Abstract. The coyote (Canis latrans) has a wide distribution range, spanning boreal forests from the north of the continent to tropical environments in Central America, showing great adaptation and plasticity. Bergmann's rule states that individuals inhabiting colder climates are larger than those in warmer climates. It is suggested that in carnivore species, litter size is influenced by allometric constraints such as maternal body size. The aim of this study is to analyze the relations using correlation between female coyote mass, latitude, and litter size. Using data compiled from the literature, I carried out statistical analyses to correlate female body size, litter size, and latitude for coyotes across their distribution range. The results indicated a soft significant correlation between female body size and latitude, confirming Bergmann's rule. However, no significant correlation was found between litter size and latitude or between litter size and female body size; litter size in coyotes remains roughly uniform across their distribution range.
{"title":"Differences between Northern and Southern Female Coyotes","authors":"Alina Gabriela Monroy-Gamboa","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0119","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The coyote (Canis latrans) has a wide distribution range, spanning boreal forests from the north of the continent to tropical environments in Central America, showing great adaptation and plasticity. Bergmann's rule states that individuals inhabiting colder climates are larger than those in warmer climates. It is suggested that in carnivore species, litter size is influenced by allometric constraints such as maternal body size. The aim of this study is to analyze the relations using correlation between female coyote mass, latitude, and litter size. Using data compiled from the literature, I carried out statistical analyses to correlate female body size, litter size, and latitude for coyotes across their distribution range. The results indicated a soft significant correlation between female body size and latitude, confirming Bergmann's rule. However, no significant correlation was found between litter size and latitude or between litter size and female body size; litter size in coyotes remains roughly uniform across their distribution range.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72539646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hedden, D. Propst, K. Gido, S. C. Hedden, J. Whitney
Abstract. High-severity wildfires are becoming increasingly common across the American Southwest, and knowledge of how these fires affect native organisms is essential for their conservation. We evaluated changes in fish densities and habitat over 7 and 23 years in 2 tributaries of the Gila River, New Mexico, that experienced large wildfires. The Miller Fire affected Little Creek in 2011 and was followed by moderate monsoonal flooding. The Silver Fire affected Black Canyon in 2013 and was followed by a large monsoonal flood. These 2 headwater streams responded differently to wildfire. Influx of sediments reduced stream depth by 59% and increased fine substrates by 51% following the fire in Black Canyon, while these parameters were relatively unchanged by fire in Little Creek. Native fish densities declined to zero immediately following the wildfire and monsoonal flooding in Black Canyon, and recovery was slow (∼8 years). In contrast, Little Creek fish density declined marginally following wildfires and returned to near prefire levels within one year. The response to wildfires at these 2 locations illustrates how the interaction of wildfire characteristics, catchment features, and post-wildfire precipitation events influence the impact of wildfire disturbance of stream ecosystems.
{"title":"Differential Responses of Native Fishes in Two Headwater Tributaries of the Gila River Following Severe Wildfires","authors":"C. Hedden, D. Propst, K. Gido, S. C. Hedden, J. Whitney","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. High-severity wildfires are becoming increasingly common across the American Southwest, and knowledge of how these fires affect native organisms is essential for their conservation. We evaluated changes in fish densities and habitat over 7 and 23 years in 2 tributaries of the Gila River, New Mexico, that experienced large wildfires. The Miller Fire affected Little Creek in 2011 and was followed by moderate monsoonal flooding. The Silver Fire affected Black Canyon in 2013 and was followed by a large monsoonal flood. These 2 headwater streams responded differently to wildfire. Influx of sediments reduced stream depth by 59% and increased fine substrates by 51% following the fire in Black Canyon, while these parameters were relatively unchanged by fire in Little Creek. Native fish densities declined to zero immediately following the wildfire and monsoonal flooding in Black Canyon, and recovery was slow (∼8 years). In contrast, Little Creek fish density declined marginally following wildfires and returned to near prefire levels within one year. The response to wildfires at these 2 locations illustrates how the interaction of wildfire characteristics, catchment features, and post-wildfire precipitation events influence the impact of wildfire disturbance of stream ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78639560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Flowering time is sensitive to climatic conditions and has been a frequent focus of climate change research, yet the implications of phenological shifts for hybridization within plant communities have seldom been explored. Reproductive overlap between interfertile species is a key requirement for the production of hybrid (inter-species) offspring, and climate change may influence the opportunities for hybrid production through changes to species' flowering time, duration, and overlap with other species. To test how climate variation influences flowering overlap between hybridizing species, we analyzed 45 years of flowering phenology data on 2 common plants in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado that are known to produce hybrids (Potentilla pulcherrima and Potentilla hippiana, family Rosaceae). We estimated flowering overlap from flowering distributions in 2 ways that focus on how similar species are in terms of flowering time (“symmetric overlap”) or relative floral abundance across the season (“relative overlap”). We found that the 2 species had similar phenological responses to most climate variables. Both flowered earlier in years with warm, dry growing seasons preceded by earlier snowmelt and winters with less snow, and later in cool, wet growing seasons with later snowmelt after winters with heavy snowfall. Precipitation was the best predictor of flowering time overlap. In wetter years, both species flowered later and longer, and reached peak flowering date at a more similar time in the growing season. While our results suggest that precipitation patterns influence the extent of flowering overlap between these 2 species in any given growing season, precipitation has not consistently increased or decreased in this region over the past 45 years, and therefore we do not see a consistent signature of global climate change on flowering overlap. Finally, we found that even though temperature was an important predictor of flowering phenology within each species, it was not a major driver of overlap between species, emphasizing that data on individual species responses cannot necessarily predict how climate change will affect species interactions.
{"title":"Climate Variation Influences Flowering Time Overlap in a Pair of Hybridizing Montane Plants","authors":"Kelly A. Carscadden, D. Doak, N. Emery","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0112","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Flowering time is sensitive to climatic conditions and has been a frequent focus of climate change research, yet the implications of phenological shifts for hybridization within plant communities have seldom been explored. Reproductive overlap between interfertile species is a key requirement for the production of hybrid (inter-species) offspring, and climate change may influence the opportunities for hybrid production through changes to species' flowering time, duration, and overlap with other species. To test how climate variation influences flowering overlap between hybridizing species, we analyzed 45 years of flowering phenology data on 2 common plants in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado that are known to produce hybrids (Potentilla pulcherrima and Potentilla hippiana, family Rosaceae). We estimated flowering overlap from flowering distributions in 2 ways that focus on how similar species are in terms of flowering time (“symmetric overlap”) or relative floral abundance across the season (“relative overlap”). We found that the 2 species had similar phenological responses to most climate variables. Both flowered earlier in years with warm, dry growing seasons preceded by earlier snowmelt and winters with less snow, and later in cool, wet growing seasons with later snowmelt after winters with heavy snowfall. Precipitation was the best predictor of flowering time overlap. In wetter years, both species flowered later and longer, and reached peak flowering date at a more similar time in the growing season. While our results suggest that precipitation patterns influence the extent of flowering overlap between these 2 species in any given growing season, precipitation has not consistently increased or decreased in this region over the past 45 years, and therefore we do not see a consistent signature of global climate change on flowering overlap. Finally, we found that even though temperature was an important predictor of flowering phenology within each species, it was not a major driver of overlap between species, emphasizing that data on individual species responses cannot necessarily predict how climate change will affect species interactions.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73044184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Predation by jaguars (Panthera onca) on livestock can foster human intolerance and drive human–jaguar conflicts. Understanding distributional patterns that characterize depredation can help guide strategies to ameliorate these interactions, which is important because human conflicts are the main threat to the endangered jaguar in Mexico. We used clusters of satellite telemetry locations to evaluate spatial patterns of jaguars and jaguar predation/scavenging sites of livestock and wild ungulates in the Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve (RBSAT) and surrounding agrolandscape of northeastern Mexico, where livestock composed 66% of the biomass of jaguar diets. Distribution of livestock sites was significantly associated with jaguar core areas (i.e., 50% autocorrelated KDEs) during the dry season, while wild ungulate sites were distributed similarly with respect to core areas of jaguars across both dry and wet seasons. It is unknown whether these results reflect increased chance encounters between jaguars and livestock during the dry season due to the presence of limited permanent water sources concentrating livestock (and natural prey), or due to jaguars actively seeking livestock or livestock carcasses during the dry season.
{"title":"Livestock Depredation by Jaguars Associated with Dry-Season Core-Use Areas in a Northeastern Mexico Agrolandscape","authors":"A. Silva-Caballero, L. Bender, O. Rosas-Rosas","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Predation by jaguars (Panthera onca) on livestock can foster human intolerance and drive human–jaguar conflicts. Understanding distributional patterns that characterize depredation can help guide strategies to ameliorate these interactions, which is important because human conflicts are the main threat to the endangered jaguar in Mexico. We used clusters of satellite telemetry locations to evaluate spatial patterns of jaguars and jaguar predation/scavenging sites of livestock and wild ungulates in the Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve (RBSAT) and surrounding agrolandscape of northeastern Mexico, where livestock composed 66% of the biomass of jaguar diets. Distribution of livestock sites was significantly associated with jaguar core areas (i.e., 50% autocorrelated KDEs) during the dry season, while wild ungulate sites were distributed similarly with respect to core areas of jaguars across both dry and wet seasons. It is unknown whether these results reflect increased chance encounters between jaguars and livestock during the dry season due to the presence of limited permanent water sources concentrating livestock (and natural prey), or due to jaguars actively seeking livestock or livestock carcasses during the dry season.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86182088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael B. Gerringer, Kurt T. Smith, Karl L. Kosciuch
Abstract. Photovoltaic, utility-scale solar energy (PV USSE) development is expected to expand in the United States over the next decade and has the potential to impact wildlife through direct mortality and habitat loss. However, the current understanding of wildlife responses, including responses of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse), to solar energy development is limited, resulting in uncertainty about potential impacts associated with development and operation. During bird and bat carcass searches at a PV USSE facility in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, we opportunistically observed sage-grouse foraging and loafing inside the facility. We recorded 19 groups of live sage-grouse, representing a total of 47 observations of sage-grouse during 2 years of environmental monitoring. An additional 8 groups were recorded by trail cameras, representing 11 observations of sage-grouse. Observations occurred between early June and mid-January, with 74% of observations occurring between mid-August and mid-November. It is possible that sage-grouse may have used the facility for increased foraging opportunities or thermal refuge. However, our observational study does not provide evidence that sage-grouse necessarily selected for areas within the facility. Additional research on resource selection and demographic responses by sage-grouse would provide more inference on how sage-grouse respond to PV USSE development.
{"title":"Observations of Greater Sage-Grouse at a Solar Energy Facility in Wyoming","authors":"Michael B. Gerringer, Kurt T. Smith, Karl L. Kosciuch","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Photovoltaic, utility-scale solar energy (PV USSE) development is expected to expand in the United States over the next decade and has the potential to impact wildlife through direct mortality and habitat loss. However, the current understanding of wildlife responses, including responses of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse), to solar energy development is limited, resulting in uncertainty about potential impacts associated with development and operation. During bird and bat carcass searches at a PV USSE facility in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, we opportunistically observed sage-grouse foraging and loafing inside the facility. We recorded 19 groups of live sage-grouse, representing a total of 47 observations of sage-grouse during 2 years of environmental monitoring. An additional 8 groups were recorded by trail cameras, representing 11 observations of sage-grouse. Observations occurred between early June and mid-January, with 74% of observations occurring between mid-August and mid-November. It is possible that sage-grouse may have used the facility for increased foraging opportunities or thermal refuge. However, our observational study does not provide evidence that sage-grouse necessarily selected for areas within the facility. Additional research on resource selection and demographic responses by sage-grouse would provide more inference on how sage-grouse respond to PV USSE development.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89509539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Scavenging appears to be a conserved but flexible characteristic among spiders. Although scavenging behavior is well documented in captivity, observations in the wild are rarely witnessed. During a road ecology survey on 6 September 2021, I observed an adult male desert blonde tarantula (Aphonopelma chalcodes) scavenging upon a roadkilled neonate western diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). The tarantula did not react defensively to my slow approach, and I observed its chelicerae working into the snake's soft tissue. Observations of theraphosids scavenging are quite rare, and this may be the first reported instance of tarantula scavenging upon a reptilian carcass.
{"title":"Scavenging of Western Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) by Desert Blonde Tarantula (Aphonopelma chalcodes) in Arizona","authors":"Brian R. Blais","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Scavenging appears to be a conserved but flexible characteristic among spiders. Although scavenging behavior is well documented in captivity, observations in the wild are rarely witnessed. During a road ecology survey on 6 September 2021, I observed an adult male desert blonde tarantula (Aphonopelma chalcodes) scavenging upon a roadkilled neonate western diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). The tarantula did not react defensively to my slow approach, and I observed its chelicerae working into the snake's soft tissue. Observations of theraphosids scavenging are quite rare, and this may be the first reported instance of tarantula scavenging upon a reptilian carcass.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75976880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. P. Esparza-Carlos, P. C. Hernández-Romero, Jaime Antonio Escoto Moreno
Abstract. The neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) is associated with freshwater systems and is generally found at elevations lower than 1500 masl. Its diet is based on fish and crustaceans. We present 3 photorecords of the neotropical otter at the divide between 2 hydrological basins in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, México. The photos were taken at an altitude near 2000 masl, and one of them was >600 m from a water source. The area does not present optimal conditions for the presence of otter since water flows are low, fish are absent, and crustaceans are scarce. These records are evidence of the neotropical otter at high altitude in environments where conditions are suboptimal for the species. In addition, the importance of conserving the basin headwaters is discussed, since the headwaters can support movement or occasional stays of the neotropical otter in marginal habitat and thereby maintain the connectivity between basins and facilitate genetic exchange between otter populations.
{"title":"Presence of Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis) at High Elevation between Watersheds","authors":"J. P. Esparza-Carlos, P. C. Hernández-Romero, Jaime Antonio Escoto Moreno","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0116","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) is associated with freshwater systems and is generally found at elevations lower than 1500 masl. Its diet is based on fish and crustaceans. We present 3 photorecords of the neotropical otter at the divide between 2 hydrological basins in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, México. The photos were taken at an altitude near 2000 masl, and one of them was >600 m from a water source. The area does not present optimal conditions for the presence of otter since water flows are low, fish are absent, and crustaceans are scarce. These records are evidence of the neotropical otter at high altitude in environments where conditions are suboptimal for the species. In addition, the importance of conserving the basin headwaters is discussed, since the headwaters can support movement or occasional stays of the neotropical otter in marginal habitat and thereby maintain the connectivity between basins and facilitate genetic exchange between otter populations.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87321968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole A. Deatherage, B. Cypher, Tory L. Westall, Erica C. Kelly
Abstract. The federally endangered and California State–threatened San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) forms an ecological guild with coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (V. vulpes), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and domestic dogs (C. familiaris) in the city of Bakersfield, California, USA. Where these species are sympatric in natural environments, interference competition occurs, resulting in spatiotemporal avoidance or changes in behavior to avoid conflict. We analyzed camera survey data from 2015 to 2019 from 111 1-km2 grid cells throughout Bakersfield to investigate spatial associations between San Joaquin kit foxes and canid competitors, as well as differences in temporal activity of kit foxes in the presence of a canid competitor. We found that kit foxes typically did not occur with other canids on a daily, yearly, or 5-year scale. In cells where other canids were immediately present, kit foxes altered their temporal activity to avoid other canids by appearing 3 h later and exhibited less variance in the amount of time spent at a camera trap. Thus, although kit foxes share the urban habitat with multiple larger competitors, they likely use spatial and temporal partitioning to reduce risk and facilitate coexistence.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Patterns of San Joaquin Kit Foxes and an Urban Canid Guild","authors":"Nicole A. Deatherage, B. Cypher, Tory L. Westall, Erica C. Kelly","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The federally endangered and California State–threatened San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) forms an ecological guild with coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (V. vulpes), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and domestic dogs (C. familiaris) in the city of Bakersfield, California, USA. Where these species are sympatric in natural environments, interference competition occurs, resulting in spatiotemporal avoidance or changes in behavior to avoid conflict. We analyzed camera survey data from 2015 to 2019 from 111 1-km2 grid cells throughout Bakersfield to investigate spatial associations between San Joaquin kit foxes and canid competitors, as well as differences in temporal activity of kit foxes in the presence of a canid competitor. We found that kit foxes typically did not occur with other canids on a daily, yearly, or 5-year scale. In cells where other canids were immediately present, kit foxes altered their temporal activity to avoid other canids by appearing 3 h later and exhibited less variance in the amount of time spent at a camera trap. Thus, although kit foxes share the urban habitat with multiple larger competitors, they likely use spatial and temporal partitioning to reduce risk and facilitate coexistence.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89928316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii × rainbow trout O. mykiss hybrids (hereafter hybrids) are difficult to visually distinguish from parental taxa, yet identifying phenotypic traits to separate hybrids from cutthroat trout is needed for conservation and management purposes. We compared phenotypic characteristics against genotype (using 34 species-diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism loci) for 316 Bonneville cutthroat trout O. clarkii utah, rainbow trout and hybrids in Bear River tributaries. Our phenotypic classifications of fish were 91% accurate for Bonneville cutthroat trout but only 68% accurate for rainbow trout and hybrids combined. Classification errors based on phenotype were observed between parental taxa and hybrids but not between cutthroat trout and rainbow trout. The most useful phenotypic traits for distinguishing Bonneville cutthroat trout from hybrids were the absence of a white leading edge on the pelvic fin, the presence of fewer than 7 spots on the top of the head, and the presence of a prominent throat slash. The degree of hybridization in individual hybrids was associated with the number of spots on the top of their head. However, 16% of >F1 hybrids with a higher proportion of cutthroat trout ancestry and 6% of F1 hybrids exhibited all the phenotypic characteristics of cutthroat trout. The ability to visually detect admixture in hybrids was not related to fish length but was related to admixture level, with logistic regression model results predicting that, for individual hybrids when the proportion of alleles assigned to rainbow trout was >18% (95% CI, 11% to 26%), biologists were more than 50% likely to visually detect O. mykiss traits. While we encourage the use of genetic-based assessments for Bonneville cutthroat trout populations when feasible, our results suggest that phenotypic traits can assist in identifying hybridized populations and hybrid individuals, which will benefit the management and conservation of this species. However, our study included Bonneville cutthroat trout from only the Bear River basin, and further work is needed from the southern portion of the subspecies' range to support or refute our findings.
摘要克拉氏Oncorhynchus clarkii × O. mykiss虹鳟鱼杂种(以下简称杂种)很难从亲本分类群中进行视觉区分，但为了保护和管理，需要通过表型性状的鉴定来区分杂种。利用34个物种诊断性单核苷酸多态性位点，对熊河支流316条犹他州克拉基博纳维尔切喉鳟鱼、虹鳟鱼和杂交鳟鱼的表型特征与基因型进行了比较。我们的鱼类表型分类对博纳维尔切喉鳟鱼的准确率为91%，但对虹鳟和杂交鳟鱼的准确率仅为68%。在亲本分类群和杂交分类群之间存在基于表型的分类误差，而在切喉鳟鱼和虹鳟之间没有基于表型的分类误差。区分博纳维尔切喉鳟鱼和杂交种最有用的表型特征是腹鳍上没有白色前缘，头顶上有少于7个斑点，喉咙上有明显的切口。杂交个体的杂交程度与它们头顶上的斑点数量有关。然而，16%具有较高切喉鳟鱼血统的>F1杂交种和6%的F1杂交种表现出切喉鳟鱼的所有表型特征。在杂交品种中，视觉检测外源性的能力与鱼的长度无关，而与外源性水平有关，逻辑回归模型结果预测，当分配给虹鳟的等位基因比例为0.18% (95% CI, 11%至26%)时，生物学家视觉检测O. mykiss性状的可能性超过50%。虽然我们鼓励在可行的情况下对博纳维尔切喉鳟鱼种群进行基于遗传的评估，但我们的研究结果表明，表型性状可以帮助鉴定杂交种群和杂交个体，这将有利于该物种的管理和保护。然而，我们的研究只包括了熊河流域的博纳维尔切喉鳟鱼，需要在亚种范围的南部进行进一步的工作来支持或反驳我们的发现。
{"title":"Detecting Rainbow Trout Introgression in Bonneville Cutthroat Trout of the Bear River Basin Using Field-Based Phenotypic Characteristics","authors":"K. Meyer, Ryan W. Hillyard, M. Campbell","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0111","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii × rainbow trout O. mykiss hybrids (hereafter hybrids) are difficult to visually distinguish from parental taxa, yet identifying phenotypic traits to separate hybrids from cutthroat trout is needed for conservation and management purposes. We compared phenotypic characteristics against genotype (using 34 species-diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism loci) for 316 Bonneville cutthroat trout O. clarkii utah, rainbow trout and hybrids in Bear River tributaries. Our phenotypic classifications of fish were 91% accurate for Bonneville cutthroat trout but only 68% accurate for rainbow trout and hybrids combined. Classification errors based on phenotype were observed between parental taxa and hybrids but not between cutthroat trout and rainbow trout. The most useful phenotypic traits for distinguishing Bonneville cutthroat trout from hybrids were the absence of a white leading edge on the pelvic fin, the presence of fewer than 7 spots on the top of the head, and the presence of a prominent throat slash. The degree of hybridization in individual hybrids was associated with the number of spots on the top of their head. However, 16% of >F1 hybrids with a higher proportion of cutthroat trout ancestry and 6% of F1 hybrids exhibited all the phenotypic characteristics of cutthroat trout. The ability to visually detect admixture in hybrids was not related to fish length but was related to admixture level, with logistic regression model results predicting that, for individual hybrids when the proportion of alleles assigned to rainbow trout was >18% (95% CI, 11% to 26%), biologists were more than 50% likely to visually detect O. mykiss traits. While we encourage the use of genetic-based assessments for Bonneville cutthroat trout populations when feasible, our results suggest that phenotypic traits can assist in identifying hybridized populations and hybrid individuals, which will benefit the management and conservation of this species. However, our study included Bonneville cutthroat trout from only the Bear River basin, and further work is needed from the southern portion of the subspecies' range to support or refute our findings.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90079248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeff Clerc, Elizabeth J. Rogers, Emma L Kunkel, Nathan W. Fuller
Abstract. The mating behavior of North American tree bats (Lasiurus spp. and Lasionycteris noctivagans) is not well understood. The majority of records suggest that this group of species mates during the autumn migratory period and that females store sperm throughout the winter before resuming the reproductive cycle in spring. On 16 May 2019, while mist-netting in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, USA, we observed a male and female silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) copulating on the ground. Both individuals were captured and processed to obtain further details on reproductive status. To our knowledge this is the first published record of a silver-haired bat copulation event, and its occurrence during the spring migratory period challenges long-held assumptions about the reproductive cycle of the species and tree bats in general.
{"title":"An Observation of Spring Mating in Silver-Haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans)","authors":"Jeff Clerc, Elizabeth J. Rogers, Emma L Kunkel, Nathan W. Fuller","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The mating behavior of North American tree bats (Lasiurus spp. and Lasionycteris noctivagans) is not well understood. The majority of records suggest that this group of species mates during the autumn migratory period and that females store sperm throughout the winter before resuming the reproductive cycle in spring. On 16 May 2019, while mist-netting in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, USA, we observed a male and female silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) copulating on the ground. Both individuals were captured and processed to obtain further details on reproductive status. To our knowledge this is the first published record of a silver-haired bat copulation event, and its occurrence during the spring migratory period challenges long-held assumptions about the reproductive cycle of the species and tree bats in general.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80239545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：