IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126234

Anna K. Zalota , Alexandra S. Savchenko , Aleksei A. Miroliubov , Khor Waiho , Hanafiah Fazhan , Benny K.K. Chan , Gregory A. Kolbasov

Coral reefs house a great variety of symbiotic associations, including parasitism. One of the crucial issues in the host-symbiont interactions is the parasites’ feeding mode. Does the parasite/symbiont use the host’s tissues for nutrition, steal food from the host’s digestive system, or take food directly from the environment? However, most of the parasitism in corals is endosymbiotic (endoparasitic). Their trophic interactions are difficult to identify since they only occur in intact associations. This work uses stable isotope analysis (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen and morphological analysis to study the trophic relationship between the crustacean endoparasites, the Ascothoracida (genera Baccalaureus, Sessilogoga, and Zibrowia) and their various coral hosts ranging from Zoantharia (Palythoa) to Antipatharia (Antipathes), and Scleractinia (Dendrophyllia). The hosts belong to different coral taxa and obtain food from different sources, reflected in their stable isotope values. The SIA, supported by the morphological analysis, suggests that the Zibrowia parasite feeds directly on its Dendrophyllia host. Sessilogoga retains vagility within and around the black coral colony. It has typical generalized piercing mouth parts with numerous teeth and denticles. Sessilogoga may use antipatharian tissues for food directly as well as sucks food fluids from the host’s gastrovascular system. There is no clear trophic shift trend between Palythoa and its parasite Baccalaureus. Such differences exclude the possibility of the parasite feeding predominantly on its host’s tissues and suggest a broad spectrum of food sources. Thus, SIA reveals that endosymbiotic ascothoracidans may not always be true parasitic but also opportunistic feeders, which steal food directly from the host gastric cavity.

珊瑚礁容纳了各种各样的共生关系，包括寄生。寄主-共生体相互作用的关键问题之一是寄主的摄食方式。寄生虫/共生体是否利用宿主的组织获取营养，从宿主的消化系统窃取食物，还是直接从环境中获取食物？然而，大多数珊瑚寄生是内共生的（内寄生）。它们的营养相互作用很难确定，因为它们只发生在完整的关联中。本研究利用碳氮稳定同位素分析（SIA）和形态分析，研究了甲壳纲内寄生虫asco胸虫（Baccalaureus属、Sessilogoga属和Zibrowia属）与各种珊瑚宿主（Zoantharia （Palythoa）、Antipatharia （antipathas）和Scleractinia (dendrophylia)）之间的营养关系。寄主属于不同的珊瑚类群，获取食物的来源也不同，这反映在它们的稳定同位素值上。形态学分析支持的SIA表明，Zibrowia寄生虫直接以其寄主树endrophyllia为食。Sessilogoga在黑珊瑚群内部和周围保持着活力。它具有典型的全身穿刺口部，有许多牙齿和小齿。无尾虫可以直接使用抗病原体组织作为食物，也可以从宿主的胃血管系统吸收食物液体。Palythoa与其寄生的Baccalaureus之间没有明显的营养转移趋势。这些差异排除了寄生虫主要以宿主组织为食的可能性，并表明其食物来源范围很广。因此，SIA揭示了内共生的asco胸虫可能并不总是真正的寄生动物，也可能是机会性捕食者，它们直接从宿主的胃中窃取食物。

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引用次数: 0

Disruption of BMP and FGF signaling prior to blastema formation causes permanent bending and skeletal malformations in Poecilia latipinna tail fin 在囊胚形成之前，BMP和FGF信号的破坏会导致青豆尾鳍永久性弯曲和骨骼畸形。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126237

Isha Ranadive, Sonam Patel, Siddharth Pai, Kashmira Khaire, Suresh Balakrishnan

Teleost fish, such as Poecilia latipinna, exhibit remarkable regenerative capabilities, making them excellent models for studying tissue regrowth. They regenerate body parts like the tail fin through epimorphic regeneration, involving wound healing, blastema formation (a pool of proliferative cells), and tissue differentiation. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling pathways play crucial roles in this process, but their specific functions during blastema formation remain unclear. To explore this, BMP and FGF signaling were inhibited using targeted drug treatments prior to blastema formation in amputated tail fins. The treatment group of P. latipinna received drugs at set intervals, and analyses were conducted using skeletal staining, gene expression via quantitative real-time PCR, and protein analysis with Western blotting to assess blastema formation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and skeletal patterning. Dual inhibition of BMP and FGF pathways led to significant regenerative defects, including bent blastema and disrupted bone structure, along with downregulation of essential patterning genes like sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bmp2b. Additionally, ECM remodeling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were impaired, as shown by reduced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9), hindering cell migration and blastema stability. Cell proliferation was markedly decreased, as evidenced by reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, while apoptosis increased, with elevated markers like caspase 3 (casp3) and higher DNA fragmentation. These findings indicate that BMP and FGF signaling are essential for blastema formation and skeletal patterning, with their inhibition causing major regenerative abnormalities.

硬骨鱼，如拉丁Poecilia latipinna，表现出非凡的再生能力，使它们成为研究组织再生的优秀模型。它们通过表形再生再生身体部位，如尾鳍，包括伤口愈合，囊胚形成（增殖细胞池）和组织分化。骨形态发生蛋白（Bone Morphogenetic Protein， BMP）和成纤维细胞生长因子（Fibroblast Growth Factor， FGF）信号通路在这一过程中起着至关重要的作用，但它们在囊胚形成过程中的具体功能尚不清楚。为了探究这一点，我们在断肢尾鳍形成囊胚之前使用靶向药物抑制BMP和FGF信号。治疗组按一定时间间隔给药，通过骨骼染色、实时荧光定量PCR的基因表达、Western blotting的蛋白分析来评估囊胚形成、细胞外基质（extracellular matrix， ECM）重塑和骨骼模式。BMP和FGF通路的双重抑制导致了显著的再生缺陷，包括囊胚弯曲和骨结构破坏，以及基本模式基因如sonic hedgehog （Shh）和bmp2b的下调。此外，基质金属蛋白酶（MMP2和MMP9）的减少表明，ECM重塑和上皮-间质转化（EMT）受损，阻碍了细胞迁移和胚壁稳定性。细胞增殖能力明显下降，增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）表达和溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU）掺入减少，细胞凋亡增加，caspase 3 （casp3）等标志物升高，DNA片段化程度更高。这些发现表明，BMP和FGF信号对于胚质形成和骨骼模式至关重要，它们的抑制会导致主要的再生异常。

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引用次数: 0

Integrating a novel algorithm in assessing the impact of floods on the genetic diversity of a high commercial value fish (Cyprinidae: Spinibarbus sp.) in Lang Son province of Vietnam 整合一种新的算法来评估洪水对越南谅山省一种高商业价值鱼类（鲤科：刺鱼科）遗传多样性的影响。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126240

Tuan Anh Trieu , Hau Duc Tran , Anh Ngoc Thi Do

Floods, which occur when the amount of precipitation surpasses the capacity of an area to drain it adequately, have detrimental consequences on the survival and future generations of fishes. However, few works have reported the prediction of this natural phenomenon in a relation to certain fish species, especially in fast-flowing rivers. In the specific context of the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, where the Spinibarbus sp. fish species resides, it has been observed through the current study that the fish population in Lang Son exhibits the lowest genetic diversity and genetic distance. Consequently, the population of Spinibarbus sp. in Lang Son shows a heightened susceptibility to floods, resulting in reduction in population size and compromised population resilience. In order to provide decision support information for managers, conservationists, and researchers, we have employed a genetic algorithm-support vector machine regression (GA-SVR) predictive model to map flood vulnerability using thirteen dependent variables. The study findings have unveiled a significant negative correlation between flood-sensitive regions and genetic diversity. These discoveries emphasize the significance of considering the impact of floods on the genetic diversity of Spinibarbus sp. in Lang Son through flood vulnerability mapping. This underscores the value of establishing a comprehensive framework based on the GA-SVR algorithm for early flood detection, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective measures to minimize damages and conserve this commercial fish species.

当降雨量超过一个地区的排水能力时，洪水就会发生，对鱼类的生存和后代产生不利影响。然而，很少有研究报告预测这种自然现象与某些鱼类的关系，特别是在湍急的河流中。在越南北部多山省份的特定背景下，通过目前的研究发现，谅山的鱼类种群表现出最低的遗传多样性和遗传距离。因此，谅山刺鲃种群对洪水的敏感性增加，导致种群规模减少，种群恢复力降低。为了给管理者、环保人士和研究人员提供决策支持信息，我们采用遗传算法-支持向量机回归（GA-SVR）预测模型，利用13个因变量绘制洪水脆弱性图。研究结果揭示了洪水敏感地区与遗传多样性之间的显著负相关。这些发现强调了通过洪水脆弱性制图来考虑洪水对谅山Spinibarbus sp.遗传多样性影响的重要性。这凸显了基于GA-SVR算法建立一个全面的早期洪水检测框架的价值，从而促进实施有效措施，以尽量减少损害和保护这种商业鱼类。

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引用次数: 0

Cranial variation across spiny pocket mice (Heteromys, Liomys) in new phylogenetic and taxonomic perspectives 从系统发育和分类的新角度看棘袋鼠（异鼠，异鼠）的颅骨变异。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126238

Bader H. Alhajeri , Scott J. Steppan

Spiny pocket mice are usually divided into two genera, Heteromys and Liomys, and more recently the latter have been subsumed into the former, leaving subfamily Heteromyinae with one genus. However, this arrangement conveys false equivalency among heteromyines, and does not represent the great morphological, molecular, and ecological diversity in this subfamily. To address this, geometric morphometric methods were used to explore interspecific cranial variation in this subfamily, which were then evaluated in the context of recent phylogenetic and taxonomic findings. The dataset consisted of 65 landmarks on the crania of 328 adult voucher specimens (15 species, 114 localities). Allometry and habitat adaptation are potential explanations for some of the variation patterns. Morphometric clustering among some distant relatives suggests convergent adaptation to similar habitats. These results support recent taxonomic proposals for the subfamily based on molecular phylogenies, in which the three to four main lineages are assigned generic status. We summarize the evidence and describe their scaled cranial shape variation. These lineages consist of Heteromys as traditionally defined (i.e., not including Liomys) while the traditionally defined Liomys would be divided into the genera Schaeferia (S. adspersus + S. salvini), Liomys sensu stricto (L. irroratus), and potentially a fourth (new) undescribed/undiagnosed genus for L. pictus + L. spectabilis. The implications of the present study are that scaled cranial shape variation patterns align better with this modified taxonomy than earlier ones. Our results confirm the usefulness of geometric morphometrics in providing taxonomic insights in taxa that appear cryptic using traditional distance-based measurements.

带刺口袋鼠通常分为两属，Heteromys和Liomys，最近后者被归入前者，留下一个属的亚科Heteromyinae。然而，这种排列传达了异胺类之间的虚假等同，并不能代表该亚科中巨大的形态、分子和生态多样性。为了解决这个问题，几何形态计量学方法被用来探索该亚科的种间颅骨变异，然后在最近的系统发育和分类发现的背景下进行评估。该数据集包括328个成年凭证标本（15个物种，114个地点）的65个颅标。异速生长和生境适应是一些变异模式的潜在解释。一些远亲的形态聚类表明对相似生境的趋同适应。这些结果支持了最近基于分子系统发育的亚科分类学建议，其中三到四个主要谱系被赋予了一般地位。我们总结了证据，并描述了他们的尺度颅骨形状的变化。这些谱系由传统定义的Heteromys组成（即，不包括Liomys），而传统定义的Liomys将分为Schaeferia属（S. adspersus + S. salvini）， Liomys sensu stricto (L. irroratus)，以及可能的第四个（新）未描述/未诊断的属L. pictus + L。海棠。本研究的意义是，与早期的分类相比，颅骨形状的变化模式更符合这种改进的分类。我们的结果证实了几何形态计量学在使用传统的基于距离的测量方法提供类群的分类见解方面的有用性。

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引用次数: 0

Seasonal dimorphism as an expression of sexual dimorphism: Influence of gonad maturity on the body shape of a rocky intertidal polyplacophoran 作为性二型的一种表现形式的季节性二型：性腺成熟度对岩石潮间带多浆藻体形的影响。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126224

Brenda Paola Ramirez-Santana , Isis Laura Alvarez-Garcia , Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda , Marcial Arellano-Martinez , Sandra Milena Ospina-Garcés

Seasonal dimorphism in the body shape of marine invertebrates has been poorly explored compared to vertebrates. We aim to investigate through traditional (body length/width ratio, dorsal elevation ratio and angle of elevation) and geometric (centroid size and shape geometric configurations) morphometrics the effect of gonad maturity (via the gonadosomatic index [GSI] and gonad development stages [GDS]) on changes in body shape in males and females of two latitudinally different populations of the broadcast-spawning intertidal mollusc Chiton articulatus. We confirmed that C. articulatus does not present external sexual dimorphism since sex does not have a significant effect on body shape (1 %); instead, dimorphism was seasonal and related to the reproductive season, and varied across populations, probably because in the subtropical zone additional energy is invested in shell (scleritome) bending at the same time as the gonad matures, which is opposite of what occurs in the tropical zone. C. articulatus shows a narrower body shape (i.e., diminished body width) during its gonad maturity compared to the rest of the GDS and is corroborated by a body length/width ratio that contributes the greatest variation in the geometric shape descriptors (18 %), just below the centroid size (24 %). The expression of centroid size differences shows a correspondence with the change in body dimensions expressed by the three morphometric ratios during gonad maturity. The use of traditional body ratios over time may be useful in polyplacophoran molluscs as a proxy tool to estimate gonad maturity and to provide a reliable indication of the reproductive season.

与脊椎动物相比，人们对海洋无脊椎动物体形的季节性二态性研究较少。我们的目的是通过传统（体长/宽比、背隆比和仰角）和几何（中心大小和形状几何构型）形态计量学方法，研究性腺成熟度（通过性腺发育指数[GSI]和性腺发育阶段[GDS]）对两种纬度不同的潮间带宽产卵软体动物 Chiton articulatus 雄性和雌性体形变化的影响。由于性别对体形没有显著影响（1%），我们证实了C. articulatus不存在外部性二形现象；相反，二形现象是季节性的，与繁殖季节有关，并且在不同种群之间存在差异，这可能是因为在亚热带地区，在性腺成熟的同时，额外的能量被投入到外壳（硬骨）的弯曲上，这与热带地区的情况相反。与其他 GDS 相比，C. articulatus 在性腺成熟期的体形较窄（即体宽减小），体长/体宽比也证实了这一点，该比值在几何形状描述因子中变化最大（18%），仅次于中心点尺寸（24%）。中心点大小差异的表现形式与性腺成熟期三种形态测量比率所表现的身体尺寸变化是一致的。在多孔软体动物中，随着时间的推移使用传统的身体比率可能是一种有用的替代工具，可用于估计性腺成熟度，并为生殖季节提供可靠的指示。

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引用次数: 0

Biotic factors as key determinants for ovarian and oothecal developmental plasticity of a tortoise beetle 生物因素是龟甲虫卵巢和卵巢发育可塑性的关键决定因素。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126225

Ruchita Shivprakash Tiwari , Lankesh Yashwant Bhaisare , Shivani Pathak , Bhupendra Kumar , Desh Deepak Chaudhary

Ovarian development in r-selected species is a highly dynamic process widely studied in various insect groups. An array of biotic and abiotic factors may influence it. So, the present investigation was to evaluate the impact of a female's age and mating status on the ovarian development, ootheca formation, body colour polymorphism, and fat content of the tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris (Fabricius). Females of a certain age and mating status were dissected to demonstrate changes in their ovarioles, lateral oviduct, accessory gland, elytral colour, fat body content, and body size. It was predicted that age or mating status would not affect the ovarian parameters like length and width of ovarioles, lateral oviducts, accessory glands, body size, fat body content, and elytral colour. However, the ootheca-forming modifications would be initiated by ageing and mating. The current study demonstrated the substantial effect of age and mating status on the growth of the accessory glands and ovarioles. On the other hand, fat body contents declined comparatively in multiply-mated females. Besides this, the beetle exhibits elytral colour polymorphism till sexual maturity. An accessory gland was exclusively detected in multiply-mated females. This discovery opens opportunities for further investigation into the precise function of the gland, which is likely involved in the formation of ootheca.

在各种昆虫类群中，R-选择物种的卵巢发育是一个被广泛研究的高度动态过程。一系列生物和非生物因素都可能对其产生影响。因此，本研究旨在评估雌虫的年龄和交配状况对龟甲金龟子（Aspidomorpha miliaris (Fabricius)）卵巢发育、花被形成、体色多态性和脂肪含量的影响。对一定年龄和交配状况的雌虫进行解剖，以显示其卵巢、侧输卵管、附属腺体、鳞片颜色、脂肪含量和体型的变化。据预测，年龄和交配状况不会影响卵巢参数，如卵泡的长度和宽度、侧输卵管、附属腺体、体型、脂肪体含量和雌蕊颜色。然而，卵巢形成的变化会随着年龄的增长和交配而开始。目前的研究表明，年龄和交配状况对附属腺体和卵巢的生长有很大影响。另一方面，多次交配的雌虫体内脂肪含量相对减少。此外，甲虫在性成熟前会表现出雌雄同体的多态性。在多交配的雌性甲虫中只发现了附属腺。这一发现为进一步研究该腺体的确切功能提供了机会，该腺体很可能参与了卵巢的形成。

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引用次数: 0

Can all snakes swim? A review of the evidence and testing species across phylogeny and morphological diversity 所有蛇都会游泳吗？证据综述以及跨系统发育和形态多样性的物种测试。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126223

Guillaume Fosseries , Anthony Herrel , Ramiro Godoy-Diana , Philippe Gaucher , Margo Traimond , Antoine Joris , Karim Daoues , Antoine Gouygou , Olivier Chateau , Hugues Gossuin , Pierre Banzept , Chany Banzept , Dimitri Lefebvre , Xavier Bonnet

Alternative hypotheses suggest that the reptiles at the origin of snakes were primarily either burrowing, terrestrial or marine. It is possible that the ability to swim varies between the major snake lineages and lifestyles; for example, the highly fossorial blind snakes (Scolecophidia), a lineage that emerged early in snake evolution over 100 My ago, may not be able to swim. However, it is sometimes stated that all snakes can swim suggesting that swimming ability may not be discriminatory. To find out whether this is true, we used a systematic search (PRISMA), including personal communications and information on websites. Of the 3951 species considered, no information was found for 89 % of all snakes. Of the 454 species for which information was found, 382 species were aquatic, only 62 were terrestrial, 6 were arboreal, and only 4 were burrowing. Moreover, almost all belonged to the speciose Colubroides (e.g. 58 % Colubridae, 20 % Elapidae). No reliable information was available for important early diverging lineages (e.g. Scolocophidia, Aniliidae). Faced with this lack of information, we filled in important phylogenetic gaps by testing the swimming capacity of 103 diverse snake species and 13 species of diverse limbed and limbless ectothermic tetrapod vertebrates (Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Gymnophiona). All tests were positive. The results show that, 1) all snakes for which information is available (525 species) appear to be able to swim, 2) this is a trait shared by many land vertebrates that undulate laterally. As swimming ability is non-discriminatory, we need to collect detailed measurements on the performance, kinematics and energetic efficiency of swimming snakes. It is also necessary to finely describe the ecology and morphology of the species studied to better understand form∼function relationships and the occupation of ecological niches in snakes.

另一种假说认为，蛇类起源时的爬行动物主要是穴居、陆生或海洋生物。例如，100 多万年前蛇类进化早期出现的高度化石盲蛇（Scolecophidia）可能不会游泳。不过，有时也有人说所有蛇类都会游泳，这表明游泳能力可能不具有歧视性。为了弄清这种说法是否属实，我们进行了系统搜索（PRISMA），包括个人通信和网站信息。在考虑的 3951 个物种中，89% 的蛇类未找到相关信息。在找到信息的 454 个物种中，382 个物种属于水生物种，只有 62 个物种属于陆生物种，6 个物种属于树栖物种，只有 4 个物种属于穴居物种。此外，几乎所有的物种都属于 Colubroides（例如，58 % 属于 Colubridae，20 % 属于 Elapidae）。对于重要的早期分化类群（如鲭科、蜓科），没有可靠的信息。面对这些信息的缺乏，我们通过测试 103 种不同蛇类和 13 种不同的有肢和无肢外温四足脊椎动物（Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Gymnophiona）的游泳能力，填补了重要的系统发育空白。所有测试结果均为阳性。结果表明：1）有资料可查的所有蛇类（525 种）似乎都会游泳；2）这是许多侧向起伏的陆地脊椎动物的共同特征。由于游泳能力是非歧视性的，我们需要收集有关游泳蛇的性能、运动学和能量效率的详细测量数据。此外，我们还需要详细描述所研究物种的生态学和形态学，以便更好地了解蛇类的形态∼功能关系以及对生态位的占据情况。

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引用次数: 0

The mechanistic origin of amber pigmentation of Perithemis tenera (Say, 1840) wings (Odonata: Libellulidae) and its function in conspecific signalling Perithemis tenera（Say，1840 年）翅膀琥珀色素沉积的机理起源及其在同种信号传递中的功能。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126226

RR Cezário , JGL de Almeida , PEC Peixoto , BD Wilts , RN Guillermo-Ferreira

Animal coloration serves various signaling and non-signaling functions. In damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata), such colors may not only play photoprotective and/or thermoregulatory roles but also serve as visual signals during courtship and/or agonistic interactions. Here, we analyzed the coloration of Perithemis tenera wings, a potential secondary sexual ornament, applying spectrophotometry and visual modeling to gain a deeper understanding of their color mechanisms and functions. The amber coloration of the P. tenera wings results from the interaction of light with both the melanized chitin matrix and possibly ommochrome pigments. Additionally, by fitting the absorbance curve of P. tenera wings to the extinction coefficient of different melanins, we deduced that pheomelanin is likely the pigment embedded in the wing’s chitinous matrix. The amber coloration of P. tenera wings stands out against their natural habitat, making it detectable by conspecifics. Finding multiple pigments in the P. tenera wings not only enhances our understanding of the functional roles of pigmentation in Odonata but also offer broader insights into how structural and pigment-based colorations evolve as multifunctional traits.

动物的色彩具有各种信号和非信号功能。在豆娘和蜻蜓（蜻蜓目）中，这些颜色不仅可能起到光保护和/或体温调节作用，还可能在求偶和/或雌雄互动过程中充当视觉信号。在这里，我们分析了Perithemis tenera翅膀的颜色，这是一种潜在的第二性装饰品，应用分光光度法和视觉建模深入了解其颜色机制和功能。P.tenera翅膀的琥珀色是光与黑色化几丁质基质以及可能的omochrome色素相互作用的结果。此外，通过将蝶翅的吸光度曲线与不同黑色素的消光系数进行拟合，我们推断嗜黑色素可能是嵌入蝶翅壳质基质中的色素。琥珀翅的琥珀色在其自然栖息地中格外显眼，因此能被同类发现。在P. tenera翅膀中发现多种色素不仅增强了我们对鸟类色素功能作用的了解，而且为我们深入了解结构性色素和基于色素的色素是如何进化成多功能性状提供了更广阔的视野。

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引用次数: 0

The hind limb of Octodontidae (Rodentia, Mammalia): Functional implications for substrate preferences 八齿兽科（啮齿目，哺乳纲）的后肢：对底质偏好的功能性影响。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126222

M. Julieta Pérez , Guillermo H. Cassini , M.Mónica Díaz

Octodontids are South American caviomorph rodents endemic to mesic and arid biomes displaying a wide range of substrate preferences, from terrestrial to subterranean habits. However, the hind limb morphology of these rodents remain relatively poorly understudied, particularly from an ecomorphological perspective. To investigate the association between hind limb morphology and substrate preference—epigean, semifossorial, fossorial, and subterranean— this study analyzed six skeletal measurements of femur and tibia, along with five morphological indices. We employed phylogenetic mapping, allometry, and multivariate analyses (Phylogentic Flexible Discriminant and Principal Component analyses) on log-transformed variables and indices. The results suggest that the epigeans and subterraneans possess hind limb skeletal features that enhance their mechanical capabilities, which are advantageous for their respective lifestyles. However, in the absence of clear behavioral adaptations or associations, the functional habits of Octodontidae do not requires significant structural modifications of the proximal bones of the hind limbs. These results indicate that understanding the form-function relationship in octodontids requires direct field or laboratory observations of behavior and environmental interactions, highlighting the limitations of current research without such data.

八齿啮齿目动物是南美洲特有的腔肠动物，生活在中度和干旱的生物群落中，对底质的喜好范围很广，从陆生到地下都有。然而，对这些啮齿动物后肢形态的研究相对较少，特别是从生态形态学的角度来看。为了研究后肢形态与底质偏好（麋鹿型、半化石型、化石型和地下型）之间的关联，本研究分析了股骨和胫骨的六种骨骼测量值以及五种形态指数。我们对经过对数变换的变量和指数进行了系统进化图谱分析、异构分析和多元分析（系统论灵活判别分析和主成分分析）。结果表明，蜉蝣类和亚蜉蝣类的后肢骨骼具有增强其机械能力的特征，这对它们各自的生活方式是有利的。然而，由于缺乏明显的行为适应或关联，八齿兽科的功能习性并不要求对后肢近端骨骼进行重大的结构改造。这些结果表明，要了解八齿兽的形态-功能关系，需要对行为和环境相互作用进行直接的野外或实验室观察，这突出了目前研究在缺乏此类数据情况下的局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Unusual body division and epithelium structure in unusual phoronid Phoronis embryolabi 异常噬人鱼 Phoronis embryolabi 的异常身体分裂和上皮结构

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126221

Elena Temereva

Phoronida is a small phylum of benthic marine invertebrates that can occur in large numbers globally. The study of phoronid morphology and anatomy is important for understanding phoronid biology and the function of benthic communities dominated by phoronids. Because all phoronids are tube-living animals, the study of the morphology and ultrastructure of the body wall is an important step toward understanding the processes of the tube formation, growth, and renovation. This study used epoxy histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to describe the body regionalization and ultrastructure of the body wall epithelium of the unusual Phoronis embryolabi, which lives as a commensal in burrows of digging shrimps. The trunk of P. embryolabi consists of 8 zones, which are clearly distinguishable in living individuals. These zones are as follows: long head region, median sphincter with its three different parts (waist, upper and lower), muscular region, reproductive region, zone 7, and ampulla. Such body division can correlate with specificity of life style of P. embryolabi. The ultrastructure of the epithelium of all zones differ from each other in thickness, set and abundance of gland cells, structure of the extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelium, and abundance of neurites. The capacity and distribution of glandular cells correlate with tube formation and remodelling. Bacteria of two different types are described along body wall of all parts of the trunk; reciprocally advantageous phoronid-bacteria interaction is suggested. Our data suggest that P. embryolabi is able to build the tube at the anterior end rather than at the posterior end, as previously suggested for other phoronid species. At the same time, the certain mechanism of phoronid tube growth and remodelling is still unknown for phoronids as well as for many other tube-living invertebrates.

噬孔虫是一种小型的底栖海洋无脊椎动物门，可在全球范围内大量出现。研究噬菌体的形态和解剖结构对于了解噬菌体的生物学特性和以噬菌体为主的底栖群落的功能非常重要。由于所有噬人鱼都是管栖动物，因此研究体壁的形态和超微结构是了解管的形成、生长和翻新过程的重要一步。本研究利用环氧组织学、扫描和透射电子显微镜描述了以共生体形式生活在掘地对虾洞穴中的不寻常的 Phoronis embryolabi 的身体区域化和体壁上皮的超微结构。embryolabi 的躯干由 8 个区域组成，在活体上可以清晰区分。这些区域如下：长头区、中间括约肌及其三个不同部分（腰部、上部和下部）、肌肉区、生殖区、第 7 区和安瓿。这种体型划分与胚乳藻生活方式的特异性有关。各区上皮的超微结构在厚度、腺细胞的集合和数量、上皮下细胞外基质的结构以及神经元的数量等方面都有所不同。腺细胞的能力和分布与管道的形成和重塑有关。躯干所有部位的体壁上都有两种不同类型的细菌；这表明噬菌体与细菌之间存在互利的相互作用。我们的数据表明，P. embryolabi 能够在前端而不是后端形成管道，这与之前其他噬菌体物种的情况相同。同时，对于噬菌体以及许多其他管栖无脊椎动物来说，噬菌体管的生长和重塑的特定机制仍然是未知的。

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