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Classifying roundness and sphericity of sand particles using CNN regression models to alleviate data imbalance 利用 CNN 回归模型对沙粒的圆度和球度进行分类,缓解数据不平衡问题
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02410-z
Donghwi Kim, Heejung Youn

Determining the shape parameters of sand particles helps to understand the geotechnical properties of sand. This study aims to determine the roundness and sphericity of Jumunjin sand utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). A dataset comprising 1000 sand particle images from Jumunjin sand was used for testing. The training set included approximately 28,000 images, created through a combination of synthetic data (5000 images) and additional data augmentation techniques to address data imbalance issues. Unlike traditional methods for determining roundness and sphericity, this research proposes a model that combines a regression model with a convolutional neural network (CNN), using ResNet and DenseNet as the backbone networks. The results, evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2) between the predicted values using the DenseNet169 model and the true values, yielded an R2 of 0.695 for roundness and 0.979 for sphericity. When classifying based on the Krumbein and Sloss chart using the trained model, the DenseNet169 model demonstrated the highest accuracy (73.6%), precision (77.9%), and recall (77.2%). A comparison between AI predictions and human evaluations revealed considerable variation in human classification, depending on the observers, whereas the AI model consistently exhibited robust performance in determining both roundness and sphericity.

确定砂颗粒的形状参数有助于了解砂的岩土特性。本研究旨在利用人工智能(AI)确定朱门津砂的圆度和球度。测试使用的数据集包括 1000 张朱门镇砂的砂粒图像。训练集包括约 28,000 张图像,由合成数据(5,000 张图像)和额外的数据增强技术组合而成,以解决数据不平衡问题。与确定圆度和球度的传统方法不同,本研究提出了一种将回归模型与卷积神经网络(CNN)相结合的模型,使用 ResNet 和 DenseNet 作为骨干网络。根据 DenseNet169 模型预测值与真实值之间的判定系数 (R2) 对结果进行评估,发现圆度的 R2 为 0.695,球度的 R2 为 0.979。当使用训练有素的模型根据 Krumbein 和 Sloss 图表进行分类时,DenseNet169 模型表现出最高的准确率(73.6%)、精确率(77.9%)和召回率(77.2%)。人工智能预测与人类评估之间的比较显示,人类分类存在相当大的差异,这取决于观察者,而人工智能模型在确定圆度和球度方面始终表现出强劲的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of soil property variability on the lateral displacement of liquefiable ground reinforced by granular columns 土壤特性变化对以颗粒柱加固的可液化地面侧向位移的影响
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02407-8
Tengfei Mo, Qiang Wu, Dian-Qing Li, Wenqi Du

In this paper, three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite-element analyses are conducted to examine the effect of soil property variability on the lateral displacement (D) of liquefiable ground reinforced by granular columns. A suite of 20 ground motions is selected from the NGA-West2 database as input. A soil-granular column ground system consisting of an intermediate liquefiable layer is modeled in OpenSees. Both the random variable (RV) and random filed (RF) methods are adopted to model the variability of soil property parameters. Dynamic analyses are then conducted to estimate the earthquake-induced deformation of the soil-granular column system. It is found that modeling the variability of soil parameters based on the RV method generally increases the geometric mean and standard deviation (σlnD) of D for the soil-granular column system. Enlarging the spatial correlation of soil parameters in the RF model brings in a slight increase of the mean D and comparable σlnD values, respectively. Hence, incorporating the spatially correlated soil property parameters may not be necessarily increase the variation of D for the soil-granular column system. Specifically, the statistical distribution of D is more sensitive to the vertical scale of fluctuation rather than the horizontal one. The results presented could aid in addressing the variability issue for performance-based design of granular column-reinforced liquefiable ground in engineering applications.

本文进行了三维非线性动态有限元分析,以研究土壤特性变化对由颗粒柱加固的可液化地面侧向位移(D)的影响。从 NGA-West2 数据库中选取了一套 20 种地面运动作为输入。在 OpenSees 中模拟了由中间可液化层组成的土壤-颗粒柱地面系统。采用随机变量(RV)和随机归档(RF)两种方法来模拟土壤属性参数的变化。然后进行动态分析,估算土粒柱系统的地震诱发变形。研究发现,基于 RV 方法的土壤参数变异性建模通常会增加土粒柱系统 D 的几何平均数和标准偏差(σlnD)。在射频模型中扩大土壤参数的空间相关性会分别带来平均 D 值和可比 σlnD 值的轻微增加。因此,加入空间相关的土壤性质参数并不一定会增加土壤-粒柱系统 D 的变化。具体来说,D 的统计分布对波动的垂直尺度比水平尺度更敏感。这些结果有助于解决工程应用中基于性能设计的粒料柱加固液化地基的变异性问题。
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引用次数: 0
Physico-mechanical aspects of liquefaction risk reduction in sand using geotextile-encased granular columns 利用土工织物包裹的粒料柱降低砂土液化风险的物理力学问题
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02402-z
Balaji Lakkimsetti, Gali Madhavi Latha

Liquefaction-induced flow failures, excessive settlements, lateral spreading, and loss of shear strength in granular soils can become massive hazards during earthquakes. Among the various mitigation techniques available, soil reinforcement using dense granular columns can be considered as a very effective technique, and its effectiveness gets further improved by encasing the columns in a geotextile to maintain the integrity of the columns during earthquakes. This paper presents findings from a first-of-its-kind study of simple shear tests on sand reinforced with geotextile-encased granular columns (EGC) to understand the fundamental mechanisms leading to its improved liquefaction resistance and shearing response. The effects of area replacement ratio and grouping action of columns on the overall response are established by performing a series of multi-stage constant volume simple shear tests on unreinforced and EGC-reinforced sands. The area replacement ratio was varied between 4 and 16% in different tests, and the tests with 16% area replacement ratio were conducted on sand with a single column and a group of columns. The particle sizes, encasement tensile strength, and column configurations are carefully chosen to avoid scaling and boundary effects on the test results. The performance of EGCs against liquefaction was evaluated considering all fundamental mechanisms, including the progression of pore pressures, nonlinear hysteretic behaviour, strain energy accumulation, and shear modulus degradation. The potential of EGCs for mitigating the liquefaction and improving the post-liquefaction shear strength of sand was found to improve with the increase in the area replacement ratio. For a specific area replacement ratio, the beneficial effects were more significant when the EGCs were spread into a group of symmetrically placed columns instead of a single column at the centre. The stress concentration on the EGCs due to modulus contrast and additional confinement offered by the EGCs to intervening soil have collectively benefited the shearing response of sand before, during, and after liquefaction.

在地震期间,由液化引起的流动失效、过度沉降、横向扩展以及粒状土的抗剪强度损失都会造成巨大危害。在现有的各种缓解技术中,使用致密颗粒土柱进行土壤加固可以说是一种非常有效的技术,而将土柱包裹在土工织物中以保持土柱在地震中的完整性,则可以进一步提高其有效性。本文介绍了首次对使用土工织物包裹的颗粒柱(EGC)加固的砂土进行简单剪切试验的研究结果,以了解导致其抗液化能力和剪切响应改善的基本机制。通过对未加固砂和 EGC 加固砂进行一系列多阶段恒定体积简易剪切试验,确定了面积置换比和柱的分组作用对整体响应的影响。在不同的试验中,面积置换率在 4% 和 16% 之间变化,其中面积置换率为 16% 的试验是在有单个柱子和一组柱子的砂子上进行的。为避免试验结果受到缩放和边界效应的影响,对颗粒尺寸、包层抗拉强度和柱体结构进行了精心选择。在评估 EGC 的抗液化性能时,考虑了所有基本机制,包括孔隙压力递增、非线性滞后行为、应变能累积和剪切模量退化。研究发现,随着面积置换比的增加,EGCs 在缓解液化和提高砂土液化后抗剪强度方面的潜力也会提高。在特定的面积置换率下,当电子地质填埋场分布在一组对称的立柱中,而不是位于中心的单个立柱时,其有益效果更为显著。模量对比导致的应力集中在土工格室上,以及土工格室对中间土壤提供的额外约束,共同促进了砂土在液化前、液化过程中和液化后的剪切响应。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation of hydro-deformation coupling problem in unsaturated porous media using exponential SWCC and hybrid improved iteration method with multigrid and multistep preconditioner 利用指数 SWCC 以及多网格和多步预处理的混合改进迭代法模拟非饱和多孔介质中的水力变形耦合问题
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02414-9
Shuairun Zhu, Lulu Zhang, Lizhou Wu

Numerical models based on seepage-deformation coupling governing equations are often used to simulate soil hydrodynamics and deformation in unsaturated porous media. Among them, Picard iteration method with pressure head as the main variable is widely used because of its simplicity and ability to deal with partial saturation conditions. It is well known that the method is prone to convergence failure under some unfavorable flow conditions and is also computationally time-consuming. In this study, the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) of unsaturated soil described by the exponential function is used to linearize the coupling equations to overcome the repeated assembly of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The finite element method with six-node triangular element is used to discretely linearize the coupling governing equations. Further, the classical Gauss–Seidel iterative method (GS) can be used to solve the linear equations generated from the linearized coupling equations. However, the convergence rate of GS seriously restricts the ill-condition of the linear equations, especially when the condition number of linear equations is much larger than 1.0. Thus, we propose an improved Gauss–Seidel iterative methods MP(m)-GSCMGI by combining multistep preconditioning and cascadic multigrid. The applicability of the proposed methods in simulating variably saturated flow and deformation in unsaturated porous media is verified by numerical examples. The results show that the proposed improved methods have faster convergence rate and computational efficiency than the conventional Picard and GS. The hybrid improved method MP(m)-GSCMGI can achieve more robust convergence and economical simulation.

基于渗流-变形耦合控制方程的数值模型常用于模拟非饱和多孔介质中的土壤流体力学和变形。其中,以压力水头为主要变量的 Picard 迭代法因其简便性和处理部分饱和条件的能力而被广泛使用。众所周知,该方法在一些不利的流动条件下容易收敛失败,而且计算耗时。本研究利用指数函数描述的非饱和土的土水特征曲线(SWCC)对耦合方程进行线性化处理,以克服非线性常微分方程的重复组装问题。采用六节点三角形有限元法对耦合控制方程进行离散线性化。此外,经典的高斯-赛德尔迭代法(GS)可用于求解由线性化耦合方程生成的线性方程。然而,GS 的收敛速度严重限制了线性方程的非线性条件,尤其是当线性方程的条件数远大于 1.0 时。因此,我们提出了一种结合多步预处理和级联多网格的改进型高斯-赛德尔迭代方法 MP(m)-GSCMGI。通过数值实例验证了所提方法在模拟非饱和多孔介质中可变饱和流动和变形中的适用性。结果表明,与传统的 Picard 和 GS 相比,所提出的改进方法具有更快的收敛速度和计算效率。混合改进方法 MP(m)-GSCMGI 可以实现更稳健的收敛和更经济的模拟。
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引用次数: 0
DEM investigation into the small-strain stiffness of bio-cemented soils 对生物加固土小应变刚度的 DEM 研究
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02387-9
Aoxi Zhang, Vanessa Magnanimo, Hongyang Cheng, Timo J. Heimovaara, Anne-Catherine Dieudonné

Bio-mediated methods, such as microbially induced carbonate precipitation, are promising techniques for soil stabilisation. However, uncertainty about the spatial distribution of the minerals formed and the mechanical improvements impedes bio-mediated methods from being translated widely into practice. To bolster confidence in bio-treatment, non-destructive characterisation is desired. Seismic methods offer the possibility to monitor the effectiveness and mechanical efficiency of bio-treatment both in the laboratory and in the field. To aid the interpretation of shear wave velocity measurements, this study uses the discrete element method to examine the small-strain stiffness of bio-cemented sands. Bio-cemented specimens with different characteristics, including properties of the host sand (void ratio, uniformity of particle size distribution) and properties of the precipitated minerals (distribution pattern, content, Young’s modulus), are modelled and subjected to static probing. The mechanisms affecting the small-strain properties of cemented soils are investigated from microscopic observations. The results identify two mechanisms controlling the mechanical reinforcement associated with bio-cementation, namely the number of effective bonds and the ability of a single bond to improve stiffness. The results show that the dominant mechanism varies with the properties of the host sand. These results support the use of seismic measurements to assess the mechanical efficiency and effectiveness of bio-mediated treatment.

以生物为媒介的方法,如微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀,是很有前途的土壤稳定技术。然而,由于所形成的矿物质的空间分布和机械改良的不确定性,阻碍了生物介导方法广泛应用于实践。为了增强对生物处理的信心,需要进行非破坏性表征。地震方法为在实验室和现场监测生物处理的有效性和机械效率提供了可能。为了帮助解释剪切波速度测量结果,本研究采用离散元方法来检验生物加固砂的小应变刚度。对具有不同特征的生物加固试样(包括主砂的特征(空隙率、粒度分布的均匀性)和沉淀矿物的特征(分布模式、含量、杨氏模量))进行建模并进行静态探测。通过微观观察研究了影响胶结土小应变特性的机制。研究结果确定了两种与生物固结相关的机械加固控制机制,即有效粘结的数量和单个粘结提高刚度的能力。结果表明,主导机制随主砂的特性而变化。这些结果支持使用地震测量来评估生物介导处理的机械效率和效果。
{"title":"DEM investigation into the small-strain stiffness of bio-cemented soils","authors":"Aoxi Zhang,&nbsp;Vanessa Magnanimo,&nbsp;Hongyang Cheng,&nbsp;Timo J. Heimovaara,&nbsp;Anne-Catherine Dieudonné","doi":"10.1007/s11440-024-02387-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11440-024-02387-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bio-mediated methods, such as microbially induced carbonate precipitation, are promising techniques for soil stabilisation. However, uncertainty about the spatial distribution of the minerals formed and the mechanical improvements impedes bio-mediated methods from being translated widely into practice. To bolster confidence in bio-treatment, non-destructive characterisation is desired. Seismic methods offer the possibility to monitor the effectiveness and mechanical efficiency of bio-treatment both in the laboratory and in the field. To aid the interpretation of shear wave velocity measurements, this study uses the discrete element method to examine the small-strain stiffness of bio-cemented sands. Bio-cemented specimens with different characteristics, including properties of the host sand (void ratio, uniformity of particle size distribution) and properties of the precipitated minerals (distribution pattern, content, Young’s modulus), are modelled and subjected to static probing. The mechanisms affecting the small-strain properties of cemented soils are investigated from microscopic observations. The results identify two mechanisms controlling the mechanical reinforcement associated with bio-cementation, namely the number of effective bonds and the ability of a single bond to improve stiffness. The results show that the dominant mechanism varies with the properties of the host sand. These results support the use of seismic measurements to assess the mechanical efficiency and effectiveness of bio-mediated treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":"19 10","pages":"6809 - 6823"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11440-024-02387-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing the reuse of liquid nitrogen in artificial ground freezing through field experiments 通过实地试验评估液氮在人工地面冷冻中的再利用情况
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02388-8
Hyun-Jun Choi, Seokjae Lee, Hyobum Lee, Sangyeong Park, Hangseok Choi, Jongmuk Won

Liquid nitrogen is the most common refrigerant adopted in the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method for the rapid freezing of soil. However, the relatively high price of liquid nitrogen demands the reuse of liquid nitrogen in AGF, which utilizes partially gasified liquid nitrogen after an initial injection. This study investigated the reusability of liquid nitrogen in AGF by performing a field experiment. Temperatures of the ground were monitored near the sub-freezing pipes installed 1 m away from the main freezing pipes, where liquid nitrogen was initially injected. A frozen wall having a thickness of 1 m was formed between two sub-freezing pipes after 5 days of injecting liquid nitrogen into the main freezing pipes. Furthermore, the lowest temperature of  − 12 °C measured in the sub-freezing pipe implied that the temperature of nitrogen after circulating through the main freezing pipe was sufficiently low to freeze the surrounding soil formation. The freezing rate, elapsed time for freezing, and freezing duration evaluated from the monitored temperature data also demonstrated the promising potential of reusing liquid nitrogen in AGF for saturated silty deposits.

液氮是人工地面冻结法(AGF)中最常用的制冷剂,用于快速冻结土壤。然而,由于液氮的价格相对较高,因此需要在 AGF 中重复使用液氮,即在初次注入后利用部分气化的液氮。本研究通过现场实验研究了液氮在 AGF 中的重复使用性。在距离主冷冻管道 1 米远的次冷冻管道附近对地面温度进行了监测,液氮最初就是注入次冷冻管道的。向主冻结管道注入液氮 5 天后,两根副冻结管道之间形成了厚度为 1 米的冻结墙。此外,在副冻结管道中测得的最低温度为零下 12 °C,这意味着氮气在主冻结管道中循环后的温度足够低,足以冻结周围的土壤层。根据监测温度数据评估的冻结速度、冻结时间和冻结持续时间也证明了在饱和淤泥沉积物 AGF 中重复使用液氮的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Laboratory-scale thermo-activated piles under long continuous operation and different mobilised shaft resistance 实验室规模的热激活桩在长时间连续运行和不同移动轴阻力条件下的情况
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02397-7
Luis Villegas, Amin Rafiei, Guillermo A. Narsilio, Chanakya Arya, Raul Fuentes

This paper examines the shaft resistance mobilisation ratio as a predictor of cumulative displacement of small-scale floating and end-bearing energy pile foundations subjected to vertical compressive loads embedded in dry sandy soils. A reduced friction model pile was subjected to different mechanical loads and two long-duration, cyclic heating/recovery temperature changes. The pile, soil and container temperatures, pile strains, and vertical displacements are monitored, analysed, and discussed. The results further validate numerical analyses that propose the shaft resistance mobilisation ratio as a variable to identify thresholds above which permanent cyclic thermo-induced deformations may occur. Overall, the experimentally observed responses indicate incremental deformations as the shaft resistance mobilisation ratio increased. The results also suggest that a mobilisation ratio of 66% could be a potential conservative lower-bound limit that could control the increment of thermal-induced vertical displacements in the long term under free pile head conditions. This suggests that a performance-based design would be a reasonable approach for energy piles, and monitoring programs should be set in the field before loading and thermo-activation.

本文研究了轴阻力动用率作为小型浮动和端承能量桩地基在垂直压缩荷载作用下嵌入干燥砂土中的累积位移的预测指标。一根减摩模型桩承受了不同的机械荷载和两次长时间的循环加热/恢复温度变化。对桩体、土壤和容器的温度、桩体应变和垂直位移进行了监测、分析和讨论。结果进一步验证了数值分析,该分析建议将轴阻力动员率作为一个变量,以确定超过可能发生永久性循环热诱导变形的阈值。总体而言,实验观察到的响应表明,随着轴阻力动员率的增加,变形也在增加。结果还表明,66% 的动员率可能是一个潜在的保守下限,可以在自由桩头条件下长期控制热诱导垂直位移的增量。这表明,基于性能的设计将是能源桩的合理方法,在加载和热激活之前,应在现场制定监测计划。
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引用次数: 0
A hydromechanical model for unsaturated soils based on state boundary hypersurface 基于状态边界超表面的非饱和土壤水力学模型
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02390-0
Dongjie Hua, Guohua Zhang, Ruyan Liu, Qinghui Jiang

This paper presents an elastoplastic model to estimate the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soils based on state boundary hypersurface. Through mechanical hypersurface, the influence of saturation on yield stress can be expressed in a full form rather than an incremental form. Two hydraulic hypersurfaces and one mechanical hypersurface are proposed to establish the model. Two hydraulic hypersurfaces, composed of degree of saturation, void ratio and matrix suction, define the plastic hydraulic boundary. The elastic hydraulic behavior of unsaturated soils can be represented by scanning lines between these two hydraulic hypersurfaces. The mechanical hypersurface, composed of degree of saturation, void ratio and effective stress, defines the plastic mechanical boundary. The elastic mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils can be represented by scanning lines below the mechanical hypersurfaces. A large number of laboratory tests are used to validated the proposed model, showing that it can reasonably capture important features of the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soils.

本文提出了一种基于状态边界超表面的弹塑性模型,用于估算非饱和土壤的水力学行为。通过力学超表面,饱和度对屈服应力的影响可以用完全形式而不是增量形式来表示。提出了两个水力超表面和一个力学超表面来建立模型。由饱和度、空隙率和基质吸力组成的两个水力超表面定义了塑性水力边界。这两个水力超表面之间的扫描线可代表非饱和土壤的弹性水力行为。由饱和度、空隙率和有效应力组成的力学超表面定义了塑性力学边界。非饱和土壤的弹性力学行为可用力学超表面下方的扫描线表示。大量的实验室试验验证了所提出的模型,表明该模型能够合理地捕捉非饱和土壤水力学行为的重要特征。
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引用次数: 0
An experimental investigation on progressive failure mechanism of the earth-retaining structure with sloping backfill using image analysis 利用图像分析法对带倾斜回填土的挡土结构的渐进破坏机制进行实验研究
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02392-y
Shi-Yu Xu, Muhammad Irfan Khan, K. K. Pabodha M. Kannangara, Yiu Yin Lee

In this study, a reduced-scale retaining wall specimen was subjected to laboratory testing to examine the strain localization phenomena behind an earth-retaining structure under passive conditions. The specimen was backfilled with two distinct soil materials—sand and fine gravels—in a medium dense state, while also retaining sloping ground surfaces with varying inclinations. The soil particle movement within the backfill was monitored and tracked through successive images captured at a consistent rate using a camera, as the wall progressively approached the backfill. By employing the digital image correlation technique, von Mises strain contours within the backfill were subsequently deduced from the recorded soil particle displacement field. This method unveiled the distribution and progression of strain concentration bands. Moreover, the laboratory tests documented the horizontal force–displacement curve of the wall, the earth pressure distribution across depth, and the wall’s uplift. These findings were verified against various analytical models and finite element simulations, illustrating good alignment. The von Mises strain maps disclosed the presence of a distinct boundary within the backfill, beyond which soil particles remained immobile during the pushover test. This boundary manifested during the early phases of the test when stress levels were relatively low. For specimens with positive slopes, this boundary evolved into the ultimate failure surface, characterized by a geometry resembling a log-spiral curve. Conversely, for specimens with negative slopes, the failure surface may not adhere to this log-spiral boundary; instead, it might follow a more direct route, resembling the straight line predicted by Rankine theory.

在这项研究中,对一个缩小比例的挡土墙试样进行了实验室测试,以研究被动条件下挡土墙结构背后的应变局部化现象。该试样由两种不同的土壤材料(沙和细砾石)回填而成,密度适中,同时还保留了不同倾斜度的倾斜地面。当墙逐渐接近回填土时,通过使用照相机以一致的速度连续拍摄图像,对回填土中土壤颗粒的移动进行监测和跟踪。通过采用数字图像相关技术,随后从记录的土壤颗粒位移场推断出回填土内的冯-米塞斯应变轮廓。这种方法揭示了应变集中带的分布和发展。此外,实验室测试还记录了墙体的水平力-位移曲线、各深度的土压力分布以及墙体的隆起。这些结果与各种分析模型和有限元模拟进行了验证,显示出良好的一致性。冯-米塞斯应变图显示,在回填土中存在一个明显的边界,在推力试验过程中,超过该边界的土壤颗粒将保持不动。该边界出现在应力水平相对较低的试验早期阶段。对于具有正斜度的试样,该边界演变为最终破坏面,其特征是几何形状类似对数螺旋曲线。相反,对于负斜度试样,破坏面可能并不遵循对数螺旋边界,而是遵循更直接的路线,类似于兰肯理论预测的直线。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-efficient recycling of engineering muck for manufacturing low-carbon geopolymers assessed through LCA: exploring the impact of synthesis conditions on performance 通过生命周期评估评估制造低碳土工聚合物的工程淤泥的生态效率循环利用:探索合成条件对性能的影响
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02395-9
Bingxiang Yuan, Jingkang Liang, Xianlun Huang, Qingyu Huang, Baifa Zhang, Guanghua Yang, Yonghong Wang, Junhong Yuan, Hongyu Wang, Peng Yuan

With the push toward global low-carbon and sustainable development goals, an urgent need exists to find building materials that can replace cement. Engineering muck (EM) produced by foundation pit engineering in subtropical areas is rich in clay minerals, which are suitable for the preparation of low-carbon geotechnical materials. In this study, the effects of SiO2/Na2O and the liquid–solid ratio on the performance of alkali-activated EM-based geopolymers were investigated. In addition, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of EM-based geopolymers. The findings showed that the geopolymer with a SiO2/Na2O ratio of 1.5 achieved the highest 7-day compressive strength of 42 MPa, which was 47.46% and 56.49% greater than that of the geopolymer with SiO2/Na2O ratios of 0.9 and 1.8, respectively because of its densest structure and fewest cracks. Moreover, increasing the liquid–solid ratio from 0.75 to 0.90 slightly increased the 28-day compressive strength from 47 to 52 MPa because of the refined pore structure. However, this modification also increased carbonate formation and mass loss at elevated temperatures. Compared with those of concrete, the CO2 and SO2 emissions of EM-based geopolymers were reduced by 4–26% and 8–19%, respectively, owing to the considerable environmental impact of cement. The overall performance of the geopolymers was assessed via multiple influence indicator methods, and the optimal synthesis conditions for the geopolymers were a SiO2/Na2O ratio of 1.5 and a liquid–solid ratio of 0.75. This study suggests that using alkaline activation technology to transform EM into geopolymers has potential as a substitute for concrete, providing a new type of green material for geotechnical engineering.

随着全球低碳和可持续发展目标的推进,迫切需要找到可以替代水泥的建筑材料。亚热带地区基坑工程产生的工程泥浆(EM)富含粘土矿物,适合制备低碳岩土材料。本研究调查了 SiO2/Na2O 和液固比对碱激活 EM 基土工聚合物性能的影响。此外,还进行了生命周期评估(LCA),以评价 EM 基土工聚合物对环境的影响。研究结果表明,SiO2/Na2O 比率为 1.5 的土工聚合物的 7 天抗压强度最高,达到 42 兆帕,比 SiO2/Na2O 比率为 0.9 和 1.8 的土工聚合物分别高出 47.46% 和 56.49%,因为其结构最致密,裂缝最少。此外,由于细化了孔隙结构,液固比从 0.75 提高到 0.90 稍微提高了 28 天抗压强度,从 47 兆帕提高到 52 兆帕。然而,这种改性也增加了碳酸盐的形成和高温下的质量损失。与混凝土相比,基于 EM 的土工聚合物的二氧化碳和二氧化硫排放量分别减少了 4-26% 和 8-19%,这是因为水泥对环境的影响相当大。通过多种影响指标方法评估了土工聚合物的整体性能,结果表明土工聚合物的最佳合成条件为 SiO2/Na2O 比为 1.5,液固比为 0.75。这项研究表明,利用碱性活化技术将电磁转化为土工聚合物具有替代混凝土的潜力,为岩土工程提供了一种新型绿色材料。
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引用次数: 0
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Acta Geotechnica
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