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Parasitoid attachment ability and the host surface wettability 寄生虫的附着能力与寄主表面的润湿性
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126181
Gianandrea Salerno , Manuela Rebora , Silvana Piersanti , Elena Gorb , Stanislav Gorb

Climbing animals such as geckos and arthropods developed astonishing adhesive mechanisms which are fundamental for their survival and represent valuable models for biomimetic purposes. A firm adhesion to the host surface, in order to successfully lay eggs is necessary for the reproduction of most parasitoid insects. In the present study, we performed a comparative investigation on the attachment ability of four parasitoid species (the egg parasitoid Anastatus bifasciatus (Eupelmidae), the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Braconidae), the fly pupal ectoparasitoid Muscidifurax raptorellus (Pteromalidae) and the pupal parasitoid of Drosophila Trichopria drosophilae (Diapriidae)) with hosts characterized by a surface having different wettability properties. The friction force measurements were performed on smooth artificial (glass) surfaces showing different contact angles of water. We found that attachment systems of parasitoid insects are tuned to match the wettability of the host surface. Sexual dimorphism in the attachment ability of some tested species has been also observed. The obtained results are probably related to different microstructure and chemical composition of the host surfaces and to different chemical composition of the parasitoid adhesive fluid. The data here presented can be interpreted as an adaptation, especially in the female, to the physicochemical properties of the host surface and contribute to shed light on the coevolutionary processes of parasitoid insects and their hosts.

壁虎和节肢动物等爬行动物发展出了惊人的粘附机制,这是它们赖以生存的根本,也是生物仿生学的宝贵模型。牢固地粘附在寄主表面以成功产卵是大多数寄生昆虫繁殖的必要条件。在本研究中,我们对四种寄生昆虫(卵寄生昆虫 Anastatus bifasciatus(Eupelmidae)、蚜虫寄生昆虫 Aphidius ervi(Braconidae)、蝇蛹外寄生昆虫 Aphidius ervi(Braconidae)和蚜虫寄生昆虫 Aphidius ervi(Braconidae))的附着能力进行了比较研究、蝇蛹外寄生虫 Muscidifurax raptorellus(翼蝇科)和果蝇蛹寄生虫 Trichopria drosophilae(Diapriidae)),其寄主的表面具有不同的润湿特性。摩擦力测量是在显示不同水接触角的光滑人造(玻璃)表面上进行的。我们发现,寄生昆虫的附着系统与寄主表面的润湿性相匹配。我们还观察到一些受测物种的附着能力存在性别二态性。这些结果可能与寄主表面不同的微观结构和化学成分以及寄生虫粘附液不同的化学成分有关。这里提供的数据可以解释为寄生昆虫(尤其是雌性寄生昆虫)对寄主表面物理化学特性的适应,有助于揭示寄生昆虫及其寄主的共同进化过程。
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引用次数: 0
Eye morphology in four species of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) 四种虎甲虫(鞘翅目:Cicindelidae)的眼睛形态。
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126173
Federica Talarico , Yavuz Koçak , Rachele Macirella , Settimio Sesti , Eşref Yüksel , Elvira Brunelli

Compound eyes undoubtedly represent the widespread eye architecture in the animal kingdom. The insects' compound eye shows a wide variety of designs, and insects use their visual capacity to accomplish several tasks, including avoiding enemies, searching for food and shelter, locating a mate, and acquiring information about the environment and its surroundings. Broad literature data support the concept that visual ability lies in the way the eyes are built. Since the resolution and sensitivity of the compound eye are partly determined by the density of the ommatidia and the size of the facets. Morphological parameters of the compound eyes could influence the function of the visual organ and its capacity to process information, also representing a sensitive indicator of different habitat demands. In this study, we compared compound eyes' parameters in four closely related species of tiger beetles to disclose differences arising from different habitats. Furthermore, to investigate whether there are consistent intersexual differences, we also compared the most relevant parameters of the eye in males and females of four selected species. Our results show sex-related and interspecific differences that occur in examined species.

复眼无疑是动物界普遍存在的眼睛结构。昆虫的复眼设计多种多样,昆虫利用其视觉能力完成多项任务,包括躲避敌人、寻找食物和住所、寻找配偶以及获取环境和周围信息。大量文献资料支持这样一种观点,即视觉能力在于眼睛的构造方式。因为复眼的分辨率和灵敏度部分取决于膜的密度和切面的大小。复眼的形态参数可能影响视觉器官的功能及其处理信息的能力,也是不同生境需求的敏感指标。在这项研究中,我们比较了四种密切相关的虎甲虫的复眼参数,以揭示不同栖息地造成的差异。此外,为了研究两性之间是否存在一致的差异,我们还比较了四个所选物种中雄性和雌性眼睛的最相关参数。我们的研究结果表明,在所研究的物种中存在着性别差异和种间差异。
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引用次数: 0
Epidermal club cells in the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi): Presence, distribution, and relationship to antipredator behavior 红心四角鲸(Paracheirodon axelrodi)的表皮俱乐部细胞:存在、分布以及与反捕食行为的关系
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126170
Jazmín Goodall , Laura Rincón-Camacho , Andrea Gabriela Pozzi

Epidermal club cells (ECCs) are present in many species of teleost fish. In an attempt to justify their presence in the epidermis of fish, they have been associated with numerous functions. One proposed function is communication with conspecifics during a predation event, as these cells may passively release substances upon rupture, which may occur during predation. We identified the presence and distribution of ECCs in the body skin of adult cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) and analyzed the animal’s behavioral response to conspecific skin extract in a laboratory setting. The identification and distribution of ECCs in the epidermis of the animals were confirmed by conventional histology and immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that: ECCs are present in the skin of the entire body; a high density is observed in the dorsal side from head to tail, in the insertion of the fins and in the epidermis covering them; and ventral distribution is less extensive and more dispersed than dorsal distribution. Treatment of P. axelrodi specimens with skin preparations of conspecifics resulted in behavioral changes in the animals: they showed erratic swimming movements, they showed avoidance of the area of stimulus application and they decreased the time spent moving. Overall, these results allow us to conclude that P. axelrodi possesses ECCs throughout the body, with a greater presence in areas of high exposure to predation events (dorsal area and fins). Animals exposed to conspecific skin extract showed a significant increase in behaviors described as anti-predatory in other species. This supports the hypothesis that ECCs may be the origin of chemical alarm cues that are passively released when skin damage occurs, alerting the rest of the group to the risk of predation.

表皮俱乐部细胞(ECCs)存在于许多种类的远洋鱼类中。为了证明它们存在于鱼类表皮的合理性,人们将它们与多种功能联系起来。其中一种功能是在捕食过程中与同种生物交流,因为这些细胞在捕食过程中破裂时可能会被动释放物质。我们在实验室环境中鉴定了成年红心四带喙豚(Paracheirodon axelrodi)(Schultz,1956 年)体表皮肤中 ECCs 的存在和分布,并分析了该动物对同类皮肤提取物的行为反应。动物表皮中 ECCs 的识别和分布通过常规组织学和免疫组化得到了证实。我们的研究结果表明ECCs存在于整个身体的皮肤中;在从头到尾的背侧、鳍的插入处和覆盖它们的表皮中观察到较高的密度;腹侧的分布不如背侧广泛和分散。用同种动物的皮肤制剂处理 axelrodi 标本会导致动物的行为发生变化:它们表现出不规则的游泳动作,它们表现出回避刺激区域,它们减少了移动的时间。总之,这些结果让我们得出结论,阿克塞尔罗迪鱼全身都有ECCs,在捕食事件高发区(背区和鳍)存在更多ECCs。暴露于同种皮肤提取物的动物表现出明显的反捕食行为。这支持了这样的假设:ECCs 可能是皮肤损伤时被动释放的化学警报线索的起源,提醒群体中的其他成员注意捕食风险。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of estrogens on apoptosis in the pituitary of viscachas (Lagostomus maximus maximus) 雌激素对鄢陵鳅垂体凋亡的影响
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126171
Gabriela Judith Rosales , Verónica Palmira Filippa , Fabian Heber Mohamed

Estrogens, acting through their receptors (ERα and ERβ), regulate cell turnover in the pituitary gland, influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis across various species. However, their role in pituitary processes in seasonally reproducing animals remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the influence of estrogens, through the expression of their specific receptors, on the apoptosis of PD cells in relation to sexual maturity, the reproductive cycle, and pregnancy in a seasonal reproductive rodent (Lagostomus maximus maximus). ERα and caspase-3-cleaved (CASP3c) immunoreactive (-ir) cells were identified through immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were detected using the TUNEL technique, with quantitative analysis facilitated by image analysis software, alongside measurement of serum estradiol levels using radioimmunoassay The immunostaining pattern for ERα included nuclear (ERαn) and cytoplasmic (ERαc) staining. In male viscachas, ERα expression significantly increases from immature to adult animals, correlating with the rise in serum estradiol levels and a decrease in the percentage of apoptotic cells. During the gonadal regression period in adult males, a decrease in the number of ER-ir cells and serum levels of estradiol corresponds with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells. In females, serum levels of estradiol peaked during mid-pregnancy, coinciding with a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the PD. Simultaneously, the percentage of ERαn-ir cells reaches its maximum value during late pregnancy, indicating the need to maintain the protective action of this gonadal hormone throughout the extensive pregnancy in these rodents. Regional ERα receptor expression and apoptotic cells appear to be associated with distinct PD cell populations and their hormonal responses. Finally, elevated estradiol levels coincide with diminished apoptotic cells in the male reproductive cycle and during pregnancy, suggesting an antiapoptotic role of estradiol in this species.

雌激素通过其受体(ERα和ERβ)调节垂体的细胞更替,影响不同物种的细胞增殖和凋亡。然而,它们在季节性繁殖动物垂体过程中的作用仍鲜为人知。本研究旨在调查雌激素通过其特定受体的表达对垂体前叶细胞凋亡的影响,这种影响与季节性繁殖啮齿动物(Lagostomus maximus maximus)的性成熟、生殖周期和妊娠有关。ERα和Caspase-3裂解(CASP3c)免疫反应(-ir)细胞通过免疫组织化学方法进行鉴定。ERα的免疫染色模式包括细胞核(ERαn)和细胞质(ERαc)染色。在雄性粘虫中,ERα的表达量从未成熟动物到成年动物显著增加,这与血清雌二醇水平的上升和凋亡细胞比例的下降有关。在成年雄性动物的性腺退化期,ER-ir 细胞数量和血清中雌二醇水平的下降与凋亡细胞数量的增加相对应。在女性中,雌二醇血清水平在妊娠中期达到峰值,与凋亡细胞数量的显著减少相吻合。与此同时,ERαn-ir细胞的百分比在妊娠晚期达到最高值,这表明在这些啮齿动物的整个妊娠期都需要维持这种性腺激素的保护作用。区域性ERα受体表达和细胞凋亡似乎与不同的PD细胞群及其激素反应有关。最后,雌二醇水平的升高与雄性生殖周期和妊娠期间凋亡细胞的减少相吻合,这表明雌二醇在该物种中具有抗凋亡作用。
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引用次数: 0
Ontogenetic transition from aquatic to amphibious life in the mudskipper, Periophthalmus modestus 弹涂鱼(Periophthalmus modestus)从水生生活到两栖生活的个体发育过程。
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126172
Shoichi Inaba , Masatomo Tagawa , Yuzuru Utsunomiya , Atsushi Ishimatsu

Vertebrates first emerged from water to land in the Paleozoic. Our understanding about the process has been steadily refined through paleontological studies, although the soft-body traits and behavior of these early animals remain poorly known. Mudskippers, extant amphibious gobies, could give insight into this question. This study reports on the ontogenetic transition from water to land of the mudskipper Periophthalmus modestus under laboratory conditions. After about 30 days after hatching (dah), the fish gradually changed their preference from water to an artificial shore and then to land. After about five days of periodic volitional emersion, the fish became able to propel themselves on land using the pectoral fins and after a further 13 days they began feeding on land. During the transition, the head morphology altered to suit for terrestrial existence. Tissue contents of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) sharply increased at 30 dah. Forced underwater confinement of larvae at the last pelagic stage (27–29 dah) for 40–42 days resulted in no statistically significant difference in survival or gross morphology of the body and the gills. Growth was slightly stimulated. Our results show that mudskippers emerge on land with little morphological alteration during ontogenesis, much less than the changes observed for amphibians, and that emersion was not indispensable for survival or growth under our laboratory conditions. Further analysis of how and why mudskippers make their way across the water’s edge will shed valuable light on what morphological, behavioral and physiological traits were needed for, and what environmental conditions may have driven the earliest steps of the water-to-land transition in ancient fishes.

古生代,脊椎动物首次从水中来到陆地。通过古生物学研究,我们对这一过程的了解不断加深,但对这些早期动物的软体特征和行为仍然知之甚少。现存的两栖虾虎鱼--弹涂鱼可以帮助我们深入了解这一问题。本研究报告了弹涂鱼(Periophthalmus modestus)在实验室条件下从水中向陆地过渡的个体发育过程。大弹涂鱼孵化后约 30 天(dah),其喜好逐渐从水中转向人工海岸,然后又转向陆地。经过大约五天的周期性自主浮出水面后,这些鱼开始能够用胸鳍在陆地上推动自己,又过了 13 天,它们开始在陆地上觅食。在过渡期间,鱼的头部形态发生了变化,以适应陆地生活。组织中的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺素(T4)含量在 30 dah 时急剧增加。对处于中上层最后阶段(27-29 dah)的幼体进行 40-42 天的强制水下封闭,其存活率以及身体和鳃的总形态在统计学上没有显著差异。生长受到轻微刺激。我们的研究结果表明,弹涂鱼跃上陆地后,在本体形成过程中的形态变化很小,远小于两栖动物的变化,而且在我们的实验室条件下,跃上陆地对于存活或生长并非不可或缺。进一步分析弹涂鱼如何以及为什么要穿过水边,将为我们揭示古代鱼类从水到陆过渡的最初步骤需要哪些形态、行为和生理特征,以及可能由哪些环境条件驱动。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-gene phylogeny of the primary freshwater crab genus Ptychophallus Smalley, 1964 (Pseudothelphusidae: Ptychophallinae) from the Neotropical region 新热带地区初级淡水蟹属 Ptychophallus Smalley, 1964 (Pseudothelphusidae: Ptychophallinae) 的多基因系统发育
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126169
Fernando L. Mantelatto , Célio Magalhães , Edvanda A. Souza-Carvalho , João A.F. Pantaleão , Ingo S. Wehrtmann

The diversity of primary freshwater crabs of Central America is underestimated and poorly known, specially when considering both Atlantic and Pacific drainages distribution. Among the family Pseudothelphusidae Ortmann, 1893, the genus Ptychophallus Smalley, 1964 was recently revised using morphological data and encompassing 14 valid species, which are distributed exclusively in Costa Rica and Panama. Despite the informative scenario constructed with this previous study, some uncertainties remained such as those related to the populations distributed along different drainages and the lack of complete information regarding the phylogenetic relationships among the species that belong to this genus. Our phylogenetic reconstruction based on multigenes revealed four lineages. Ptychophallus costaricensis, P. colombianus, P. lavallensis, P. montanus, and P. tumimanus are well-established species, while P. paraxanthusi, P. exilipes and P. tristani were recovered as non-monophyletic in some relationships. Ptychophallus tristani and P. paraxanthusi were determined to be close relatives one with other, but with some representatives showing no clear correspondence and positioning in the molecular phylogeny, which raised doubts about the validity as separate species and/or the accuracy of identifications for some GenBank sequences. Ptychophallus tumimanus and P. montanus are morphologically very similar, but they are positioned in distinct clades. The genetic results confirmed a previous proposal that P. barbillaensis is a junior synonym of P. uncinatus, and P. bilobatus is closely related to P. uncinatus. The findings revealed the presence of one peculiar lineage with one species from Costa Rica compound by the resurrected P. campylus and another species from Costa Rica, originally identified as “P. cf. exilipes”; its morphology, however, did not match with any other analyzed species, which requires further analysis. Finally, possible misidentification in some sequences deposited in the GenBank were detected and should be reviewed. The reconstructed molecular phylogeny for the genus that inhabits both Atlantic and Pacific drainages of Central America provides a better understanding of the knowledge on the evolution of freshwater crabs and represents key information that will serve as baseline for further taxonomic studies on the cryptic biodiversity of this group.

中美洲原生淡水蟹的多样性被低估了,而且知之甚少,特别是当考虑到大西洋和太平洋流域的分布时。在假栉水母科(Pseudothelphusidae)Ortmann, 1893属中,Ptychophallus Smalley, 1964属最近利用形态学数据进行了修订,包括14个有效物种,仅分布在哥斯达黎加和巴拿马。尽管之前的研究构建了一个信息丰富的场景,但仍存在一些不确定性,例如与分布在不同流域的种群有关的不确定性,以及缺乏关于该属物种之间系统发育关系的完整信息。我们基于多基因的系统发育重建揭示了四个世系。Ptychophallus costaricensis、P. colombianus、P. lavallensis、P. montanus 和 P. tumimanus 是成熟的物种,而 P. paraxanthusi、P. exilipes 和 P. tristani 在某些关系中被认为是非单系。Ptychophallus tristani 和 P. paraxanthusi 被确定为近缘种,但在分子系统发育中的某些代表种没有明确的对应关系和定位,这使人们对其作为独立种的有效性和/或某些 GenBank 序列的鉴定准确性产生了怀疑。Ptychophallus tumimanus 和 P. montanus 在形态上非常相似,但它们被定位在不同的支系中。遗传结果证实了之前的建议,即 P. barbillaensis 是 P. uncinatus 的小异名,而 P. bilobatus 与 P. uncinatus 关系密切。研究结果表明存在一个奇特的品系,其中一个物种来自哥斯达黎加,由复活的 P. campylus 和另一个来自哥斯达黎加的物种复合而成,后者最初被鉴定为 "P. cf. exilipes";但其形态与任何其他分析物种都不匹配,需要进一步分析。最后,在 GenBank 中保存的一些序列中发现了可能的错误鉴定,应予以审查。通过对栖息于中美洲大西洋和太平洋流域的淡水蟹属进行分子系统发育的重建,可以更好地了解淡水蟹进化的知识,并为进一步对该物种的隐性生物多样性进行分类研究提供关键信息。
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引用次数: 0
Ontogeny of the autopodial skeleton of the gecko Tarentola (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) 壁虎 Tarentola(Squamata: Phyllodactylidae)自趾骨骼的发育过程
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126160
Eraqi R. Khannoon , Bartosz Borczyk , Bassam A. Alahmadi , Abdulhadi Aloufi , Tomasz Skawiński

Squamates exhibit evident diversity in their limb morphology. Gekkotans are a particularly diverse group in this respect. The appearance of toepads in gekkotans usually cooccurs with the reduction or loss of claws. The gecko Tarentola (Phyllodactylidae) shows a unique combination of features among geckos, with toepads, hyperphalangy, and dimorphism of claw expression (claws are retained on digits III and IV, but lost (manus) or strongly reduced (pes) on the remaining digits). Despite being a candidate model for studying embryonic skeletal development of the autopodium, no studies have investigated the autopodial development of the gecko Tarentola in detail. Here, we aim to follow up the development of the autopodial skeleton in T. annularis and T. mauritanica using acid-free double staining. The results indicate that the terminal phalanges of claw-bearing digits III and IV ossify earlier than in the remaining digits. This confirms the differential ossification as a result of claw regression in Tarentola. The strongly reduced second phalanges of digits IV in both the fore- and hindlimbs are the last ossifying phalanges. Such late ossification may precede the evolutionary loss of this phalanx. If this is correct, the autopodia of Tarentola would be an interesting example of both the hyperphalangy in digit I and the process of phalanx loss in digit IV. Delay in ossification of the miniaturised phalanx probably represents an example of paedomorphosis.

有鳞类动物的肢体形态具有明显的多样性。在这方面,壁虎是一个特别多样化的类群。壁虎趾垫的出现通常与爪的减少或丧失同时发生。壁虎 Tarentola(Phyllodactylidae)在壁虎中表现出独特的特征组合,具有趾垫、超头足和爪的二态性(爪保留在第三和第四指上,但在其余指上失去(芒)或强烈减少(趾))。尽管壁虎Tarentola是研究自足体胚胎骨骼发育的候选模型,但目前还没有研究对其自足体的发育进行详细调查。在这里,我们旨在利用无酸双染色法跟踪环纹壁虎和毛利坦壁虎的自足骨骼发育情况。结果表明,带爪第 III 和第 IV 指节末端指骨的骨化早于其余指节。这证实了Tarentola的不同骨化是爪退化的结果。在前肢和后肢中,第四节指骨的第二节指骨强烈退化,是最后骨化的指骨。这种晚期骨化可能发生在该趾骨进化消失之前。如果这种说法是正确的,那么 Tarentola 的自足趾将是一个有趣的例子,既说明了第 I 趾的超骨化过程,也说明了第 IV 趾的趾骨缺失过程。小型化的趾骨骨化延迟可能是趾骨变形的一个例子。
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引用次数: 0
Cellular patterning and cyto-architectural organization of the skin of electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus, Siluriformes) with a particular emphasis on its ampullary electroreceptor 电鲶(Malapterurus electricus, Siluriformes)皮肤的细胞模式和细胞结构组织,特别是其髓质电感受器
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126159
Ahmed A. El-Mansi , Ahmed M. Rady , Esam H. Ibrahim , Eman ElBealy

The functional morphology of the skin of Malapteruridae is presumably evolved to cope with a diversified range of ambient physiological, environmental, and behavioral conditions. Herein, we firstly characterized the microstructures and intriguing patterning of the skin of twelve adult electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus, Malapteruridae) using histological, histochemical, immunofluorescent, and ELISA standard methodology. The skin comprises three sequentially–oriented layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with a significantly increased thickness of the former. The epidermis contains four types of cells: the surface epithelial cells, mucous cells, granular cells, and club cells. We defined distinctive ampullary electroreceptors in the outer epidermis that possess flask-shaped sensory crypt containing electroreceptor cells together with vertical collagen rods. Dermis and hypodermis are composed of connective tissue; however, the former is much more coarse and dense with comparable reactivity for Masson–Goldner trichrome (MT). Placing our data in the context of the limited body of previous work, we showed subtle changes in the expression of mucin subunits together with cytoskeletal fractions of collagens, myosin, F-actin, keratins, and tubulins. Taken as a whole, our results convincingly showed that the skin of M. electricus shares some structural similarities to other Siluriformes, however, it has some functional modifications that are implicated in protection, defense, and foraging behavior.

马氏鲶科鱼类皮肤的功能形态可能是为了应对多样化的环境生理、环境和行为条件而进化而来的。在本文中,我们首先利用组织学、组织化学、免疫荧光和 ELISA 标准方法对 12 条成年电鲶(Malapteruridae)皮肤的微观结构和有趣的图案进行了表征。皮肤由表皮、真皮和皮下三层依次组成,前者的厚度明显增加。表皮包含四种细胞:表面上皮细胞、粘液细胞、颗粒细胞和棒状细胞。我们在外层表皮中定义了独特的髓质电感受器,它具有烧瓶状的感觉隐窝,内含电感受器细胞和垂直的胶原棒。真皮和下真皮由结缔组织组成,但前者更为粗糙致密,对 Masson-Goldner 三色(MT)的反应性相当。将我们的数据与以往有限的研究成果相结合,我们发现粘蛋白亚基以及胶原、肌球蛋白、F-肌动蛋白、角蛋白和微管蛋白等细胞骨架部分的表达发生了微妙的变化。总之,我们的研究结果令人信服地表明,胭脂鱼的皮肤在结构上与其他绢鱼类有一些相似之处,但在功能上有一些改变,这些改变与保护、防御和觅食行为有关。
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引用次数: 0
Back to the water: Tongue morphology associated to contrasting lifestyles in two Andean frogs of the genus Telmatobius 回到水中两种安第斯蛙类(Telmatobius属)的舌头形态与截然不同的生活方式有关
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126157
J. Sebastián Barrionuevo , Franco Pucci Alcaide

The evolution of the tongue in tetrapods is associated with feeding in the terrestrial environment. This study analyzes the tongue morphology of two closely related frog species, Telmatobius oxycephalus and T. rubigo, which exhibit contrasting feeding mechanisms. Telmatobius oxycephalus, a semi-aquatic species, relies on its tongue to capture terrestrial prey whereas T. rubigo, a secondarily aquatic species, uses suction feeding not involving the tongue. Through anatomical, histological and scanning electron microscopy analyses, we revealed remarkable differences in tongue morphology between these species. Telmatobius oxycephalus exhibits a well-developed tongue whose dorsal epithelium has numerous and slender filiform papillae. The epithelial cells of the papillae are protruded and have a complex array of microridges. In contrast, T. rubigo possesses a reduced tongue with flat and less numerous filiform papillae. The epithelial cells are completely flat and lack microridges. These findings highlight the remarkable adaptability of lingual morphology in Telmatobius to respond to the contrasting ecological niches and prey capture mechanisms. This study sheds light on the relationship between tongue shape and the different functional demands, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of prey capture mechanisms in amphibians.

四足动物舌头的进化与陆地环境中的进食有关。本研究分析了两种亲缘关系很近的青蛙--Telmatobius oxycephalus和T. rubigo--的舌头形态,这两种青蛙表现出截然不同的进食机制。Telmatobius oxycephalus是半水生物种,依靠舌头捕捉陆生猎物,而T. rubigo则是次水生物种,使用不涉及舌头的吸力捕食。通过解剖学、组织学和扫描电子显微镜分析,我们发现这些物种的舌头形态存在显著差异。氧嘴蟾蜍的舌头发达,其背部上皮细胞有许多细长的丝状乳头。乳头的上皮细胞突出,并有复杂的微嵴阵列。相比之下,T. rubigo 的舌头较小,丝状乳头扁平且数量较少。上皮细胞完全扁平,缺乏微脊。这些发现突显了Telmatobius的舌形态对不同生态位和捕食机制的显著适应性。这项研究揭示了舌头形状与不同功能需求之间的关系,有助于我们理解两栖动物捕获猎物机制的进化。
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引用次数: 0
Macro- and micro morphology of the olfactory organ of African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829), compared with other species of the family Osteoglossidae (Teleostei) 非洲骨舌鱼(Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829))嗅觉器官的宏观和微观形态与骨舌鱼科(远洋鱼类)其他物种的比较
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126156
Jakub Dymek , Anna M. Dymek , Michał Kuciel , Krystyna Żuwała

Osteoglossiformes (bonytongue fishes) possess many morphological specializations associated with functions such as airbreathing, feeding, and electroreception. The olfactory organ also varies among species, notably in the family Osteoglossidae. Herein, we describe the olfactory organ of an osteoglossid, Heterotis niloticus, to compare it with the olfactory organs of other osteoglossiforms. We demonstrate the presence of an olfactory rosette within the olfactory chamber. This structure consists of a short median raphe surrounded by olfactory lamellae, which possess dorsal lamellar processes. On the surface of the olfactory lamellae, there are secondary lamellae formed by the olfactory epithelium. Within the olfactory epithelium, two zones can be distinguished: parallel brands of sensory cells located in the cavities between the secondary lamellae and a nonsensory area covering the remaining part of the olfactory lamellae. The olfactory epithelium is formed by ciliated and microvillus olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, goblet cells, basal cells and ciliated nonsensory cells. Additionally, rodlet cells were observed. The results confirm large variability in terms of the olfactory organ of Osteoglossiformes, particularly of Osteoglossidae, and support the secondary lamellae evolution hypothesis within this family.

骨舌鱼(Osteoglossiformes)拥有许多与呼吸空气、摄食和电感知等功能相关的形态特化。不同物种的嗅觉器官也各不相同,特别是在骨舌鱼科。在本文中,我们描述了一种骨舌鱼的嗅觉器官,并将其与其他骨舌鱼的嗅觉器官进行比较。我们展示了嗅室中存在的嗅轮。该结构由一个短的中间剑突组成,周围环绕着具有背侧片状突的嗅片。在嗅片层的表面,有由嗅上皮形成的次级片层。在嗅上皮内部,可以区分出两个区域:位于次生薄片之间空腔中的平行感觉细胞品牌和覆盖嗅薄片剩余部分的非感觉区域。嗅上皮由纤毛和微绒毛嗅觉神经元、支持细胞、绒毛细胞、基底细胞和纤毛非感觉细胞组成。此外,还观察到小杆细胞。研究结果证实,骨舌鱼(尤其是骨舌鱼科)的嗅觉器官具有很大的变异性,并支持该科内次生薄片进化假说。
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Zoology
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