Zoology最新文献 - Book学术

Altitude correlates with dorsal −but not ventral− scale number and dimension in a lacertid lizard

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126249

Marco Sannolo , Raquel Ponti

The primary function of the keratinised skin of squamates is modulating heat load, reducing water loss rates and protecting from abrasion. Furthermore, reptilian scale size and shape variation have also been observed depending on the habitat and associated environmental conditions. However, how climate can modulate intraspecific scale characteristics of reptile species in temperate regions is still a subject of debate. Here, we investigate the potential correlation between climate and lizard scalation for a European lacertid lizard. From 221 museum collection specimens of Podarcis muralis, we recorded body measurements and sex information and counted the number and size of dorsal scales and the number of ventral scales per individual. We obtained each specimens’ capture location information from which we extracted environmental data like temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and altitude. We found that individuals that inhabited higher elevations tended to have fewer and larger dorsal scales than those from lowlands, as a potential adaptation to decrease water loss in arid and windy environments. We did not find a correlation between the number of ventral scales and environmental conditions, except for wind speed. This study uncovers an intraspecific adaptive mechanism in an environment gradient that is key to understanding species' potential adaptation to future climatic conditions.

有鳞类动物角质化皮肤的主要功能是调节热负荷、降低失水率和防止磨损。此外，根据栖息地和相关环境条件的不同，爬行动物的鳞片大小和形状也会发生变化。然而，气候如何调节温带地区爬行动物种内的鳞片特征仍是一个争论的话题。在此，我们研究了欧洲一种漆蜥的气候与蜥蜴鳞片之间的潜在相关性。我们从 221 个博物馆收藏的 Podarcis muralis 标本中记录了身体尺寸和性别信息，并统计了每个个体的背鳞数量、尺寸和腹鳞数量。我们获得了每个标本的捕获地点信息，并从中提取了温度、降水、湿度、风速、太阳辐射和海拔等环境数据。我们发现，居住在海拔较高地区的个体背鳞往往比居住在低洼地区的个体更少、更大，这可能是为了适应干旱多风的环境，减少水分流失。除风速外，我们没有发现腹鳞数量与环境条件之间存在相关性。这项研究揭示了环境梯度中的种内适应机制，这对了解物种对未来气候条件的潜在适应性至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Ontogenetic trajectories and sexual dimorphism of a neotropical ground snake genus Erythrolamprus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126248

Daniel Silva Fernandes , Cristiane Barros Régis

Allometry and sexual dimorphism are potential sources of intraspecific morphological variation. Advances in the methodological framework of geometric morphometrics allow in-depth analysis of these issues, enabling the descriptions and comparisons between groups of multivariate phenotypic attributes and the visualization of allometric trajectories. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of secondary sexual dimorphism in Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi, a semi-aquatic snake occurring in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We assessed linear body measurements and digitized landmarks in the dorsal view of the head of 107 specimens grouped into four categories combining ontogenetic stages and sex. We performed linear models and principal component analyses to estimate and visualize head shape variation and the allometric trajectories of these categories. Adults from both sexes and immature females showed significant static allometry, while immature males showed isometric growth. Although we recovered no sexual dimorphism for head shape, ontogenetic trajectories of both sexes are distinct, with females showing head shape variation throughout ontogenetic development, while males exhibited more conspicuous changes only after sexual maturity. Comparisons with literature data suggest a high degree of variation in ontogenetic allometry of snakes, depending on the phylogenetic group or structure (head/skull) analyzed, while the results for static allometry are more similar between the studied taxa. Only the collection of data on distinct groups of snakes will provide more clues as to whether there is any allometric pattern to these structures, and which factors (evolutionary, ecological or both) are prevalent over it, especially for ontogenetic allometry.

异形和性二态是种内形态变异的潜在来源。几何形态计量学方法框架的进步允许对这些问题进行深入分析，从而能够描述和比较多变量表型属性组之间的差异，并可视化异长轨迹。在本研究中，我们评估了巴西东南部大西洋森林中的一种半水栖蛇类 Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi 是否存在第二性异形。我们评估了 107 个标本的身体线性测量值和头部背面的数字化地标，并将其分为四个类别，结合了个体发育阶段和性别。我们通过线性模型和主成分分析来估计和观察这些类别的头型变化和异速轨迹。成年雌雄个体均表现出显著的静态异长，而未成熟雄体则表现出等距生长。虽然我们没有发现头型的性别二态性，但雌雄个体的个体发育轨迹是不同的，雌性个体在整个个体发育过程中都表现出头型的变化，而雄性个体只有在性成熟后才表现出更明显的变化。与文献数据的比较表明，蛇类的个体发育几何学差异很大，这取决于所分析的系统发育类群或结构（头部/头骨），而所研究类群之间的静态几何学结果较为相似。只有收集不同蛇类群的数据，才能提供更多线索，说明这些结构是否存在任何几何模式，以及哪些因素（进化因素、生态因素或两者兼而有之）对其起主导作用，特别是对个体发育的几何模式。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative display behaviour of the native Iguana delicatissima with the non-native Iguana in the Guadeloupe Archipelago (Lesser Antilles)

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126239

Vincent L. Bels , Clément Brousse , Eric Pelle , Jérôme Guerlotté , Marie-Ange Pierre , Florence Kirchhoff , Peter A. Biro

Territorial and mating displays are a key mechanism affecting sexual selection, species recognition, and may affect success of non-native species in the presence of closely related ones. The green Iguana (Iguana iguana) has invaded Caribbean islands from their mainland range, affecting and possibly inter-breeding with native Iguana. However, important display behaviours have not been studied, even though it may be a rare opportunity to study adaptation and evolutionary change. Here, we describe the display-action-patterns (DAP) characterising the head-bob display of the two Iguana species of the Caribbean islands Iguana delicatissima (endemic Lesser Antillean Iguana) and non-native Iguana (closely related non-native species) in the Guadeloupe Archipelago. First, the DAP sequence of non-native Iguana is completely different from mainland animals, with reversed positions of the long and short head bobs. In the non-native Iguana, two long head-bobs (>1.0 s) separated by a highly variable pause (0.1 – 2.8 s) are followed by a series of 3–7 (up to 9) rapid head bobs (<0.5 s), is followed by one phase always with two longer. In native I. delicatissima, the DAP is always initiated with a vibratory gular movement of the extended dewlap in I. delicatissima, but not in the non-native Iguana. Duration of the DAP sequence is significantly shorter in non-native Iguana, always beginning with one singular long head bob (>1.5 s) followed by 3–6 more rapid head bobs. In addition, we observed significant among individual variation in all aspects of the DAP studied, indicating the potential for natural selection to further act on head-bob displays in the non-native and native species. This study now sets the stage to for future studies to determine if behaviour is a cause or consequence of invasion success.

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引用次数: 0

Thermal biology of Indian rock pythons in tropical India

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126241

C.S. Vishnu , Chinnasamy Ramesh , Merin Jacob, Vedagiri Thirumurugan , Gautam Talukdar

Temperature plays a crucial role in the physiology of snakes. However, only very limited studies on python thermal biology have been carried out in tropical regions. Here we recorded body temperature (BT) changes of the celomic cavity with respect to atmospheric temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) of five Indian Rock pythons Python molurus in the field. The monitoring of the pythons’ thermal ecology lasted throughout 2019 and 2020 and included all seasons i.e., monsoon, post-monsoon and summer. We tagged 13 Pythons with iButtons, but we were only able to retrieve data from five individuals. The AT and RH contributed significantly to the maintenance of the pythons’ BT. Generally, python BT positively related to the AT and negatively to RH i.e., an increasing AT led to an increasing python BT, while an increasing RH led to a decreasing BT. RH played a crucial role in python body temperature regulation; this could be attributed to the high humidity during the rainfall. Python BT varied inter-seasonally and individually, indicating that python BT varied according to the surrounding AT. However, BT differed between the sexes. Our study provides baseline information for further studies on how environmental factors affect the physiology of large -bodied snakes in tropical climates.

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引用次数: 0

The scent of habitat shift: Olfactory receptor evolution is associated with environmental transitions in turtles 栖息地变化的气味：海龟嗅觉受体的进化与环境变化有关。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126236

Alejandro Ibáñez , Joan Garcia-Porta

The transition between aquatic and terrestrial habitats leads to extreme structural changes in sensorial systems. Olfactory receptors (OR) are involved in the detection of odorant molecules both in water and on land. Therefore, ORs are affected by evolutionary habitat transitions experienced by organisms. In this study, we used turtles, a group of vertebrates which inhabit many distinct environments, to explore whether functional olfactory gene receptor repertoires are correlated to habitat. We found that the proportion of class I vs class II functional olfactory receptor genes (used for waterborne odorant detection and volatile odorant detection, respectively) was closely linked to habitat. Fully terrestrial turtles had the largest proportion of class II functional receptor genes while marine turtles had a larger proportion of class I receptor genes. Freshwater turtles had more balanced numbers of class I and class II functional receptor genes, but showed a gradient of OR type proportions likely reflecting species-specific amphibious preferences. Interestingly, freshwater turtles had by far the largest number of functional OR genes compared to those in other habitats, challenging the hypothesis that secondary adaptions to water may have reduced OR repertoires in amniotes. Our study provides novel results which shed new light on the relationship between chemical communication and habitat.

水生和陆地栖息地之间的过渡导致了感觉系统的极端结构变化。嗅觉感受器（OR）参与探测水中和陆地上的气味分子。因此，ORs受到生物体所经历的进化栖息地转变的影响。在这项研究中，我们以海龟这一生活在不同环境中的脊椎动物为研究对象，探讨了功能性嗅觉基因受体是否与栖息地相关。我们发现，ⅰ类和ⅱ类功能性嗅觉受体基因（分别用于水性气味检测和挥发性气味检测）的比例与生境密切相关。全陆龟的II类功能受体基因比例最大，海龟的I类功能受体基因比例较大。淡水龟的I类和II类功能受体基因数量较为平衡，但表现出OR型比例的梯度，可能反映了物种特有的两栖偏好。有趣的是，与其他栖息地的海龟相比，淡水海龟迄今为止拥有最多的功能性OR基因，这挑战了对水的二次适应可能减少羊膜中OR基因的假设。我们的研究提供了新的结果，为化学通讯与栖息地的关系提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

The role of intraspecific mechanical and chemical signaling for mate and sexual recognition in male Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) 种内机械和化学信号在雄蝎和雌雄识别中的作用。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126235

Hugo R. Barbosa-da-Silva , Wendel J.T. Pontes , André F.A. Lira , Daniela M.A.F. Navarro , Renato P. Salomão , Artur C.D. Maia

Hydrophobic compounds present in the cuticular wax layer (CWL) of terrestrial arthropods protect them from dehydration and are also involved in chemical communication. However, the role of CWL compounds in the behavioral ecology of scorpions has been studied less often, with most investigations focusing on their responses to mechanical stimuli. In this study, we aimed to characterize the CWL composition of Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and examine the influence of CWL solvent extracts and movement on intraspecific mate and sexual recognition by males of this species. We analyzed CWL hexane extracts of adult female and male T. pusillus by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In paired behavioral tests inside an experimental arena, we exposed adult males to i) live and intact dead conspecific females; ii) intact dead females and females without the CWL (removed with solvent washes); and iii) intact dead males with and without the CWL. Our results showed that CWL extracts of both female and male T. pusillus contained a series of linear alkanes (C21 – C34; > 54 % relative composition), as well as fatty acyls (> 9.5 %) and methyl-branched alkanes (> 9.1 %). Two unassigned C31 monomethyl-branched alkanes were exclusively identified in male CWL extracts (∼ 4.7 %), while female samples contained high relative concentrations (> 22.5 %) of sterol derivatives, present only as minor constituents in male samples. Male T. pusillus performed sexually-oriented behavioral acts when paired with both live and dead conspecific females, intact or without the CWL. However, they ignored conspecific dead males. Our results show that CWL compounds have a role in intraspecific sexual recognition by male T. pusillus but only the CWL compounds does not explain mate recognition.

疏水化合物存在于陆生节肢动物的表皮蜡层（CWL）中，保护它们免受脱水，并参与化学通讯。然而，CWL化合物在蝎子行为生态学中的作用研究较少，大多数研究集中在它们对机械刺激的反应上。在本研究中，我们旨在表征Tityus pusillus （Scorpiones, Buthidae）的CWL组成，并研究CWL溶剂提取物和运动对该物种雄性的种内交配和性别识别的影响。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析了成虫雌虫和雄虫的CWL己烷提取物。在实验场地内的配对行为测试中，我们将成年雄性暴露于i)活的和完整的死雌性；ii)完整的死雌鱼及没有白斑的雌鱼（用溶剂清洗去除）；iii)完整的雄性尸体，无论有无CWL。研究结果表明，雌性和雄性山菖蒲的CWL提取物均含有一系列线性烷烃(C21 ~ C34；> 54 %相对组成)，以及脂肪酰基（> 9.5 %）和甲基支链烷烃（> 9.1 %）。两种未分配的C31单甲基支链烷烃仅在男性CWL提取物中被鉴定出来（~ 4.7 %），而女性样品中含有较高的相对浓度（> 22.5 %）的甾醇衍生物，仅在男性样品中作为次要成分存在。无论是与活着的雌性还是死去的雌性配对，无论是完整的还是没有CWL的，雄T. pusillus都表现出性取向的行为。然而，他们忽略了同地域的雄性死亡。我们的研究结果表明，CWL化合物在雄瓢虫种内的性别识别中起作用，但仅CWL化合物不能解释配偶识别。

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引用次数: 0

Parasitism in coral reefs: Trophic ecology of crustacean ascothoracidan parasites and their coral hosts from Malaysia 珊瑚礁中的寄生：马来西亚甲壳类囊胸寄生虫及其珊瑚宿主的营养生态学。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126234

Anna K. Zalota , Alexandra S. Savchenko , Aleksei A. Miroliubov , Khor Waiho , Hanafiah Fazhan , Benny K.K. Chan , Gregory A. Kolbasov

Coral reefs house a great variety of symbiotic associations, including parasitism. One of the crucial issues in the host-symbiont interactions is the parasites’ feeding mode. Does the parasite/symbiont use the host’s tissues for nutrition, steal food from the host’s digestive system, or take food directly from the environment? However, most of the parasitism in corals is endosymbiotic (endoparasitic). Their trophic interactions are difficult to identify since they only occur in intact associations. This work uses stable isotope analysis (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen and morphological analysis to study the trophic relationship between the crustacean endoparasites, the Ascothoracida (genera Baccalaureus, Sessilogoga, and Zibrowia) and their various coral hosts ranging from Zoantharia (Palythoa) to Antipatharia (Antipathes), and Scleractinia (Dendrophyllia). The hosts belong to different coral taxa and obtain food from different sources, reflected in their stable isotope values. The SIA, supported by the morphological analysis, suggests that the Zibrowia parasite feeds directly on its Dendrophyllia host. Sessilogoga retains vagility within and around the black coral colony. It has typical generalized piercing mouth parts with numerous teeth and denticles. Sessilogoga may use antipatharian tissues for food directly as well as sucks food fluids from the host’s gastrovascular system. There is no clear trophic shift trend between Palythoa and its parasite Baccalaureus. Such differences exclude the possibility of the parasite feeding predominantly on its host’s tissues and suggest a broad spectrum of food sources. Thus, SIA reveals that endosymbiotic ascothoracidans may not always be true parasitic but also opportunistic feeders, which steal food directly from the host gastric cavity.

珊瑚礁容纳了各种各样的共生关系，包括寄生。寄主-共生体相互作用的关键问题之一是寄主的摄食方式。寄生虫/共生体是否利用宿主的组织获取营养，从宿主的消化系统窃取食物，还是直接从环境中获取食物？然而，大多数珊瑚寄生是内共生的（内寄生）。它们的营养相互作用很难确定，因为它们只发生在完整的关联中。本研究利用碳氮稳定同位素分析（SIA）和形态分析，研究了甲壳纲内寄生虫asco胸虫（Baccalaureus属、Sessilogoga属和Zibrowia属）与各种珊瑚宿主（Zoantharia （Palythoa）、Antipatharia （antipathas）和Scleractinia (dendrophylia)）之间的营养关系。寄主属于不同的珊瑚类群，获取食物的来源也不同，这反映在它们的稳定同位素值上。形态学分析支持的SIA表明，Zibrowia寄生虫直接以其寄主树endrophyllia为食。Sessilogoga在黑珊瑚群内部和周围保持着活力。它具有典型的全身穿刺口部，有许多牙齿和小齿。无尾虫可以直接使用抗病原体组织作为食物，也可以从宿主的胃血管系统吸收食物液体。Palythoa与其寄生的Baccalaureus之间没有明显的营养转移趋势。这些差异排除了寄生虫主要以宿主组织为食的可能性，并表明其食物来源范围很广。因此，SIA揭示了内共生的asco胸虫可能并不总是真正的寄生动物，也可能是机会性捕食者，它们直接从宿主的胃中窃取食物。

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引用次数: 0

Integrating a novel algorithm in assessing the impact of floods on the genetic diversity of a high commercial value fish (Cyprinidae: Spinibarbus sp.) in Lang Son province of Vietnam

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126240

Tuan Anh Trieu , Hau Duc Tran , Anh Ngoc Thi Do

Floods, which occur when the amount of precipitation surpasses the capacity of an area to drain it adequately, have detrimental consequences on the survival and future generations of fishes. However, few works have reported the prediction of this natural phenomenon in a relation to certain fish species, especially in fast-flowing rivers. In the specific context of the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, where the Spinibarbus sp. fish species resides, it has been observed through the current study that the fish population in Lang Son exhibits the lowest genetic diversity and genetic distance. Consequently, the population of Spinibarbus sp. in Lang Son shows a heightened susceptibility to floods, resulting in reduction in population size and compromised population resilience. In order to provide decision support information for managers, conservationists, and researchers, we have employed a genetic algorithm-support vector machine regression (GA-SVR) predictive model to map flood vulnerability using thirteen dependent variables. The study findings have unveiled a significant negative correlation between flood-sensitive regions and genetic diversity. These discoveries emphasize the significance of considering the impact of floods on the genetic diversity of Spinibarbus sp. in Lang Son through flood vulnerability mapping. This underscores the value of establishing a comprehensive framework based on the GA-SVR algorithm for early flood detection, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective measures to minimize damages and conserve this commercial fish species.

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引用次数: 0

Disruption of BMP and FGF signaling prior to blastema formation causes permanent bending and skeletal malformations in Poecilia latipinna tail fin 在囊胚形成之前，BMP和FGF信号的破坏会导致青豆尾鳍永久性弯曲和骨骼畸形。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126237

Isha Ranadive, Sonam Patel, Siddharth Pai, Kashmira Khaire, Suresh Balakrishnan

Teleost fish, such as Poecilia latipinna, exhibit remarkable regenerative capabilities, making them excellent models for studying tissue regrowth. They regenerate body parts like the tail fin through epimorphic regeneration, involving wound healing, blastema formation (a pool of proliferative cells), and tissue differentiation. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling pathways play crucial roles in this process, but their specific functions during blastema formation remain unclear. To explore this, BMP and FGF signaling were inhibited using targeted drug treatments prior to blastema formation in amputated tail fins. The treatment group of P. latipinna received drugs at set intervals, and analyses were conducted using skeletal staining, gene expression via quantitative real-time PCR, and protein analysis with Western blotting to assess blastema formation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and skeletal patterning. Dual inhibition of BMP and FGF pathways led to significant regenerative defects, including bent blastema and disrupted bone structure, along with downregulation of essential patterning genes like sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bmp2b. Additionally, ECM remodeling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were impaired, as shown by reduced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9), hindering cell migration and blastema stability. Cell proliferation was markedly decreased, as evidenced by reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, while apoptosis increased, with elevated markers like caspase 3 (casp3) and higher DNA fragmentation. These findings indicate that BMP and FGF signaling are essential for blastema formation and skeletal patterning, with their inhibition causing major regenerative abnormalities.

硬骨鱼，如拉丁Poecilia latipinna，表现出非凡的再生能力，使它们成为研究组织再生的优秀模型。它们通过表形再生再生身体部位，如尾鳍，包括伤口愈合，囊胚形成（增殖细胞池）和组织分化。骨形态发生蛋白（Bone Morphogenetic Protein， BMP）和成纤维细胞生长因子（Fibroblast Growth Factor， FGF）信号通路在这一过程中起着至关重要的作用，但它们在囊胚形成过程中的具体功能尚不清楚。为了探究这一点，我们在断肢尾鳍形成囊胚之前使用靶向药物抑制BMP和FGF信号。治疗组按一定时间间隔给药，通过骨骼染色、实时荧光定量PCR的基因表达、Western blotting的蛋白分析来评估囊胚形成、细胞外基质（extracellular matrix， ECM）重塑和骨骼模式。BMP和FGF通路的双重抑制导致了显著的再生缺陷，包括囊胚弯曲和骨结构破坏，以及基本模式基因如sonic hedgehog （Shh）和bmp2b的下调。此外，基质金属蛋白酶（MMP2和MMP9）的减少表明，ECM重塑和上皮-间质转化（EMT）受损，阻碍了细胞迁移和胚壁稳定性。细胞增殖能力明显下降，增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）表达和溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU）掺入减少，细胞凋亡增加，caspase 3 （casp3）等标志物升高，DNA片段化程度更高。这些发现表明，BMP和FGF信号对于胚质形成和骨骼模式至关重要，它们的抑制会导致主要的再生异常。

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引用次数: 0

Cranial variation across spiny pocket mice (Heteromys, Liomys) in new phylogenetic and taxonomic perspectives

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126238

Bader H. Alhajeri , Scott J. Steppan

Spiny pocket mice are usually divided into two genera, Heteromys and Liomys, and more recently the latter have been subsumed into the former, leaving subfamily Heteromyinae with one genus. However, this arrangement conveys false equivalency among heteromyines, and does not represent the great morphological, molecular, and ecological diversity in this subfamily. To address this, geometric morphometric methods were used to explore interspecific cranial variation in this subfamily, which were then evaluated in the context of recent phylogenetic and taxonomic findings. The dataset consisted of 65 landmarks on the crania of 328 adult voucher specimens (15 species, 114 localities). Allometry and habitat adaptation are potential explanations for some of the variation patterns. Morphometric clustering among some distant relatives suggests convergent adaptation to similar habitats. These results support recent taxonomic proposals for the subfamily based on molecular phylogenies, in which the three to four main lineages are assigned generic status. We summarize the evidence and describe their scaled cranial shape variation. These lineages consist of Heteromys as traditionally defined (i.e., not including Liomys) while the traditionally defined Liomys would be divided into the genera Schaeferia (S. adspersus + S. salvini), Liomys sensu stricto (L. irroratus), and potentially a fourth (new) undescribed/undiagnosed genus for L. pictus + L. spectabilis. The implications of the present study are that scaled cranial shape variation patterns align better with this modified taxonomy than earlier ones. Our results confirm the usefulness of geometric morphometrics in providing taxonomic insights in taxa that appear cryptic using traditional distance-based measurements.

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引用次数: 0