{"title":"[Index par auteur et par numéro de résumé].","authors":"","doi":"10.1684/vir.2021.0896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/vir.2021.0896","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"105 1","pages":"94-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80746534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bunyavirales order is a large and worldwide distributed group of segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses (sNSV) that includes more than 350 species (nine families). Arthropods and rodents are their natural reservoirs and humans are occasionally infected resulting in severe diseases. Particularly, the pathogenic prototype viruses Hantaan virus (HTNV, family Hantaviridae) and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Nairoviridae) have increased their geographical expansion and as a consequence, also cases of human diseases. Thus, it is necessary to (i) understand their mechanism of infection and (ii) to develop effective drugs to counteract them. In this perspective, we are working on two critical steps of bunyavirus viral cycle : replication and transcription. These processes are carried out by the multifunctional viral polymerase (L). In order to decipher the molecular mechanisms of bunyavirus replication, we present the study of interactions between hantavirus L proteins and their genomic RNA and replication assays of the full-length Hantaan polymerase. By electrophoresis mobility shifts assays and fluoresce anisotropy we determined the viral sequences specifically binding the L proteins anddefined their length and measured their affinity. We could see differences in the interactions between bunyaviral families L proteins suggesting differences on their mechanisms of replication and the way they are regulated. On the other hand, we performed replication assays for HNTV and LACV L and we have obtained a different result patron. These studies on replication and transcription reactions have shown that Hantaan L is more active than LACV L in the presence or absence of N terminal TAG. Also, the expected replication products are different and we observed some reproducible abortive products.We observed an unexpected UTP transferase activity by the Hantaan L protein that seems related to the processing of its genomic RNA for preventing recognition by the cell innate immune system and maintaining genome integrity. TheseRNA-protein interactions studies, along with the replication assays, will provide the basis for subsequent biochemical and structural studies to understand the molecular mechanism uncovering these reactions. This will be crutial for the development of effective antiviral drugs.
{"title":"Structural and functional characterization of the replication and transcription activities of Hantaan virus polymerase","authors":"S. Garcia, J. Reguera","doi":"10.1691/ph.2009.0892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2009.0892","url":null,"abstract":"The Bunyavirales order is a large and worldwide distributed group of segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses (sNSV) that includes more than 350 species (nine families). Arthropods and rodents are their natural reservoirs and humans are occasionally infected resulting in severe diseases. Particularly, the pathogenic prototype viruses Hantaan virus (HTNV, family Hantaviridae) and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, family Nairoviridae) have increased their geographical expansion and as a consequence, also cases of human diseases. Thus, it is necessary to (i) understand their mechanism of infection and (ii) to develop effective drugs to counteract them. In this perspective, we are working on two critical steps of bunyavirus viral cycle : replication and transcription. These processes are carried out by the multifunctional viral polymerase (L). In order to decipher the molecular mechanisms of bunyavirus replication, we present the study of interactions between hantavirus L proteins and their genomic RNA and replication assays of the full-length Hantaan polymerase. By electrophoresis mobility shifts assays and fluoresce anisotropy we determined the viral sequences specifically binding the L proteins anddefined their length and measured their affinity. We could see differences in the interactions between bunyaviral families L proteins suggesting differences on their mechanisms of replication and the way they are regulated. On the other hand, we performed replication assays for HNTV and LACV L and we have obtained a different result patron. These studies on replication and transcription reactions have shown that Hantaan L is more active than LACV L in the presence or absence of N terminal TAG. Also, the expected replication products are different and we observed some reproducible abortive products.We observed an unexpected UTP transferase activity by the Hantaan L protein that seems related to the processing of its genomic RNA for preventing recognition by the cell innate immune system and maintaining genome integrity. TheseRNA-protein interactions studies, along with the replication assays, will provide the basis for subsequent biochemical and structural studies to understand the molecular mechanism uncovering these reactions. This will be crutial for the development of effective antiviral drugs.","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77132359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Émergence du coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 : faire face à l’épidémie de Covid-19","authors":"S. V. D. Werf, C. Peltékian","doi":"10.1684/VIR.2020.0825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/VIR.2020.0825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"55 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86787365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current antiretroviral therapy allows the control of HIV replication but a relapse occurs most of the time in case of treatment interruption. The viral genome integration explains this persistence of HIV in all body tissues, at very variable levels depending on their density of CD4+ T-cells, HIV main target. Secondary lymphoid tissues are the most infected organs. Several techniques can be used to characterize the reservoir, detecting different forms of the virus. They are complementary to decipher the establishment of HIV reservoir during the primary infection and its dynamics afterwards. In peripheral blood, the earlier the initiation of treatment, the more important is the decrease in total HIV DNA. Early treatment prevents the progressive increase in stable integrated forms of HIV DNA and preserves immune cells from infection. A better understanding of HIV infection in controllers will also aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the reservoir.
{"title":"Cell and tissue reservoirs of HIV-1: dynamics during infection.","authors":"P. Trémeaux, C. Rouzioux, V. Avettand-Fenoël","doi":"10.1684/vir.2019.0784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/vir.2019.0784","url":null,"abstract":"Current antiretroviral therapy allows the control of HIV replication but a relapse occurs most of the time in case of treatment interruption. The viral genome integration explains this persistence of HIV in all body tissues, at very variable levels depending on their density of CD4+ T-cells, HIV main target. Secondary lymphoid tissues are the most infected organs. Several techniques can be used to characterize the reservoir, detecting different forms of the virus. They are complementary to decipher the establishment of HIV reservoir during the primary infection and its dynamics afterwards. In peripheral blood, the earlier the initiation of treatment, the more important is the decrease in total HIV DNA. Early treatment prevents the progressive increase in stable integrated forms of HIV DNA and preserves immune cells from infection. A better understanding of HIV infection in controllers will also aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the reservoir.","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"3 5 1","pages":"211-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83622836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Viral reservoirs, a challenging theme in HIV research.","authors":"V. Avettand-Fenoël","doi":"10.1684/vir.2019.0781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/vir.2019.0781","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"41 1","pages":"193-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77061177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) latency is clinically highlighting via the persistence of a residual viral load in cART-treated patients due to the reactivation of cellular reservoirs. Two forms of latency coexist but the contribution of the pre-integrationnal latency clearly plays a minor role in viral persistence. In contrast, the post-integrationnal latency significantly contributes to the evasion of the immune system by the HIV-1 cellular reservoir and consequently to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Although post-transcriptional mechanisms can contribute to the maintenance of viral latency, HIV-1 transcriptional inhibition is critical for the establishment and maintenance of post-integrational latency. This inhibition is a multifactorial phenomenon, making the development of anti-latency therapeutic strategies complex. These different notions will be described throughout this review.
{"title":"Viral latency of HIV-1.","authors":"S. Bouchat, C. Van Lint","doi":"10.1684/vir.2019.0782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/vir.2019.0782","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) latency is clinically highlighting via the persistence of a residual viral load in cART-treated patients due to the reactivation of cellular reservoirs. Two forms of latency coexist but the contribution of the pre-integrationnal latency clearly plays a minor role in viral persistence. In contrast, the post-integrationnal latency significantly contributes to the evasion of the immune system by the HIV-1 cellular reservoir and consequently to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Although post-transcriptional mechanisms can contribute to the maintenance of viral latency, HIV-1 transcriptional inhibition is critical for the establishment and maintenance of post-integrational latency. This inhibition is a multifactorial phenomenon, making the development of anti-latency therapeutic strategies complex. These different notions will be described throughout this review.","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"62 1","pages":"195-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80731419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The establishment of latent infection in long-lived cells is the main obstacle to HIV cure or sustained remission without antiretroviral therapy. The most developed therapeutic strategies, in current clinical trials are mainly based on the concept of "shock and kill". They include latency reversing agents (LRAs) to re-activate HIV transcription that can be associated with immunomodulatory treatments. The objective is to eliminate virus-producing cells or to induce the control of HIV after anti-retroviral therapy cessation. HIV reservoir or cancer cells have a number of mechanisms in common. They can escape the immune system and persist by overexpressing survival molecules. This review presents a synthesis of current therapeutic approaches as well as the therapeutic perspectives related to the field of oncology.
{"title":"Therapeutic approaches targeting HIV reservoirs.","authors":"A. Chéret","doi":"10.1684/vir.2019.0786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1684/vir.2019.0786","url":null,"abstract":"The establishment of latent infection in long-lived cells is the main obstacle to HIV cure or sustained remission without antiretroviral therapy. The most developed therapeutic strategies, in current clinical trials are mainly based on the concept of \"shock and kill\". They include latency reversing agents (LRAs) to re-activate HIV transcription that can be associated with immunomodulatory treatments. The objective is to eliminate virus-producing cells or to induce the control of HIV after anti-retroviral therapy cessation. HIV reservoir or cancer cells have a number of mechanisms in common. They can escape the immune system and persist by overexpressing survival molecules. This review presents a synthesis of current therapeutic approaches as well as the therapeutic perspectives related to the field of oncology.","PeriodicalId":49377,"journal":{"name":"Virologie","volume":"53 1","pages":"250-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86138365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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