Nicolas Tarbouriech, Wim P Burmeister, Beate Bersch, Frédéric Iseni
In the spring of 2022, an epidemic due to human monkeypox virus (MPXV) of unprecedented magnitude spread across all continents. Although this event was surprising in its suddenness, the resurgence of a virus from the Poxviridae family is not surprising in a world population that has been largely naïve to these viruses since the eradication of the smallpox virus in 1980 and the concomitant cessation of vaccination. Since then, a vaccine and two antiviral compounds have been developed to combat a possible return of smallpox. However, the use of these treatments during the 2022 MPXV epidemic showed certain limitations, indicating the importance of continuing to develop the therapeutic arsenal against these viruses. For several decades, efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis of the DNA genome of these viruses have been ongoing. Although many questions remain unanswered up to now, the three-dimensional structures of essential proteins, and in particular of the DNA polymerase holoenzyme in complex with DNA, make it possible to consider the development of a model for poxvirus DNA replication. In addition, these structures are valuable tools for the development of new antivirals targeting viral genome synthesis. This review will first present the molecules approved for the treatment of poxvirus infections, followed by a review of our knowledge of the replication machinery of these viruses. Finally, we will describe how these proteins could be the target of new antiviral compounds.
2022 年春,一场规模空前的人猴痘病毒(MPXV)疫情在各大洲蔓延。虽然这一事件的突然性令人吃惊,但对于自 1980 年根除天花病毒并停止接种疫苗以来对这些病毒基本保持天真态度的世界人口来说,痘病毒科病毒的死灰复燃并不令人吃惊。从那时起,人们已经研制出一种疫苗和两种抗病毒化合物,以应对天花可能卷土重来的情况。然而,在 2022 年 MPXV 流行期间,这些治疗方法的使用显示出一定的局限性,这表明继续开发针对这些病毒的治疗手段非常重要。几十年来,人们一直在努力了解这些病毒 DNA 基因组合成的分子机制。尽管许多问题至今仍未得到解答,但基本蛋白质的三维结构,特别是 DNA 聚合酶全酶与 DNA 的复合结构,使我们有可能考虑建立痘病毒 DNA 复制模型。此外,这些结构也是开发针对病毒基因组合成的新型抗病毒药物的宝贵工具。本综述将首先介绍已被批准用于治疗痘病毒感染的分子,然后回顾我们对这些病毒复制机制的了解。最后,我们将介绍这些蛋白如何成为新型抗病毒化合物的靶标。
{"title":"[Poxvirus-encoded DNA replication proteins: potential targets for antivirals].","authors":"Nicolas Tarbouriech, Wim P Burmeister, Beate Bersch, Frédéric Iseni","doi":"10.1684/vir.2024.1033","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2024.1033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the spring of 2022, an epidemic due to human monkeypox virus (MPXV) of unprecedented magnitude spread across all continents. Although this event was surprising in its suddenness, the resurgence of a virus from the Poxviridae family is not surprising in a world population that has been largely naïve to these viruses since the eradication of the smallpox virus in 1980 and the concomitant cessation of vaccination. Since then, a vaccine and two antiviral compounds have been developed to combat a possible return of smallpox. However, the use of these treatments during the 2022 MPXV epidemic showed certain limitations, indicating the importance of continuing to develop the therapeutic arsenal against these viruses. For several decades, efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis of the DNA genome of these viruses have been ongoing. Although many questions remain unanswered up to now, the three-dimensional structures of essential proteins, and in particular of the DNA polymerase holoenzyme in complex with DNA, make it possible to consider the development of a model for poxvirus DNA replication. In addition, these structures are valuable tools for the development of new antivirals targeting viral genome synthesis. This review will first present the molecules approved for the treatment of poxvirus infections, followed by a review of our knowledge of the replication machinery of these viruses. Finally, we will describe how these proteins could be the target of new antiviral compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"28 1","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emergence of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in France in 2023: Impacts and Future Prospects.","authors":"Stéphan Zientara, Corinne Sailleau, Pascal Dujardin, Emmanuel Bréard, Damien Vitour","doi":"10.1684/vir.2024.1035","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2024.1035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (ISWAVLD) is the unmissable biannual meeting of all diagnostic veterinary laboratories including biologists, veterinarians and other scientists involved in laboratory diagnostics. It took place at the Lyon Convention Centre (29 June-1 July 2023). It was a pleasant and enriching moment, which allowed participants to discover and/or discuss new diagnostic methods and the epidemiology of animal diseases, around all themes involving veterinarians (animal health, but also environmental and human health, and food safety).
{"title":"[Proceedings of the International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, 2023].","authors":"Aurore Romey, Stéphan Zientara, Labib Bakkali Kassimi","doi":"10.1684/vir.2024.1036","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2024.1036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (ISWAVLD) is the unmissable biannual meeting of all diagnostic veterinary laboratories including biologists, veterinarians and other scientists involved in laboratory diagnostics. It took place at the Lyon Convention Centre (29 June-1 July 2023). It was a pleasant and enriching moment, which allowed participants to discover and/or discuss new diagnostic methods and the epidemiology of animal diseases, around all themes involving veterinarians (animal health, but also environmental and human health, and food safety).</p>","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"28 1","pages":"39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[12th International congress of plant pathology: One Health for all plants, crops and trees].","authors":"Déborah Kiervel","doi":"10.1684/vir.2024.1038","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2024.1038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"28 1","pages":"55-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Call for applications: ANRS | Maladies infectieuses émergentes, Société française de virologie (SFV)].","authors":"","doi":"10.1684/vir.2023.1030","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2023.1030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"27 6","pages":"355-356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The virome of the skin, defined as all viruses detected in the skin, represents a significant part of the microbiota. A much more recent discovery than the bacterial flora, the existence of the cutaneous virome has been revealed by recent metagenomic studies. The normal human skin virome is dominated by bacteriophages, Papillomaviridae, whose genomic diversity has proved extraordinary, and Polyomaviridae. Many yet unknown viral genomes within this virome await identification. The composition of the virome of the skin has been shown to be strictly individual and relatively stable over time, resulting from adaptation to everyone's genetics, lifestyle and mechanisms of immunological tolerance finely selected over the course of evolution. Yet little studied, the virome of the skin and all its interactions with other microbiota and the host are attracting growing interest. Indeed, constitutional or acquired alterations in the homeostasis between the commensal virome and the skin, ranging from sub-clinical viral dysbiosis to severe transformation of keratinocytes or adnexal cells, have been observed. These recent observations are stimulating the search for innovative solutions aimed at measuring or even modulating its pathological expression, with a view to personalized medicine.
{"title":"[The cutaneous virome: from virology to personalized medicine].","authors":"Clément Dominguez-Lafage, Marta Laganà, Franck Gesbert, Viviana Marin-Esteban, Géraldine Schlecht-Louf, Françoise Bachelerie, Claire Deback","doi":"10.1684/vir.2023.1028","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2023.1028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The virome of the skin, defined as all viruses detected in the skin, represents a significant part of the microbiota. A much more recent discovery than the bacterial flora, the existence of the cutaneous virome has been revealed by recent metagenomic studies. The normal human skin virome is dominated by bacteriophages, Papillomaviridae, whose genomic diversity has proved extraordinary, and Polyomaviridae. Many yet unknown viral genomes within this virome await identification. The composition of the virome of the skin has been shown to be strictly individual and relatively stable over time, resulting from adaptation to everyone's genetics, lifestyle and mechanisms of immunological tolerance finely selected over the course of evolution. Yet little studied, the virome of the skin and all its interactions with other microbiota and the host are attracting growing interest. Indeed, constitutional or acquired alterations in the homeostasis between the commensal virome and the skin, ranging from sub-clinical viral dysbiosis to severe transformation of keratinocytes or adnexal cells, have been observed. These recent observations are stimulating the search for innovative solutions aimed at measuring or even modulating its pathological expression, with a view to personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"27 6","pages":"333-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[What about a transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through a viral biofilm?]","authors":"Maria-Isabel Thoulouze, Catherine Inizan","doi":"10.1684/vir.2023.1027","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2023.1027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"27 6","pages":"313-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Et si le SARS-CoV-2 se transmettait sous forme de biofilm viral ?]","authors":"Maria-Isabel Thoulouze, Catherine Inizan","doi":"10.1684/vir.2023.1029","DOIUrl":"10.1684/vir.2023.1029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"27 6","pages":"85-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}