IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126268

María Eugenia Scardamaglia, Karine Delevati Colpo

Competition is an interaction between individuals, either of the same species (intraspecific) or different species (interspecific), involving the contest for limited resources. This interaction can influence individual growth, reproduction, and survival, playing a critical role in regulating population dynamics and modulating community structures. In this study, we assessed the impact of competition type (intraspecific and interspecific) and competition pressure (low and high) on the coexistence of juvenile individuals of two sympatric prawn species commonly found in freshwater environments of South America: Palaemon argentinus and Macrobrachium borellii. To this end, we developed an experimental design to assess how different competition types and pressures affect the survival and growth rates of juveniles of both species, their frequency of use of the provided substrates and shelters, and their priority in obtaining food. The results showed that both the competition type and pressure influenced how these species coexist in experimental aquaria. High-pressure competition affected the survival of both species, with interspecific competition mainly impacting on the survival of P. argentinus and intraspecific competition mainly impacting on the survival of M. borellii. Macrobrachium borellii proved to be the dominant prawn because, under interspecific competition, this species showed higher survival rate, displaced P. argentinus from the spaces and substrates previously used, and secured food before P. argentinus when competitive pressure was high. However, the growth rate of both species was unaffected by either the competition type or pressure. This study provides insights into how competition can influence the ecological dynamics of these sympatric prawn species.

竞争是同一物种（种内）或不同物种（种间）个体之间的相互作用，涉及对有限资源的争夺。这种相互作用可以影响个体的生长、繁殖和生存，在调节种群动态和调节群落结构方面起着关键作用。在本研究中，我们评估了竞争类型（种内和种间）和竞争压力（低和高）对南美洲淡水环境中常见的两种同域对虾（Palaemon argentinus和Macrobrachium borellii）幼虾共存的影响。为此，我们开发了一个实验设计，以评估不同的竞争类型和压力如何影响这两个物种的幼鱼的生存和生长速度，它们对所提供的基质和庇护所的使用频率，以及它们获得食物的优先权。结果表明，竞争类型和压力对这些物种在实验水族箱中的共存有影响。高压竞争对两种植物的生存均有影响，种间竞争主要影响阿根廷扁蝽的生存，种内竞争主要影响博雷利扁蝽的生存。在种间竞争中，博氏沼虾表现出更高的成活率，取代了阿根廷沼虾原有的空间和基质，在竞争压力大的情况下，比阿根廷沼虾更早获得食物。然而，两种植物的生长速率都不受竞争类型和压力的影响。这项研究为竞争如何影响这些同域对虾物种的生态动态提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Embryonic behavior and skeletogenesis in developing skate Okamejei kenojei 滑鱼发育过程中的胚胎行为和骨骼发生

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126270

Guang Gao , Bingxin Guan , Guangbin Shao , Jiawei Zhang , Zhizhong Xiao , Kun Wang

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates and chimaeras) exhibit diverse behavioral patterns and unique endoskeleton, which provide insights into their ecological adaptations and evolution. However, research on the development of cartilaginous fish is still limited. To evaluate the relationship between embryonic behavior and cartilage development in cartilaginous fishes, the developing Okamejei kenojei was analyzed through behavioral, anatomical, and histological approaches, with an atlas of embryonic behavior and skeletal morphology. The result shows that the behavior of skate embryos evolves from early rhythmic movements to vigilance behavior to external stimuli. Data from Alcian blue and Alizarin red staining and histology sections showed that the vertebrae are the earliest regions to mineralize, with the mineralization process starting at the neural arch area and expanding along the body axis. In the anterior area, mineralized structures spread along the synarcual and neurocranium towards the pectoral fins and fin rays. Interestingly, a novel branching pattern of fin rays was observed in the pectoral fins of embryonic O. kenojei, characterized by the inward growth of the perichondrium into the cartilage element, potentially linked to the morphogenesis of the skate's pectoral fins. Additionally, this study provides a set of open-source morphological data for O. kenojei, which will serve as a valuable reference for marine animal conservation and evolutionary developmental biology.

软骨鱼类（鲨鱼、冰鱼和嵌合体）表现出多样化的行为模式和独特的内骨骼，这为他们的生态适应和进化提供了见解。然而，对软骨鱼类发育的研究仍然有限。为了研究软骨鱼类的胚胎行为与软骨发育之间的关系，对发育中的Okamejei kenojei进行了行为学、解剖学和组织学分析，并绘制了胚胎行为和骨骼形态图谱。结果表明，冰鱼胚胎的行为由早期的节律性运动演变为对外界刺激的警觉行为。阿利新蓝和茜素红染色及组织切片显示，椎骨是矿化最早的区域，矿化过程从神经弓区开始，沿体轴扩展。在前部，矿化结构沿椎间骨和神经头盖骨向胸鳍和鳍线扩散。有趣的是，在O. kenojei胚胎的胸鳍中观察到一种新的鳍鳍分支模式，其特征是软骨膜向内生长为软骨元素，可能与鳐胸鳍的形态发生有关。此外，本研究还提供了一套开放源代码的kenojei形态数据，为海洋动物保护和进化发育生物学提供了有价值的参考。

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引用次数: 0

Ontogenetic trajectories and sexual dimorphism of a neotropical ground snake genus Erythrolamprus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) 一种新热带地蛇属的个体发育轨迹和两性二态性（蛇纲：地蛇科）

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126248

Daniel Silva Fernandes , Cristiane Barros Régis

Allometry and sexual dimorphism are potential sources of intraspecific morphological variation. Advances in the methodological framework of geometric morphometrics allow in-depth analysis of these issues, enabling the descriptions and comparisons between groups of multivariate phenotypic attributes and the visualization of allometric trajectories. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of secondary sexual dimorphism in Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi, a semi-aquatic snake occurring in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We assessed linear body measurements and digitized landmarks in the dorsal view of the head of 107 specimens grouped into four categories combining ontogenetic stages and sex. We performed linear models and principal component analyses to estimate and visualize head shape variation and the allometric trajectories of these categories. Adults from both sexes and immature females showed significant static allometry, while immature males showed isometric growth. Although we recovered no sexual dimorphism for head shape, ontogenetic trajectories of both sexes are distinct, with females showing head shape variation throughout ontogenetic development, while males exhibited more conspicuous changes only after sexual maturity. Comparisons with literature data suggest a high degree of variation in ontogenetic allometry of snakes, depending on the phylogenetic group or structure (head/skull) analyzed, while the results for static allometry are more similar between the studied taxa. Only the collection of data on distinct groups of snakes will provide more clues as to whether there is any allometric pattern to these structures, and which factors (evolutionary, ecological or both) are prevalent over it, especially for ontogenetic allometry.

异形和性二态是种内形态变异的潜在来源。几何形态计量学方法框架的进步允许对这些问题进行深入分析，从而能够描述和比较多变量表型属性组之间的差异，并可视化异长轨迹。在本研究中，我们评估了巴西东南部大西洋森林中的一种半水栖蛇类 Erythrolamprus miliaris merremi 是否存在第二性异形。我们评估了 107 个标本的身体线性测量值和头部背面的数字化地标，并将其分为四个类别，结合了个体发育阶段和性别。我们通过线性模型和主成分分析来估计和观察这些类别的头型变化和异速轨迹。成年雌雄个体均表现出显著的静态异长，而未成熟雄体则表现出等距生长。虽然我们没有发现头型的性别二态性，但雌雄个体的个体发育轨迹是不同的，雌性个体在整个个体发育过程中都表现出头型的变化，而雄性个体只有在性成熟后才表现出更明显的变化。与文献数据的比较表明，蛇类的个体发育几何学差异很大，这取决于所分析的系统发育类群或结构（头部/头骨），而所研究类群之间的静态几何学结果较为相似。只有收集不同蛇类群的数据，才能提供更多线索，说明这些结构是否存在任何几何模式，以及哪些因素（进化因素、生态因素或两者兼而有之）对其起主导作用，特别是对个体发育的几何模式。

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引用次数: 0

Maternal and social status affect hair cortisol concentrations in brown bears 母性和社会地位影响棕熊毛发中的皮质醇浓度

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126257

Marcello Franchini , Ashlee J. Mikkelsen , Agnieszka Sergiel , Nuria Selva , David M. Janz , Jonas Kindberg , Andreas Zedrosser

Hair cortisol concentration is affected by different biological factors, including age, sex, and reproductive status, and can provide important insights into fitness. Using cortisol concentrations of wild Scandinavian brown bears, Ursus arctos, the purpose of this study was to investigate cortisol variations among individuals in relation to age, sex, and reproductive status (solitary individuals vs individuals in a family group). Cortisol concentrations were measured in 448 hair samples of 303 brown bears (162 males and 141 females, from one to nine years of age) captured from 1990 to 2016. We found that members of family groups, i.e., mothers as well as their dependent offspring, had significantly higher cortisol concentrations compared to solitary individuals (males or females). Higher energetic costs in family groups are likely linked to growth of the offspring as well as maternal costs incurred by the rearing of offspring. Our findings provide valuable insights into the physiological effects of maternal care and reproductive status in mammals.

毛发皮质醇浓度受不同生物因素的影响，包括年龄、性别和生殖状态，并能提供重要的健康信息。利用野生斯堪的纳维亚棕熊（Ursus arctos）的皮质醇浓度，本研究的目的是调查皮质醇在个体之间与年龄、性别和生殖状态（单独个体与家庭群体中的个体）相关的变化。在1990年至2016年捕获的303只棕熊（162只雄性和141只雌性，年龄从1岁到9岁）的448个毛发样本中测量了皮质醇浓度。我们发现，家庭群体的成员，即母亲及其依赖的后代，与单独的个体（雄性或雌性）相比，皮质醇浓度明显更高。家庭群体中较高的能量消耗可能与后代的成长以及抚养后代所产生的母亲成本有关。我们的研究结果为哺乳动物的母性护理和生殖状态的生理影响提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Altitude correlates with dorsal −but not ventral− scale number and dimension in a lacertid lizard 海拔高度与肩蜥背部鳞片的数量和尺寸相关，而与腹侧鳞片无关

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126249

Marco Sannolo , Raquel Ponti

The primary function of the keratinised skin of squamates is modulating heat load, reducing water loss rates and protecting from abrasion. Furthermore, reptilian scale size and shape variation have also been observed depending on the habitat and associated environmental conditions. However, how climate can modulate intraspecific scale characteristics of reptile species in temperate regions is still a subject of debate. Here, we investigate the potential correlation between climate and lizard scalation for a European lacertid lizard. From 221 museum collection specimens of Podarcis muralis, we recorded body measurements and sex information and counted the number and size of dorsal scales and the number of ventral scales per individual. We obtained each specimens’ capture location information from which we extracted environmental data like temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and altitude. We found that individuals that inhabited higher elevations tended to have fewer and larger dorsal scales than those from lowlands, as a potential adaptation to decrease water loss in arid and windy environments. We did not find a correlation between the number of ventral scales and environmental conditions, except for wind speed. This study uncovers an intraspecific adaptive mechanism in an environment gradient that is key to understanding species' potential adaptation to future climatic conditions.

有鳞类动物角质化皮肤的主要功能是调节热负荷、降低失水率和防止磨损。此外，根据栖息地和相关环境条件的不同，爬行动物的鳞片大小和形状也会发生变化。然而，气候如何调节温带地区爬行动物种内的鳞片特征仍是一个争论的话题。在此，我们研究了欧洲一种漆蜥的气候与蜥蜴鳞片之间的潜在相关性。我们从 221 个博物馆收藏的 Podarcis muralis 标本中记录了身体尺寸和性别信息，并统计了每个个体的背鳞数量、尺寸和腹鳞数量。我们获得了每个标本的捕获地点信息，并从中提取了温度、降水、湿度、风速、太阳辐射和海拔等环境数据。我们发现，居住在海拔较高地区的个体背鳞往往比居住在低洼地区的个体更少、更大，这可能是为了适应干旱多风的环境，减少水分流失。除风速外，我们没有发现腹鳞数量与环境条件之间存在相关性。这项研究揭示了环境梯度中的种内适应机制，这对了解物种对未来气候条件的潜在适应性至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

To the roots: reconstruction of the ancestral state of the dorid feeding apparatus 归根溯源：重建鸟类饲养器具的祖先状态

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126256

Anna L. Mikhlina , Irina A. Ekimova , Dimitry M. Schepetov , Ángel Valdés , Elena V. Vortsepneva

Diet-driven ecological radiation has been proposed as a key factor in the diversification of Nudibranchia. Members of Doridina, one of the two major clades of nudibranchs, have a remarkably wide range of dietary preferences. The morphology of the feeding apparatus is related to prey preferences and feeding mechanisms. Therefore, the investigation of the evolutionary changes in the morphology of the feeding apparatus can provide valuable insights into the evolution of Doridina. Recent significant changes in our understanding of the phylogeny of Doridina have highlighted the need to re-evaluate current hypotheses on the evolution of the buccal armature morphology and correlated dietary shifts in this group. To address this, we compiled and analysed a comprehensive dataset that combined phylogenetic and morphological data to reconstruct the evolution of the buccal armature in Doridina. We also review the feeding biology of various groups of dorids to provide a deeper view of the evolution of the morphology of the feeding apparatus. We hypothesised the plesiomorphic conditions of the buccal armature for each large clade of Doridina and for the entire group. Within Doridina, there is a strong phylogenetic correlation with prey preference as major changes in the diet preferences of several clades led to significant transformations in radular morphology. We also discovered several cases of retention of plesiomorphic radular morphology and feeding mechanisms in different phylogenetic lineages of Doridina.

饮食驱动的生态辐射被认为是海颌目生物多样化的关键因素。裸鳃纲的两个主要分支之一，Doridina的成员有非常广泛的饮食偏好。捕食器的形态与猎物偏好和捕食机制有关。因此，研究摄食器形态的进化变化可以为飞鱼的进化提供有价值的见解。最近我们对Doridina系统发育的理解发生了重大变化，这突出表明需要重新评估目前关于该群体颊枢骨形态进化和相关饮食变化的假设。为了解决这个问题，我们编制并分析了一个综合数据集，结合系统发育和形态数据来重建Doridina颊枢的进化。我们还回顾了不同群体的穴居人的摄食生物学，以提供对摄食装置形态进化的更深入的看法。我们假设了Doridina的每个大分支和整个群体的颊枢枢的半形性条件。在Doridina中，有很强的系统发育相关性与猎物偏好有关，因为几个分支的饮食偏好的重大变化导致了radular形态的显著转变。在不同的系统发育谱系中，我们还发现了一些多形根状形态的保留和摄食机制。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal biology of Indian rock pythons in tropical India 热带印度岩蟒的热生物学

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126241

C.S. Vishnu , Chinnasamy Ramesh , Merin Jacob, Vedagiri Thirumurugan , Gautam Talukdar

Temperature plays a crucial role in the physiology of snakes. However, only very limited studies on python thermal biology have been carried out in tropical regions. Here we recorded body temperature (BT) changes of the celomic cavity with respect to atmospheric temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) of five Indian Rock pythons Python molurus in the field. The monitoring of the pythons’ thermal ecology lasted throughout 2019 and 2020 and included all seasons i.e., monsoon, post-monsoon and summer. We tagged 13 Pythons with iButtons, but we were only able to retrieve data from five individuals. The AT and RH contributed significantly to the maintenance of the pythons’ BT. Generally, python BT positively related to the AT and negatively to RH i.e., an increasing AT led to an increasing python BT, while an increasing RH led to a decreasing BT. RH played a crucial role in python body temperature regulation; this could be attributed to the high humidity during the rainfall. Python BT varied inter-seasonally and individually, indicating that python BT varied according to the surrounding AT. However, BT differed between the sexes. Our study provides baseline information for further studies on how environmental factors affect the physiology of large -bodied snakes in tropical climates.

温度对蛇的生理机能起着至关重要的作用。然而，对热带地区蟒蛇热生物学的研究非常有限。本文记录了野外5种印度岩蟒的体腔温度随大气温度和相对湿度的变化。对蟒蛇热生态的监测持续了整个2019年和2020年，包括所有季节，即季风、季风后和夏季。我们用iButtons标记了13条蟒蛇，但我们只能从5个人那里检索到数据。温度和相对湿度对蟒蛇的体温维持有显著的促进作用，蟒蛇的体温与温度呈正相关，与相对湿度呈负相关，即温度的增加导致蟒蛇的体温增加，相对湿度的增加导致蟒蛇的体温下降，相对湿度对蟒蛇体温的调节起着至关重要的作用；这可能归因于降雨期间的高湿度。蟒蛇BT随季节变化和个体变化，表明蟒蛇BT随周围AT变化。然而，BT在两性之间存在差异。我们的研究为进一步研究环境因素如何影响热带气候下大型蛇的生理提供了基础信息。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative display behaviour of the native Iguana delicatissima with the non-native Iguana in the Guadeloupe Archipelago (Lesser Antilles) 瓜德罗普群岛（小安的列斯群岛）原生鬣蜥与非原生鬣蜥展示行为的比较

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2025.126239

Vincent L. Bels , Clément Brousse , Eric Pelle , Jérôme Guerlotté , Marie-Ange Pierre , Florence Kirchhoff , Peter A. Biro

Territorial and mating displays are a key mechanism affecting sexual selection, species recognition, and may affect success of non-native species in the presence of closely related ones. The green Iguana (Iguana iguana) has invaded Caribbean islands from their mainland range, affecting and possibly inter-breeding with native Iguana. However, important display behaviours have not been studied, even though it may be a rare opportunity to study adaptation and evolutionary change. Here, we describe the display-action-patterns (DAP) characterising the head-bob display of the two Iguana species of the Caribbean islands Iguana delicatissima (endemic Lesser Antillean Iguana) and non-native Iguana (closely related non-native species) in the Guadeloupe Archipelago. First, the DAP sequence of non-native Iguana is completely different from mainland animals, with reversed positions of the long and short head bobs. In the non-native Iguana, two long head-bobs (>1.0 s) separated by a highly variable pause (0.1 – 2.8 s) are followed by a series of 3–7 (up to 9) rapid head bobs (<0.5 s), is followed by one phase always with two longer. In native I. delicatissima, the DAP is always initiated with a vibratory gular movement of the extended dewlap in I. delicatissima, but not in the non-native Iguana. Duration of the DAP sequence is significantly shorter in non-native Iguana, always beginning with one singular long head bob (>1.5 s) followed by 3–6 more rapid head bobs. In addition, we observed significant among individual variation in all aspects of the DAP studied, indicating the potential for natural selection to further act on head-bob displays in the non-native and native species. This study now sets the stage to for future studies to determine if behaviour is a cause or consequence of invasion success.

领地和交配展示是影响性选择、物种识别的关键机制，并可能影响近亲存在的非本地物种的成功。绿鬣蜥（鬣蜥）已经从其大陆范围入侵加勒比岛屿，影响并可能与本地鬣蜥杂交。然而，重要的展示行为尚未被研究，尽管这可能是研究适应和进化变化的难得机会。在这里，我们描述了加勒比海岛屿鬣蜥delicatissima（特有种小安的列斯鬣蜥）和瓜德罗普群岛的非本土鬣蜥（密切相关的非本土物种）的两种鬣蜥的头部-动作模式（DAP）特征。首先，非本土鬣蜥的DAP序列与大陆动物完全不同，长头和短头的位置相反。在非本地鬣蜥中，两次长头跳动（>；1.0 秒）被一个高度可变的暂停（0.1 - 2.8 秒）分开，然后是一系列3-7次（最多9次）快速头跳动（<；0.5 秒），然后是一个阶段，总是有两个更长的阶段。在原生鬣蜥中，DAP总是由鬣蜥延伸的垂毛的振动规律运动开始，但在非原生鬣蜥中则不是这样。在非本地鬣蜥中，DAP序列的持续时间明显更短，总是以一个单一的长头摆动（>1.5 s）开始，然后是3-6 更快速的头摆动。此外，我们观察到DAP在各个方面的个体差异都很显著，这表明自然选择可能进一步影响非本地和本地物种的头摇展示。这项研究现在为未来的研究奠定了基础，以确定行为是入侵成功的原因还是结果。

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引用次数: 0

The scent of habitat shift: Olfactory receptor evolution is associated with environmental transitions in turtles 栖息地变化的气味：海龟嗅觉受体的进化与环境变化有关。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126236

Alejandro Ibáñez , Joan Garcia-Porta

The transition between aquatic and terrestrial habitats leads to extreme structural changes in sensorial systems. Olfactory receptors (OR) are involved in the detection of odorant molecules both in water and on land. Therefore, ORs are affected by evolutionary habitat transitions experienced by organisms. In this study, we used turtles, a group of vertebrates which inhabit many distinct environments, to explore whether functional olfactory gene receptor repertoires are correlated to habitat. We found that the proportion of class I vs class II functional olfactory receptor genes (used for waterborne odorant detection and volatile odorant detection, respectively) was closely linked to habitat. Fully terrestrial turtles had the largest proportion of class II functional receptor genes while marine turtles had a larger proportion of class I receptor genes. Freshwater turtles had more balanced numbers of class I and class II functional receptor genes, but showed a gradient of OR type proportions likely reflecting species-specific amphibious preferences. Interestingly, freshwater turtles had by far the largest number of functional OR genes compared to those in other habitats, challenging the hypothesis that secondary adaptions to water may have reduced OR repertoires in amniotes. Our study provides novel results which shed new light on the relationship between chemical communication and habitat.

水生和陆地栖息地之间的过渡导致了感觉系统的极端结构变化。嗅觉感受器（OR）参与探测水中和陆地上的气味分子。因此，ORs受到生物体所经历的进化栖息地转变的影响。在这项研究中，我们以海龟这一生活在不同环境中的脊椎动物为研究对象，探讨了功能性嗅觉基因受体是否与栖息地相关。我们发现，ⅰ类和ⅱ类功能性嗅觉受体基因（分别用于水性气味检测和挥发性气味检测）的比例与生境密切相关。全陆龟的II类功能受体基因比例最大，海龟的I类功能受体基因比例较大。淡水龟的I类和II类功能受体基因数量较为平衡，但表现出OR型比例的梯度，可能反映了物种特有的两栖偏好。有趣的是，与其他栖息地的海龟相比，淡水海龟迄今为止拥有最多的功能性OR基因，这挑战了对水的二次适应可能减少羊膜中OR基因的假设。我们的研究提供了新的结果，为化学通讯与栖息地的关系提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

The role of intraspecific mechanical and chemical signaling for mate and sexual recognition in male Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) 种内机械和化学信号在雄蝎和雌雄识别中的作用。

IF 1.6 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoology

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126235

Hugo R. Barbosa-da-Silva , Wendel J.T. Pontes , André F.A. Lira , Daniela M.A.F. Navarro , Renato P. Salomão , Artur C.D. Maia

Hydrophobic compounds present in the cuticular wax layer (CWL) of terrestrial arthropods protect them from dehydration and are also involved in chemical communication. However, the role of CWL compounds in the behavioral ecology of scorpions has been studied less often, with most investigations focusing on their responses to mechanical stimuli. In this study, we aimed to characterize the CWL composition of Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and examine the influence of CWL solvent extracts and movement on intraspecific mate and sexual recognition by males of this species. We analyzed CWL hexane extracts of adult female and male T. pusillus by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In paired behavioral tests inside an experimental arena, we exposed adult males to i) live and intact dead conspecific females; ii) intact dead females and females without the CWL (removed with solvent washes); and iii) intact dead males with and without the CWL. Our results showed that CWL extracts of both female and male T. pusillus contained a series of linear alkanes (C21 – C34; > 54 % relative composition), as well as fatty acyls (> 9.5 %) and methyl-branched alkanes (> 9.1 %). Two unassigned C31 monomethyl-branched alkanes were exclusively identified in male CWL extracts (∼ 4.7 %), while female samples contained high relative concentrations (> 22.5 %) of sterol derivatives, present only as minor constituents in male samples. Male T. pusillus performed sexually-oriented behavioral acts when paired with both live and dead conspecific females, intact or without the CWL. However, they ignored conspecific dead males. Our results show that CWL compounds have a role in intraspecific sexual recognition by male T. pusillus but only the CWL compounds does not explain mate recognition.

疏水化合物存在于陆生节肢动物的表皮蜡层（CWL）中，保护它们免受脱水，并参与化学通讯。然而，CWL化合物在蝎子行为生态学中的作用研究较少，大多数研究集中在它们对机械刺激的反应上。在本研究中，我们旨在表征Tityus pusillus （Scorpiones, Buthidae）的CWL组成，并研究CWL溶剂提取物和运动对该物种雄性的种内交配和性别识别的影响。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析了成虫雌虫和雄虫的CWL己烷提取物。在实验场地内的配对行为测试中，我们将成年雄性暴露于i)活的和完整的死雌性；ii)完整的死雌鱼及没有白斑的雌鱼（用溶剂清洗去除）；iii)完整的雄性尸体，无论有无CWL。研究结果表明，雌性和雄性山菖蒲的CWL提取物均含有一系列线性烷烃(C21 ~ C34；> 54 %相对组成)，以及脂肪酰基（> 9.5 %）和甲基支链烷烃（> 9.1 %）。两种未分配的C31单甲基支链烷烃仅在男性CWL提取物中被鉴定出来（~ 4.7 %），而女性样品中含有较高的相对浓度（> 22.5 %）的甾醇衍生物，仅在男性样品中作为次要成分存在。无论是与活着的雌性还是死去的雌性配对，无论是完整的还是没有CWL的，雄T. pusillus都表现出性取向的行为。然而，他们忽略了同地域的雄性死亡。我们的研究结果表明，CWL化合物在雄瓢虫种内的性别识别中起作用，但仅CWL化合物不能解释配偶识别。

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