Anatomia Histologia Embryologia最新文献

A dog was examined due to urinary incontinence. On physical exam a bipartite scrotum, hypospadias, and hypodontia were observed. Retrograde cystourethrography and abdominal ultrasonography revealed bilateral ectopic ureters and renal dysplasia, respectively. The hypospadias and ectopic ureters were surgically corrected, and the patient's renal disease and recurrent urinary tract infections were medically managed over the next several months. This paper describes possible embryological etiologies for this unique case.

Dystrophin (Dp), a 427 kDa membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein, encoded by the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, is known for its deficiency in DMD. Emerging evidence suggests Dp expression in the hypothalamus of rats and mice, where it plays a role in functional plasticity. In this study, we focused on Jaculus orientalis, a desert-adapted rodent that serves as an excellent model for investigating seasonal adaptation challenges. However, due to challenges in capturing and properly maintaining these animals in the laboratory, only a limited number of studies have been carried out so far. In this work, to explore the involvement of Dp in structural changes of the supraoptic nucleus (SON), accompanying seasonal adaptation in Jaculus orientalis, first, we assessed the hydro-osmotic state of wild Jaculus orientalis during summer and winter; second, we analysed the histomorphometric changes of the SON; and third, we examined glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Dp immunoreactivity across both seasons. Thirty eight males Jaculus orientalis were used. The osmolality and the haematocrit were measured. Sections of the SON obtained were stained for histological study and immunohistochemistry for GFAP and Dps distribution analysis. Significant seasonal changes in osmolality, with stable haematocrit, demonstrate the ability of Jaculus orientalis to modulate physiological parameters in response to seasonal conditions. The SON structure undergoes adaptive plasticity according to the seasons, suggesting intense SON stimulation during the arid summer, in contrast to the winter. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed a notable increase in Dp labeling in parallel with a marked reduction in GFAP signal in the SON soma during summer, and conversely, a decrease in Dp immunolabelling, with an increase in GFAP immunosignal in the SON soma during winter. Our findings reveal that seasonal changes in GFAP and Dp expressions, and the associated alterations in the neurovascular network activity within the SON, underline the role of Dp in structural plasticity mechanisms during osmotic adaptation in Jaculus orientalis.

The homeobox gene subfamily members Dlx-5, HLX and TLX1proteins are known to regulate several embryonic development processes, including body axis formation, limb development and organogenesis, and play critical roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. This study was designed to investigate the localisation and expression density levels of Dlx-5, HLX and TLX1 proteins in cells of bovine stomach compartments during gestation and to compare the immunoexpression between the stomach compartments. A total of 30 foetuses, morphologically normal, from each period of gestation (10 foetuses from each period), were used in the study. The foetuses were classified according to their age, determined by the crown–rump length (CRL) measurement, into the first (69–89 days/10 foetuses), second (99–178 days/10 foetuses) and third (188–269 days/10 foetuses) periods of gestation. Then, the stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum) of foetuses from all three periods was processed with routine histological procedures, subjected to Crosman's triple staining, and an immunohistochemistry procedure was applied. As a result, it was observed that Dlx-5, HLX and TLX1 were expressed in the stomach compartments throughout gestation, with different expression intensities in cells, and the expression intensity was stronger in epithelial cells compared to stromal and smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that Dlx-5, HLX and TLX1 proteins may contribute to the structure of the bovine stomach and play a role in cell division, proliferation and differentiation, as well as in histogenesis, of the stomach.

Femoral head necrosis is a common and serious complication of femoral neck fractures, primarily attributed to disrupted blood supply. This study introduces a novel method of placing cannulated compression screws in swine femoral neck fractures, designed to protect the blood supply to the femoral head while ensuring mechanical stability. Using microscopic perfusion techniques and 3D technology (via Materialise 3-Matic11.0 and Materialise Magics 21.0 software), we created perfusion and corrosion casting specimens of the intraosseous arteries from 21 fresh swine proximal femurs. The spatial distribution of the arteries was analyzed, and screw placement simulations were conducted on 3D scans to avoid damaging the main intraosseous arteries. Two screws were then placed on real casting specimens, resulting in minimal arterial damage. Biomechanical tests on 16 femoral neck fracture models showed no significant differences between the new method and the traditional two-screw method in terms of compression strength and maximal vertical loading. This study demonstrates an innovative screw placement technique that effectively protects the blood supply to the femoral head while maintaining mechanical stability comparable to traditional methods. The clinical implications are significant—this approach could reduce the incidence of femoral head necrosis, improve patient outcomes and decrease related complications. By balancing blood supply preservation with mechanical stability, this method offers a promising strategy for the management of femoral neck fractures.

The somal distributions of orexigenic orexin-A, anorexigenic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) were immunohistochemically investigated in the whitespotted conger eel (Conger myriaster) brain, with particular focus on the preoptic nuclei and hypothalamus. Immunoreactive somata of these three neuroactive peptides were categorised into large (around 30 μm in diameter) and small (around 10 μm in diameter) types. Large-type orexin-A-, CRF- and MCH-immunoreactive (ir) somata were present in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus. Large-type MCH-ir somata were also seen in the lateral tuberal nucleus (TL). Fibres of these large-type somata may penetrate the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. In contrast, the small-type immunoreactive somata of these three neuroactive peptides showed differential distributions in the hypothalamus. Small-type orexin-A-ir somata were mainly seen in the paraventricular organ. CRF-ir somata were seen in the posterior parvocellular preoptic nucleus, around the dorsal and ventral areas of the anterior lateral recesses, and around the dorsal area of the posterior lateral recesses. MCH-ir somata were seen in the TL and around the medial region of the posterior lateral recesses. Based on the hypothalamic differential localisations of these peptides, of which association with feeding behaviour is suggested, the presence of intra-hypothalamic functional localisation related to feeding is likely.

The order Chiroptera is one of the most diverse orders in terms of the number of species; however, very few studies have been conducted in this group regarding its embryonic development. In this area, studies have focused on staging through morphological characters, but those describing organogenesis are scarce. Therefore, this work describes the gonadogenesis of Eumops patagonicus, a Sudamerican insectivorous bat, with an emphasis on ovarian development and determination of the migration stage of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) through immunostaining. Pregnant females of this species were captured to carry out the study, and the embryos were processed to obtain histological sections using the conventional histology technique and immunohistochemistry (OCT4, PCNA, Bax and Bcl-XL). Critical stages of gonadal differentiation were described, starting from the formation of the urogenital ridge and the identification of PGCs with the positive reaction for OCT4 in embryological development stage 13. At stage 17 of development, an undifferentiated gonad with active proliferation is observed and then a defined testis (S. 21) and ovaries (S.23 and S.25). The embryo ovaries S. 23 show a cortex formed for ovogonia cysts/nets that have a craniocaudal development with differences in the immunolabelling of PCNA, Bax and Bcl-XL. The embryo ovaries S. 25 show the primordial follicles in the ovary cortex. The results determined that there is a conserved pattern in embryonic development in this order when comparing E. patagonicus with frugivorous bats. This information is important for the establishment of relations in development in mammals and within the order Chiroptera.

Osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC) and osteonectin (SPARC/ON) are multifunctional proteins present in both hard and soft tissues, where they contribute to various physiological processes, including reproductive function. However, their concurrent expression and distribution in the bull testis and epididymis have not been previously characterised. This study aimed to immunohistochemically evaluate the expression patterns and localisation of OPN, OC and SPARC/ON across different segments of the testicular and epididymal structures in bulls. The findings revealed that OPN exhibited variable expression across seminiferous tubules, with localisation in germ cells—particularly spermatogonia and spermatocytes—as well as in Sertoli and Leydig cells within the interstitial compartment. In the epididymis and associated ducts, OPN expression was predominantly observed in epithelial cells. OC demonstrated strong expression in the epithelial cells of the ductus epididymis and ductus deferens, as well as in select connective tissue and smooth muscle cells of the ductus deferens. SPARC/ON expression ranged from moderate to strong across spermatogenic cell lineages, Sertoli and Leydig cells and blood vessels within seminiferous tubules. These findings indicate that OPN, OC and SPARC/ON are differentially expressed throughout the bull testis, rete testis, ductuli efferentes, epididymis and ductus deferens, highlighting their potential roles in maintaining reproductive function under physiological conditions.

The testes of mammals are responsible for gamete production and the secretion of the sex hormone testosterone. Within the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis occurs, where germline cells undergo division and differentiation until the formation of spermatozoa. Meanwhile, in the intertubular compartment, Leydig cells produce and secrete testosterone, a hormone essential for spermatogenesis. Monodelphis americana is a marsupial species endemic to Brazil, commonly known as the three-striped short-tailed opossum. The reproductive biology of marsupials remains relatively unexplored despite being a crucial tool for understanding species-specific reproductive strategies, which can aid in management and conservation efforts. In this study, M. americana exhibited a body weight of 36.7 g, with a gonadosomatic index (GSI) of 0.47%, a tubular somatic index (TSI) of 0.36% and an interstitial somatic index (ISI) of 0.27%. The proportion of seminiferous tubules was 83.16%, indicating a significant investment in sperm production. The mitotic and meiotic indices were 1.87 and 2.64 cells per division, respectively, with an overall spermatogenic yield of 12.68. The intertubular compartment accounted for 16.84% of the testicular parenchyma, of which 13.13% consisted of Leydig cells, with a total count of 22.75 × 10⁶ Leydig cells per testis. The findings suggest that M. americana prioritises spermatogenic parameters over the intertubular compartment, implying that males exhibit a promiscuous reproductive behaviour.