Anatomia Histologia Embryologia最新文献

Surgical procedures involving the tarsal joint are common in cattle. Indications for tarsal surgery include joint lavage, arthrotomy, the treatment of injuries, and hygromas. The goal of the present study was to lay the foundation for a reliable method of nerve block desensitisation of the bovine tarsus. Two nerve block techniques were simulated in an anatomical cadaver study on six bovine pelvic limbs for each technique. In the first technique, injection sites were based on palpation of anatomical structures, and in the second technique, ultrasound guidance was used to localise the nerves. After injection of dye (methylene blue) solution using anatomical landmark-based or ultrasound guidance methods, the 12 cadaver limbs were dissected, and the effectiveness of sham anaesthesia was determined based on the proximity of the dye solution to the nerve and the length of its distribution along the nerve. The ultrasound-guided local anaesthesia required significantly more time to perform compared with nerve blocks based on anatomical landmarks. However, the dye reached the target area in 25 of 30 application sites using ultrasound-guided local anaesthesia compared with 13 of 30 sites using the anatomical landmark-based technique. Ultrasonographic guidance led to fewer inadvertent intravascular and intramuscular injections. In conclusion, the ultrasound-guided local anaesthesia is a promising alternative to general anaesthesia, epidural, and intravenous regional anaesthesia for surgical procedures of the bovine tarsal joint and eliminates the disadvantages of other anaesthetic techniques, like general anaesthesia and intravenous regional anaesthesia. The practicability and utility of this technique still require validation in vivo.

In the current study, we aimed to determine the distribution of telocytes in the ovary, oviduct and uterus of Kyrgyz mares depending on whether they were pregnant. We also studied the progression during the first 6 months of pregnancy. To this end, ovary, oviduct and uterus tissues from 53 Kyrgyz mares were obtained post-mortem. The mare tissue samples were divided into two groups: pregnant (n = 43) and non-pregnant (n = 10). Telocyte levels in the tissues were determined using light microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. Subsequently, the data acquired were evaluated based on whether the mare was pregnant, and if so, the month of pregnancy was also taken into account. After the study, we found a higher number of telocytes in the myometrium (5.69 ± 0.90, p < 0.001) and oviduct propria (0.14 ± 0.05, p < 0.006) of pregnant mares. We also noted an increased number of telocytes in the oviduct propria (0.04 ± 0.02, p < 0.03) of mares 4 months into the pregnancy, and in the muscle layer (1.62 ± 0.57, p < 0.01), myometrium (4.83 ± 0.78, p < 0.03) and ovarian stroma (0.14 ± 0.06, p < 0.04) of mares 6 months into pregnancy. In conclusion, we observed an increase in telocytes in the ovaries, oviducts and uterus of Kyrgyz mares during pregnancy, with this increase becoming more marked towards the sixth month of gestation. Therefore, additional research on the role of telocytes in pregnancy may prove beneficial.

The southern giant pouched rat (Cricetomys ansorgei) is a large rodent native to the savannahs of southern and East Africa, commonly kept as a pet and used for medical purposes, including the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis, Brucella infection, and land mines. Despite its biomedical significance, limited information exists on its thoracic radiological anatomy. This study aimed to describe the normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of Cricetomys ansorgei to support anatomical and clinical research. Radiographs of 34 adult southern giant pouched rats were taken under general anaesthesia, including right lateral (RL) and dorsoventral (DV) views of the thorax. Most rats exhibited 13 thoracic vertebrae and 13 pairs of ribs, with the last two floating pairs. All rats displayed six sternebrae, and the trachea was visible without mineralised cartilaginous rings. The cranial mediastinum appeared wider than the spine in all individuals. The cranial border of the cardiac silhouette was poorly visualised on the RL view but more clearly defined and oblong-shaped on the DV view. The mean vertebral heart size (VHS) measured on the DV view (10.59) was significantly larger than that measured on the RL view (9.49). Additionally, gravel and sand grains were commonly observed in the cranial abdomen. While the thoracic anatomy of Cricetomys ansorgei shares some characteristics with other rodents, rabbits, and domestic cats, several distinctive anatomical features were identified. These findings provide a valuable reference for anatomical studies, biomedical applications, and routine clinical assessments.

The oocytes of vertebrates possess an extracellular layer known as the zona pellucida in mammals and the inner perivitelline layer (IPL) in birds. The avian IPL, a thin matrix, is essential for protecting the oocyte and facilitating fertilisation, although it does not prevent polyspermy as in mammals. It forms during folliculogenesis and is composed primarily of glycoproteins (zona proteins ZP1–ZP4, ZPD and ZPAX), along with numerous other proteins. Through electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, we hypothesise that in quails (Coturnix japonica), transosomes, cellular organelles that occur exclusively in the granulosa cells of birds and have hitherto unknown functions, are involved in the transport of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin. These proteins, synthesised in the granulosa cells of quails, are transported through the follicle cells and incorporated into the growing IPL during follicle maturation.

This study aimed to examine the immunoexpression of HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in the testis and epididymis of domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Testis and epididymis tissues from 6 adult cats and 6 adult dogs were used in this study. Immunohistochemical staining was done to determine the expression of HSPs. In cats and dogs, while HSP60 was detected only in Leydig cells, HSP90 was determined only in spermatogonia. HSP27 was observed only in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. HSP70 was not detected in spermatocytes, spermatids, Leydig cells, or Sertoli cells, whereas HSP70 was determined in peritubular myoid cells. In addition, unlike cats, HSP70 was observed in spermatogonia of dog testes. HSP27 was determined in basal cells of the epididymal epithelium and smooth muscle cells of the ductal wall in all sections of the epididymis. However, no HSP60 was observed in the epididymis. While HSP70 was not detected in the epididymis of the cats, HSP70 was observed in basal cells of all sections of the epididymis of the dogs. While the epididymal epithelial cells showed HSP90 immunoreactivity in all parts of the epididymis, the smooth muscle cells of the ductal wall exhibited HSP90 immunoreactivity only in the cauda epididymidis. The findings of this study indicate that HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 exhibit different immunoexpression patterns in the testis and epididymis of cats and dogs and that these proteins play important roles in maintaining the reproductive functions of cats and dogs.

Osteometric studies of the mandible are useful for identifying polymorphisms that are affected by general factors of anatomical variation, such as breed and gender, but age-related changes have not yet been reported in sheep. Our results showed that the morphometric parameters of the mandible were significantly affected by the age of the lambs. However, at 155 days of age, the mandible already presents all the morphological characteristics observed in adult animals. Furthermore, this study revealed, by analysing Person's correlation coefficient, that the position of the mental and mandibular foramen is already established at 155 days of age and will not be affected by the proportional growth of the mandible. These data have direct implications for veterinary practice, as they can increase the precision and effectiveness of clinical and anaesthetic procedures on the mandible. This contributes to maintaining the health and well-being of animals, improving productive performance in farming systems.

Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) is a mammalian Tayassuidae species from tropical to semi-arid areas. The morphological features of the oral cavity in this species were identified and described. Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs essential for contact with antigens due to food and air intake. This study aimed to describe histological characteristics and three-dimensional morphology of the soft palate tonsil mucosa. Therefore, the samples (n = 10) were analysed by stereomicroscope for morphology, light microscopy (n = 4) for structural characterisation, and scanning electron microscopy (n = 6) to reveal three-dimensional aspects of the epithelial surface and connective tissue cores (CTC). Our findings revealed a pair of soft palate tonsils separated by a median raphe. A keratinised squamous stratified epithelium characterised the tonsil. The epithelial surface had several orifices, and these were associated with a lymph nodule organisation. After epithelial removal, the three-dimensional aspect of the lamina propria was evidenced by conical projections throughout the region, even on the crypt's edge and inside them. The soft palate tonsils mucosa was like the previous description; however, the revealed CTC had a conical morphology, a new feature in this organ.