal gland capsule on one side. The nodule is highly vascularised, and the parenchyma is made up of tissue that looks like adrenal cortical tissue. There is no medullary tissue present. There are four layers in the stroma: the zona glomerulosa, the zona intermedia, the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis. These layers look like the structure of the adrenal gland. The zona glomerulosa is mostly made up of columnar cells and is close to the capsule. The zona fasciculata, which is the broadest zone, has rows of polyhedral cells that are divided by blood sinuses. The zona reticularis is the innermost zone, and it makes little polyhedral cells. These results provide a significant perspective and enhance our comprehension of the structure of the donkey's accessory adrenal nodule.

This study was conducted to examine glandular histological changes in the uterus of Kyrgyz breed mares during the first 6 months of pregnancy. The study used 53 Kyrgyz breed mares; 43 of these were at different stages of pregnancy, while 10 were non-pregnant mares. Uterine samples obtained at the slaughterhouse were evaluated histomorphometrically; endometrial thickness, gland density, gland epithelial height and gland diameter were measured. In conclusion, it was concluded that in Kyrgyz mares, endometrial thickness, glandular epithelial height and diameter increased as pregnancy progressed, while glandular density decreased and that further research on this topic would be beneficial.

This study describes the anatomical and morphological features of the thoracic limbs of different species of South American cervids, with functional interpretations, serving as a reference for clinical and research purposes through dissections, imaging examinations and osteotechnique. 16 thoracic limbs from eight cervids of the genera Mazama and Subulo were analysed. The general limb anatomy was similar to that described for domestic ungulates, with species specific particularities such as less robust and more delicate bones. The hand skeleton displayed rudimentary distal metacarpal bones, characterising the genera as tele metacarpal deer, which are phylogenetically typical of New World cervids. Radiographic examinations and morphological analyses allowed for the visualisation of anatomical patterns specific to South American cervids.

Understanding the anatomy of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) paranasal sinuses is essential for accurate interpretation of diagnostic imaging and surgical planning, especially given the species' susceptibility to dental disease and associated sinusitis. However, detailed anatomical and volumetric data on alpaca sinuses remain limited. This study aimed to characterise the volumetric properties and anatomical composition of the paranasal sinuses in alpacas using semi-automated segmentation of computed tomography datasets, with the goal of supporting clinical practice in veterinary medicine. Seven adult alpaca heads were scanned using computed tomography, followed by semi-automated segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction. All specimens displayed the dorsal conchal sinus (sinus conchae dorsalis), middle conchal sinus (sinus conchae mediae), maxillary sinus (sinus maxillaris), frontal sinus (sinus frontalis), and lacrimal sinus (sinus lacrimalis). The sphenoid sinus (sinus sphenoidalis) was present in six out of seven animals. Marked inter-individual anatomical variation was noted, particularly in the frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus. Despite this variability, sinus volumes were generally symmetrical between the left and right sides, with no statistically significant differences. The frontal sinus had the largest mean volume, with values of 13.75 ± 6.70 cm³ on the left and 13.91 ± 7.22 cm³ on the right. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlations between sinus volume and sex, age, or estimated craniofacial volume. Coefficients of variation exceeded 50% in most sinus compartments, emphasizing substantial individual variability. Three-dimensional models highlighted the complex morphology and spatial variation among specimens. This study provides novel insights into the sinonasal anatomy of alpacas, demonstrating a high degree of individual variation despite general bilateral symmetry. These findings emphasize the need for species-specific anatomical references and can aid in improving diagnostic accuracy and surgical outcomes in clinical settings. The three-dimensional reconstructions offer a valuable educational resource for veterinary professionals.