Zoology最新文献 - Book学术

Seasonal dimorphism as an expression of sexual dimorphism: Influence of gonad maturity on the body shape of a rocky intertidal polyplacophoran 作为性二型的一种表现形式的季节性二型：性腺成熟度对岩石潮间带多浆藻体形的影响。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126224

Brenda Paola Ramirez-Santana , Isis Laura Alvarez-Garcia , Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda , Marcial Arellano-Martinez , Sandra Milena Ospina-Garcés

Seasonal dimorphism in the body shape of marine invertebrates has been poorly explored compared to vertebrates. We aim to investigate through traditional (body length/width ratio, dorsal elevation ratio and angle of elevation) and geometric (centroid size and shape geometric configurations) morphometrics the effect of gonad maturity (via the gonadosomatic index [GSI] and gonad development stages [GDS]) on changes in body shape in males and females of two latitudinally different populations of the broadcast-spawning intertidal mollusc Chiton articulatus. We confirmed that C. articulatus does not present external sexual dimorphism since sex does not have a significant effect on body shape (1 %); instead, dimorphism was seasonal and related to the reproductive season, and varied across populations, probably because in the subtropical zone additional energy is invested in shell (scleritome) bending at the same time as the gonad matures, which is opposite of what occurs in the tropical zone. C. articulatus shows a narrower body shape (i.e., diminished body width) during its gonad maturity compared to the rest of the GDS and is corroborated by a body length/width ratio that contributes the greatest variation in the geometric shape descriptors (18 %), just below the centroid size (24 %). The expression of centroid size differences shows a correspondence with the change in body dimensions expressed by the three morphometric ratios during gonad maturity. The use of traditional body ratios over time may be useful in polyplacophoran molluscs as a proxy tool to estimate gonad maturity and to provide a reliable indication of the reproductive season.

与脊椎动物相比，人们对海洋无脊椎动物体形的季节性二态性研究较少。我们的目的是通过传统（体长/宽比、背隆比和仰角）和几何（中心大小和形状几何构型）形态计量学方法，研究性腺成熟度（通过性腺发育指数[GSI]和性腺发育阶段[GDS]）对两种纬度不同的潮间带宽产卵软体动物 Chiton articulatus 雄性和雌性体形变化的影响。由于性别对体形没有显著影响（1%），我们证实了C. articulatus不存在外部性二形现象；相反，二形现象是季节性的，与繁殖季节有关，并且在不同种群之间存在差异，这可能是因为在亚热带地区，在性腺成熟的同时，额外的能量被投入到外壳（硬骨）的弯曲上，这与热带地区的情况相反。与其他 GDS 相比，C. articulatus 在性腺成熟期的体形较窄（即体宽减小），体长/体宽比也证实了这一点，该比值在几何形状描述因子中变化最大（18%），仅次于中心点尺寸（24%）。中心点大小差异的表现形式与性腺成熟期三种形态测量比率所表现的身体尺寸变化是一致的。在多孔软体动物中，随着时间的推移使用传统的身体比率可能是一种有用的替代工具，可用于估计性腺成熟度，并为生殖季节提供可靠的指示。

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引用次数: 0

Biotic factors as key determinants for ovarian and oothecal developmental plasticity of a tortoise beetle 生物因素是龟甲虫卵巢和卵巢发育可塑性的关键决定因素。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126225

Ruchita Shivprakash Tiwari , Lankesh Yashwant Bhaisare , Shivani Pathak , Bhupendra Kumar , Desh Deepak Chaudhary

Ovarian development in r-selected species is a highly dynamic process widely studied in various insect groups. An array of biotic and abiotic factors may influence it. So, the present investigation was to evaluate the impact of a female's age and mating status on the ovarian development, ootheca formation, body colour polymorphism, and fat content of the tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris (Fabricius). Females of a certain age and mating status were dissected to demonstrate changes in their ovarioles, lateral oviduct, accessory gland, elytral colour, fat body content, and body size. It was predicted that age or mating status would not affect the ovarian parameters like length and width of ovarioles, lateral oviducts, accessory glands, body size, fat body content, and elytral colour. However, the ootheca-forming modifications would be initiated by ageing and mating. The current study demonstrated the substantial effect of age and mating status on the growth of the accessory glands and ovarioles. On the other hand, fat body contents declined comparatively in multiply-mated females. Besides this, the beetle exhibits elytral colour polymorphism till sexual maturity. An accessory gland was exclusively detected in multiply-mated females. This discovery opens opportunities for further investigation into the precise function of the gland, which is likely involved in the formation of ootheca.

在各种昆虫类群中，R-选择物种的卵巢发育是一个被广泛研究的高度动态过程。一系列生物和非生物因素都可能对其产生影响。因此，本研究旨在评估雌虫的年龄和交配状况对龟甲金龟子（Aspidomorpha miliaris (Fabricius)）卵巢发育、花被形成、体色多态性和脂肪含量的影响。对一定年龄和交配状况的雌虫进行解剖，以显示其卵巢、侧输卵管、附属腺体、鳞片颜色、脂肪含量和体型的变化。据预测，年龄和交配状况不会影响卵巢参数，如卵泡的长度和宽度、侧输卵管、附属腺体、体型、脂肪体含量和雌蕊颜色。然而，卵巢形成的变化会随着年龄的增长和交配而开始。目前的研究表明，年龄和交配状况对附属腺体和卵巢的生长有很大影响。另一方面，多次交配的雌虫体内脂肪含量相对减少。此外，甲虫在性成熟前会表现出雌雄同体的多态性。在多交配的雌性甲虫中只发现了附属腺。这一发现为进一步研究该腺体的确切功能提供了机会，该腺体很可能参与了卵巢的形成。

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引用次数: 0

Can all snakes swim? A review of the evidence and testing species across phylogeny and morphological diversity 所有蛇都会游泳吗？证据综述以及跨系统发育和形态多样性的物种测试。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126223

Guillaume Fosseries , Anthony Herrel , Ramiro Godoy-Diana , Philippe Gaucher , Margo Traimond , Antoine Joris , Karim Daoues , Antoine Gouygou , Olivier Chateau , Hugues Gossuin , Pierre Banzept , Chany Banzept , Dimitri Lefebvre , Xavier Bonnet

Alternative hypotheses suggest that the reptiles at the origin of snakes were primarily either burrowing, terrestrial or marine. It is possible that the ability to swim varies between the major snake lineages and lifestyles; for example, the highly fossorial blind snakes (Scolecophidia), a lineage that emerged early in snake evolution over 100 My ago, may not be able to swim. However, it is sometimes stated that all snakes can swim suggesting that swimming ability may not be discriminatory. To find out whether this is true, we used a systematic search (PRISMA), including personal communications and information on websites. Of the 3951 species considered, no information was found for 89 % of all snakes. Of the 454 species for which information was found, 382 species were aquatic, only 62 were terrestrial, 6 were arboreal, and only 4 were burrowing. Moreover, almost all belonged to the speciose Colubroides (e.g. 58 % Colubridae, 20 % Elapidae). No reliable information was available for important early diverging lineages (e.g. Scolocophidia, Aniliidae). Faced with this lack of information, we filled in important phylogenetic gaps by testing the swimming capacity of 103 diverse snake species and 13 species of diverse limbed and limbless ectothermic tetrapod vertebrates (Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Gymnophiona). All tests were positive. The results show that, 1) all snakes for which information is available (525 species) appear to be able to swim, 2) this is a trait shared by many land vertebrates that undulate laterally. As swimming ability is non-discriminatory, we need to collect detailed measurements on the performance, kinematics and energetic efficiency of swimming snakes. It is also necessary to finely describe the ecology and morphology of the species studied to better understand form∼function relationships and the occupation of ecological niches in snakes.

另一种假说认为，蛇类起源时的爬行动物主要是穴居、陆生或海洋生物。例如，100 多万年前蛇类进化早期出现的高度化石盲蛇（Scolecophidia）可能不会游泳。不过，有时也有人说所有蛇类都会游泳，这表明游泳能力可能不具有歧视性。为了弄清这种说法是否属实，我们进行了系统搜索（PRISMA），包括个人通信和网站信息。在考虑的 3951 个物种中，89% 的蛇类未找到相关信息。在找到信息的 454 个物种中，382 个物种属于水生物种，只有 62 个物种属于陆生物种，6 个物种属于树栖物种，只有 4 个物种属于穴居物种。此外，几乎所有的物种都属于 Colubroides（例如，58 % 属于 Colubridae，20 % 属于 Elapidae）。对于重要的早期分化类群（如鲭科、蜓科），没有可靠的信息。面对这些信息的缺乏，我们通过测试 103 种不同蛇类和 13 种不同的有肢和无肢外温四足脊椎动物（Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Gymnophiona）的游泳能力，填补了重要的系统发育空白。所有测试结果均为阳性。结果表明：1）有资料可查的所有蛇类（525 种）似乎都会游泳；2）这是许多侧向起伏的陆地脊椎动物的共同特征。由于游泳能力是非歧视性的，我们需要收集有关游泳蛇的性能、运动学和能量效率的详细测量数据。此外，我们还需要详细描述所研究物种的生态学和形态学，以便更好地了解蛇类的形态∼功能关系以及对生态位的占据情况。

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引用次数: 0

The mechanistic origin of amber pigmentation of Perithemis tenera (Say, 1840) wings (Odonata: Libellulidae) and its function in conspecific signalling Perithemis tenera（Say，1840 年）翅膀琥珀色素沉积的机理起源及其在同种信号传递中的功能。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126226

RR Cezário , JGL de Almeida , PEC Peixoto , BD Wilts , RN Guillermo-Ferreira

Animal coloration serves various signaling and non-signaling functions. In damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata), such colors may not only play photoprotective and/or thermoregulatory roles but also serve as visual signals during courtship and/or agonistic interactions. Here, we analyzed the coloration of Perithemis tenera wings, a potential secondary sexual ornament, applying spectrophotometry and visual modeling to gain a deeper understanding of their color mechanisms and functions. The amber coloration of the P. tenera wings results from the interaction of light with both the melanized chitin matrix and possibly ommochrome pigments. Additionally, by fitting the absorbance curve of P. tenera wings to the extinction coefficient of different melanins, we deduced that pheomelanin is likely the pigment embedded in the wing’s chitinous matrix. The amber coloration of P. tenera wings stands out against their natural habitat, making it detectable by conspecifics. Finding multiple pigments in the P. tenera wings not only enhances our understanding of the functional roles of pigmentation in Odonata but also offer broader insights into how structural and pigment-based colorations evolve as multifunctional traits.

动物的色彩具有各种信号和非信号功能。在豆娘和蜻蜓（蜻蜓目）中，这些颜色不仅可能起到光保护和/或体温调节作用，还可能在求偶和/或雌雄互动过程中充当视觉信号。在这里，我们分析了Perithemis tenera翅膀的颜色，这是一种潜在的第二性装饰品，应用分光光度法和视觉建模深入了解其颜色机制和功能。P.tenera翅膀的琥珀色是光与黑色化几丁质基质以及可能的omochrome色素相互作用的结果。此外，通过将蝶翅的吸光度曲线与不同黑色素的消光系数进行拟合，我们推断嗜黑色素可能是嵌入蝶翅壳质基质中的色素。琥珀翅的琥珀色在其自然栖息地中格外显眼，因此能被同类发现。在P. tenera翅膀中发现多种色素不仅增强了我们对鸟类色素功能作用的了解，而且为我们深入了解结构性色素和基于色素的色素是如何进化成多功能性状提供了更广阔的视野。

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引用次数: 0

The hind limb of Octodontidae (Rodentia, Mammalia): Functional implications for substrate preferences 八齿兽科（啮齿目，哺乳纲）的后肢：对底质偏好的功能性影响。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126222

M. Julieta Pérez , Guillermo H. Cassini , M.Mónica Díaz

Octodontids are South American caviomorph rodents endemic to mesic and arid biomes displaying a wide range of substrate preferences, from terrestrial to subterranean habits. However, the hind limb morphology of these rodents remain relatively poorly understudied, particularly from an ecomorphological perspective. To investigate the association between hind limb morphology and substrate preference—epigean, semifossorial, fossorial, and subterranean— this study analyzed six skeletal measurements of femur and tibia, along with five morphological indices. We employed phylogenetic mapping, allometry, and multivariate analyses (Phylogentic Flexible Discriminant and Principal Component analyses) on log-transformed variables and indices. The results suggest that the epigeans and subterraneans possess hind limb skeletal features that enhance their mechanical capabilities, which are advantageous for their respective lifestyles. However, in the absence of clear behavioral adaptations or associations, the functional habits of Octodontidae do not requires significant structural modifications of the proximal bones of the hind limbs. These results indicate that understanding the form-function relationship in octodontids requires direct field or laboratory observations of behavior and environmental interactions, highlighting the limitations of current research without such data.

八齿啮齿目动物是南美洲特有的腔肠动物，生活在中度和干旱的生物群落中，对底质的喜好范围很广，从陆生到地下都有。然而，对这些啮齿动物后肢形态的研究相对较少，特别是从生态形态学的角度来看。为了研究后肢形态与底质偏好（麋鹿型、半化石型、化石型和地下型）之间的关联，本研究分析了股骨和胫骨的六种骨骼测量值以及五种形态指数。我们对经过对数变换的变量和指数进行了系统进化图谱分析、异构分析和多元分析（系统论灵活判别分析和主成分分析）。结果表明，蜉蝣类和亚蜉蝣类的后肢骨骼具有增强其机械能力的特征，这对它们各自的生活方式是有利的。然而，由于缺乏明显的行为适应或关联，八齿兽科的功能习性并不要求对后肢近端骨骼进行重大的结构改造。这些结果表明，要了解八齿兽的形态-功能关系，需要对行为和环境相互作用进行直接的野外或实验室观察，这突出了目前研究在缺乏此类数据情况下的局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Unusual body division and epithelium structure in unusual phoronid Phoronis embryolabi 异常噬人鱼 Phoronis embryolabi 的异常身体分裂和上皮结构

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126221

Elena Temereva

Phoronida is a small phylum of benthic marine invertebrates that can occur in large numbers globally. The study of phoronid morphology and anatomy is important for understanding phoronid biology and the function of benthic communities dominated by phoronids. Because all phoronids are tube-living animals, the study of the morphology and ultrastructure of the body wall is an important step toward understanding the processes of the tube formation, growth, and renovation. This study used epoxy histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to describe the body regionalization and ultrastructure of the body wall epithelium of the unusual Phoronis embryolabi, which lives as a commensal in burrows of digging shrimps. The trunk of P. embryolabi consists of 8 zones, which are clearly distinguishable in living individuals. These zones are as follows: long head region, median sphincter with its three different parts (waist, upper and lower), muscular region, reproductive region, zone 7, and ampulla. Such body division can correlate with specificity of life style of P. embryolabi. The ultrastructure of the epithelium of all zones differ from each other in thickness, set and abundance of gland cells, structure of the extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelium, and abundance of neurites. The capacity and distribution of glandular cells correlate with tube formation and remodelling. Bacteria of two different types are described along body wall of all parts of the trunk; reciprocally advantageous phoronid-bacteria interaction is suggested. Our data suggest that P. embryolabi is able to build the tube at the anterior end rather than at the posterior end, as previously suggested for other phoronid species. At the same time, the certain mechanism of phoronid tube growth and remodelling is still unknown for phoronids as well as for many other tube-living invertebrates.

噬孔虫是一种小型的底栖海洋无脊椎动物门，可在全球范围内大量出现。研究噬菌体的形态和解剖结构对于了解噬菌体的生物学特性和以噬菌体为主的底栖群落的功能非常重要。由于所有噬人鱼都是管栖动物，因此研究体壁的形态和超微结构是了解管的形成、生长和翻新过程的重要一步。本研究利用环氧组织学、扫描和透射电子显微镜描述了以共生体形式生活在掘地对虾洞穴中的不寻常的 Phoronis embryolabi 的身体区域化和体壁上皮的超微结构。embryolabi 的躯干由 8 个区域组成，在活体上可以清晰区分。这些区域如下：长头区、中间括约肌及其三个不同部分（腰部、上部和下部）、肌肉区、生殖区、第 7 区和安瓿。这种体型划分与胚乳藻生活方式的特异性有关。各区上皮的超微结构在厚度、腺细胞的集合和数量、上皮下细胞外基质的结构以及神经元的数量等方面都有所不同。腺细胞的能力和分布与管道的形成和重塑有关。躯干所有部位的体壁上都有两种不同类型的细菌；这表明噬菌体与细菌之间存在互利的相互作用。我们的数据表明，P. embryolabi 能够在前端而不是后端形成管道，这与之前其他噬菌体物种的情况相同。同时，对于噬菌体以及许多其他管栖无脊椎动物来说，噬菌体管的生长和重塑的特定机制仍然是未知的。

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引用次数: 0

Kinematics of elongate harvestmen chelicerae: Comparative range of motion analyses in extant Ischyropsalis (Dyspnoi, Opiliones) 细长栉水母的运动学：现生伊斯基罗珀斯虫（Dyspnoi，Opiliones）的运动范围比较分析

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126219

Michel Schmidt , Klaus Achterhold , Franz Pfeiffer , Roland R. Melzer

Chelicerae, the mouthparts of chelicerates, are essential for food processing. Particularly within harvestmen (Opiliones), some species have greatly elongated their tripartite chelicerae and utilize them for mating behavior, defense, and primarily for predation. We investigated two European species, Ischyropsalis muellneri and Ischyropsalis hellwigii, which occupy different niches (caves, forests), exhibit different feeding ecologies (opportunist, specialist), and first and foremost possess different chelicerae morphologies (long and thin, short and robust). We scanned the specimens using state-of-the-art micro-CT, generated surface reconstructions, and equipped one chelicera of each specimen with artificial joints to explore their Range of Motion in a 3D kinematic approach. For a size-corrected comparison of the two species, we analyzed the Range of Motion in addition to three different settings (original body size, body scaled to 5 mm, chelicerae scaled to 5 mm). Ischyropsalis muellneri reached a higher maximum excursion angle (= single Range of Motion) in all three joints, also exhibiting a greater total Range of Motion in the original body length setting, as well as the scaled body length setting. Only in the third setting, the total Range of Motion of Ischyropsalis hellwigii was slightly higher, although Ischyropsalis muellneri still extended further ventrally. Our results suggest that the sturdier, more massive chelicerae of Ischyropsalis hellwigii, attributable to strong specialization on snails as prey, are associated with reduced Range of Motion. The less food-specialized species Ischyropsalis muellneri apparently requires higher flexibility of its chelicerae for prey capture, likely due to its restriction to cave ecosystems, where food availability is relatively scarce. We could show that virtual Range of Motion analyses in harvestmen chelicerae can play a pivotal role in understanding the theoretical feeding ecology and functional morphology of this group. This approach can be verified by in-vivo observations and measurements or extended to other arachnid taxa and other body parts.

螯肢是螯足类的口器，对食物加工至关重要。特别是在禾本科动物（Opiliones）中，一些物种大大拉长了它们的三瓣螯肢，并利用它们进行交配行为、防御和主要的捕食。我们研究了两个欧洲物种：Ischyropsalis muellneri 和 Ischyropsalis hellwigii，它们占据着不同的生态位（洞穴、森林），表现出不同的摄食生态（机会主义者、专食者），而且首先拥有不同的螯肢形态（细长、短而粗壮）。我们使用最先进的微型计算机断层扫描技术对标本进行扫描，生成表面重建图，并为每个标本的一个螯肢配备人工关节，以三维运动学方法探索它们的运动范围。为了对两个物种进行尺寸校正比较，我们分析了三种不同设置（原始身体尺寸、身体缩放至 5 毫米、螯足缩放至 5 毫米）下的运动范围。Ischyropsalis muellneri的三个关节都达到了更大的最大偏移角度（=单次活动范围），在原始体长设置和按比例缩放体长设置中也表现出更大的总活动范围。只有在第三种情况下，Ischyropsalis hellwigii的总活动范围略大，尽管Ischyropsalis muellneri仍向腹侧延伸得更远。我们的研究结果表明，Ischyropsalis hellwigii的螯更坚固、更巨大，这是因为它们专门捕食蜗牛，这与它们的活动范围减小有关。对食物专一性较低的物种Ischyropsalis muellneri显然需要更灵活的螯来捕获猎物，这可能是由于它只能生活在食物相对稀缺的洞穴生态系统中。我们可以证明，禾本科动物螯肢的虚拟运动范围分析可以在理解该类动物的理论摄食生态学和功能形态学方面发挥关键作用。这种方法可以通过体内观察和测量进行验证，也可以推广到其他蛛形纲类群和其他身体部位。

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引用次数: 0

Developmental histology of the liver in the Balkan crested newt Triturus ivanbureschi (Caudata: Salamandridae) 巴尔干凤头蝾螈肝脏的发育组织学（蝾螈科）。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126220

Maja Ajduković , Ana Ivanović

The liver, a crucial organ for metabolic processes, has a generally uniform histological structure across amphibian taxa. However, ontogenetic changes, particularly those related to biphasic life cycle and metamorphosis, are less documented. Here, we explored and described the liver histology of an emerging model organism, the Balkan crested newt (Triturus ivanbureschi) at three ontogenetic stages: larval, juvenile (just after metamorphosis) and adult. At the larval stage, the liver is characterized by hepatocytes containing large lipid droplets, poorly developed basement membranes in the blood vessels, and a lack of melanin-rich macrophage centers. Juveniles show transitional characteristics between larvae and adults. Lipid droplets in hepatocytes are abundant, but also, at the juvenile stage the well-developed basement membrane of blood vessels and melanomacrophages are present, as in adults. The presence of lipid droplets in hepatocytes during larval and juvenile stages suggests the liver's role in fat storage and energy provision during development and growth. Melanomacrophages, which synthesize melanin, perform phagocytosis, and neutralize free radicals, have been found in juveniles (after metamorphosis) and increase with age. The biphasic life cycle and liver histology transition in Triturus newts provide an insight in changes in liver histology and make them a suitable model for studying fat deposition regulation and the evolution of the immune system in terrestrial vertebrates.

肝脏是新陈代谢过程的关键器官，两栖类群的肝脏组织结构基本一致。然而，对两栖动物的本体变化，尤其是与双相生命周期和变态有关的变化，记载较少。在这里，我们探索并描述了一种新兴的模式生物--巴尔干凤头蝾螈（Triturus ivanbureschi）在幼虫、幼体（刚完成变态）和成体三个发育阶段的肝脏组织学。在幼体阶段，肝脏的特征是肝细胞含有大量脂滴，血管基底膜发育不良，缺乏富含黑色素的巨噬细胞中心。幼虫表现出幼虫和成虫之间的过渡特征。肝细胞中的脂滴丰富，而且幼体阶段的血管基底膜和黑色素巨噬细胞发育良好，与成体一样。幼虫和幼体阶段肝细胞中脂滴的存在表明，肝脏在发育和生长过程中起着储存脂肪和提供能量的作用。在幼体（蜕变后）中发现了合成黑色素、进行吞噬和中和自由基的黑色吞噬细胞，并随着年龄的增长而增加。蝾螈的双相生命周期和肝脏组织学的转变使人们了解了肝脏组织学的变化，并使其成为研究陆生脊椎动物脂肪沉积调节和免疫系统进化的合适模型。

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引用次数: 0

External morphology and growth patterns of larvae and juveniles of Bryconops gracilis (Characiformes, Iguanodectidae) from Amazon basin 亚马逊河流域 Bryconops gracilis（鳕形目，鬣蜥科）幼虫和幼鱼的外部形态和生长模式

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126210

Lucas Silva Oliveira , Ruineris Almada Cajado , Fabíola Katrine Souza Silva , Zaqueu Santos , Elzamara Casto Oliveira , Cárlison Silva-Oliveira , Diego Maia Zacardi

During early development, fishes undergo significant changes that influence external morphology and the functioning of internal organs and systems. This often results in gradual variation of the morphological traits of individuals across developmental stages. The investigation of larval and juvenile fish development and growth patterns has pertinent implications for the systematic and ecological elucidation of species. Bryconops gracilis is a medium-sized fish, omnivorous that inhabits lotic and lentic environments with acidic and transparent waters in the Amazon basin. In this study, the early development of B. gracilis is described, until recently a practically unknown species. In terms of development, we used morphological, meristic, and morphometric data to characterize the larvae and juveniles. The individuals were collected in the Curuá-Una River, Amazon basin, Brazil. Fifty-four specimens were examined. Samples include individuals with 3.39–21.79 mm SL. Yolk-sac larvae have two attachment organs on the dorsal surface of head and body. The larvae of B. gracilis are considered altricial, with a fusiform body, and the intestine reaches the median region of the body. Initially, the mouth is subterminal and becomes isognathic from the postflexion stage on. During the postflexion stage, the most relevant morphological changes occur (e.g., presence of all fins, mouth position similar to adults, increased body pigmentation), making individuals more specialized to explore new habitats and diets and maximize their chances of survival. Furthermore, vertebrae and myomeres are compared and assist with differentiating some Bryconops species at early life stages that occur in sympatry in the Amazon basin. Our results contribute to knowledge about the external morphology of neotropical freshwater fishes, enabling the identification of larvae and juveniles through traditional taxonomy and broadening the perspective on the ontogenetic study of the adipose fin in Characoidei.

鱼类在早期发育过程中会发生重大变化，这些变化会影响外部形态以及内部器官和系统的功能。这往往导致个体的形态特征在不同发育阶段逐渐发生变化。对幼鱼和幼鱼发育和生长模式的研究对物种的系统学和生态学阐释具有重要意义。Bryconops gracilis 是一种中型杂食性鱼类，栖息于亚马逊河流域酸性透明水域的地层和透水环境中。本研究描述了 B. gracilis 的早期发育过程，直到最近，它还是一个几乎不为人知的物种。在发育过程中，我们利用形态学、分身学和形态计量学数据来描述幼虫和幼体的特征。这些个体采集于巴西亚马逊河流域的库鲁阿-乌纳河。共检验了 54 个标本。样本包括 3.39-21.79 mm SL 的个体。卵黄囊幼虫的头部和身体背面有两个附着器官。B. gracilis 的幼虫被认为是初生的，身体呈纺锤形，肠道到达身体的中间区域。最初，口部呈近端状，从屈体后阶段开始变为等长。在折叠后阶段，最重要的形态变化出现了（如所有鳍的出现、口的位置与成体相似、身体色素增加），使个体更加专门化，以探索新的栖息地和食物，最大限度地增加生存机会。此外，我们还比较了脊椎骨和肌球，这有助于区分亚马逊河流域一些同生共栖的 Bryconops 早期物种。我们的研究结果有助于了解新热带淡水鱼类的外部形态，通过传统的分类方法识别幼鱼和幼鱼，并拓宽了对夏科鱼类脂肪鳍的个体发育研究的视野。

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引用次数: 0

Inter and intra-island genetic structure and differentiation of the endemic Bolle's Laurel Pigeon (Columba bollii) in the Canary archipelago 加那利群岛特有的波勒月桂鸽（Columba bollii）的岛际和岛内遗传结构与分化

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126209

Patricia Marrero , Rosa Fregel , David S. Richardson

Islands provide excellent settings for studying the evolutionary history of species, since their geographic isolation and relatively small size limit gene flow between populations, and promote divergence and speciation. The endemic Bolle's Laurel Pigeon Columba bollii is an arboreal frugivorous bird species distributed on laurel forests in four islands of the Canary archipelago. To elucidate the population genetics, we genotyped ten microsatellite loci using DNA obtained from non-invasive samples collected across practically all laurel forest remnants, and subsequently grouped into eight sampling sites. Analyses including F-statistics, Bayesian clustering approaches, isolation by distance tests and population graph topologies, were used to infer the genetic diversity and the population differentiation within and among insular populations. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of null alleles on data analysis. Low genetic diversity was found in all populations of Bolle’s Laurel Pigeon, with no significant differences in diversity among them. However, significant genetic differentiation was detected among all populations, with pigeons from La Palma and El Hierro exhibiting the closest affinity. Bayesian clustering supported population separation between islands, and also detected fine-scale structure within the Tenerife and La Gomera populations. Our results suggest that, despite columbids have a high movement ability, they can show signature of genetic divergence among populations, particularly on oceanic islands. Geological history of the islands and distribution range of habitats could have close influence on the evolutionary trajectories of these birds. This approach can provide practical tools to implement appropriate conservation measures for range-restricted species and their habitat.

岛屿是研究物种进化史的绝佳场所，因为岛屿的地理隔离和相对较小的面积限制了种群之间的基因流动，促进了物种的分化和演化。加那利群岛特有的波勒月桂鸽（Columba bollii）是一种树栖节食鸟类，分布在加那利群岛四个岛屿的月桂树林中。为了阐明其种群遗传学，我们使用从几乎所有月桂树森林残留地采集的非入侵样本中获得的 DNA 对 10 个微卫星位点进行了基因分型，随后将其分为 8 个采样点。我们利用 F 统计、贝叶斯聚类方法、距离隔离测试和种群图拓扑等分析方法来推断岛屿种群内部和种群之间的遗传多样性和种群分化。此外，我们还评估了无效等位基因对数据分析的影响。研究发现，博尔氏桂冠鸽所有种群的遗传多样性都较低，且种群间的多样性无显著差异。然而，在所有种群中都发现了明显的遗传分化，来自拉帕尔马和埃尔希耶罗的鸽子表现出最接近的亲缘关系。贝叶斯聚类支持岛屿之间的种群分离，同时还检测到特内里费岛和拉戈梅拉岛种群内部的细微结构。我们的研究结果表明，尽管疣鼻鲉具有很强的移动能力，但它们的种群之间也会出现遗传分化，尤其是在海洋岛屿上。岛屿的地质历史和栖息地的分布范围可能对这些鸟类的进化轨迹有密切影响。这种方法可以为对分布范围受限的物种及其栖息地实施适当的保护措施提供实用工具。

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引用次数: 0