Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.21753/VMOA.2016.3.2.1
E. V. S. Fernex, M. A. Diaz, P. M. Gives, B. V. L. Mora, A. Zamilpa, Manases González Cortasar
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G. Hernandez, Fernando Chávez Maya, Edith Rojas Anaya, E. L. Rubio, Gary García Espinosa
espanolWe analysed the genome of a low-pathogenic avian H5N2 influenza virus isolated from the faeces of experimentally infected Pekin ducks and Leghorn-type chickens to determine its origin and molecular characteristics. The complete genomic sequence was determined using a Sanger-based genome sequencing method and was subsequently characterized by phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. The results of this study showed that 8 genomic segments corresponded to an avian influenza virus that were related with strains isolated in Mexico. Investigation of the haemagglutinin gene revealed the presence of few basic amino acids at the cleavage site and lack of a potential N-glycosylation site at position 11. The gene encoding the PB1 protein lacked PB1-F2 and the basic polymerase gene codes for PA-X. In addition, the basic polymerase gene contained the consensus ribosomal frameshifting motif TCC TTT CGT C, which is required for the expression of the PA-X. Molecular characteristics showed that the virus has features of a low-pathogenic H5 influenza virus with the exception of a potential N-glycosylation site at position 11. The genome information for this particular virus will provide a molecular map for further in vivo studies to identify why some influenza viruses can persist in chickens for long periods of time. Such information will be useful in countries such as Mexico, where the virus has been a poultry health problem since 1994 and has the potential to evolve high pathogenicity MultipleEste estudio analizo el genoma de un virus de influenza aviar H5N2, aislado de heces de pollos tipo Leghorn y patos Pekin, infectados experimentalmente para conocer su origen y caracteristicas moleculares. La secuencia completa del genoma del virus se obtuvo por medio del metodo de secuenciacion de Sanger, una vez obtenida la secuencia, se caracterizo mediante comparacion genetica y analisis filogenetico. Los resultados del analisis mostraron que los ocho segmentos del genoma estan relacionados con virus aislados en Mexico. El analisis del gen de la hemoaglutinina revelo que codifica para pocos aminoacidos basicos en el sitio de corte y quiza carece de un sitio de glicosilacion en la posicion once. El gen que codifica para la proteina PB1 carece del fragmento PB1-F2, asi como en el gen de la PA se encuentra el fragmento PA-X. Tambien se observo, que el gen de la polimerasa contiene la secuencia consenso del ribosoma TCC TTT CGT C, requerida para la expresion de PA-X. Las caracteristicas moleculares demostraron que el virus corresponde a un virus de baja patogenicidad del subtipo H5 con excepcion del posible sitio once de glicosilacion. La informacion del genoma para esta cepa del virus, proveera un mapa molecular para futuros estudios in vivo que puedan contribuir a conocer por que algunos virus de influenza aviar persisten en los pollos por periodos prolongados. Esta informacion puede ser de utilidad en paises como Mexico, donde el virus ha estado en la avicul
我们分析了从实验感染的北京鸭和leghorn型鸡的粪便中分离的一种低致病性禽流感H5N2病毒的基因组，以确定其来源和分子特征。采用基于sanger的基因组测序方法确定了完整的基因组序列，随后进行了系统发育分析和遗传比较。这项研究的结果表明，8个基因组片段与一种与墨西哥分离的毒株相关的禽流感病毒相对应。对血凝素基因的研究显示，在切割位点上存在少量的碱性氨基酸，并且在11号位置上缺乏一个潜在的n -糖基化位点。编码PB1蛋白的基因缺乏PB1- f2，而基本聚合酶基因编码PA-X。此外，基本聚合酶基因含有共识核糖体移框基序TCC TTT CGT C，这是PA-X表达所必需的。分子特征表明，该病毒具有低致病性H5流感病毒的特征，但第11位可能存在n -糖基化位点。这种特殊病毒的基因组信息将为进一步的体内研究提供分子图谱，以确定为什么某些流感病毒可以在鸡体内长期存在。这些信息将对墨西哥等国家有用，这些国家自1994年以来该病毒一直是一个家禽健康问题，并且有可能演变成高致病性h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1 h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1 h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1 h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1 h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1 h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒，h5n1禽流感病毒。病毒全基因组序列分析(La sequencia complete del genoma del Sanger)是一种新型的基因组序列分析方法，是一种新型的基因组序列分析方法。结果分析:墨西哥病毒感染的主要原因是基因片段的遗传变异。分析了血凝素含量的变化规律，分析了血凝素含量的变化规律，分析了血凝素含量的变化规律和血凝素含量的变化规律。El genque codiica para proteina PB1为PB1- f2, El genque codiica para proteina PB1为PB1- f2, El genque codiica para proteina PA为PA- x。Tambien se observo, que el gen de la polimerasa大陆la secuencia consenso del核糖体TCC TTT CGT C，要求PA-X的para表达。这些特征分子与H5亚型病毒的低致病性相对应，但也有可能是H5亚型病毒。《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》、《关于病毒的基因信息》。通过对墨西哥养鸡业的研究，我们发现了1994年在养鸡业中发现的一种病毒，这种病毒具有潜在的进化能力和致病性。
{"title":"Análisis del genoma de un virus atípico de influenza aviar H5N2 de baja patogenicidad de origen mexicano","authors":"G. Hernandez, Fernando Chávez Maya, Edith Rojas Anaya, E. L. Rubio, Gary García Espinosa","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.3.2.363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.3.2.363","url":null,"abstract":"espanolWe analysed the genome of a low-pathogenic avian H5N2 influenza virus isolated from the faeces of experimentally infected Pekin ducks and Leghorn-type chickens to determine its origin and molecular characteristics. The complete genomic sequence was determined using a Sanger-based genome sequencing method and was subsequently characterized by phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. The results of this study showed that 8 genomic segments corresponded to an avian influenza virus that were related with strains isolated in Mexico. Investigation of the haemagglutinin gene revealed the presence of few basic amino acids at the cleavage site and lack of a potential N-glycosylation site at position 11. The gene encoding the PB1 protein lacked PB1-F2 and the basic polymerase gene codes for PA-X. In addition, the basic polymerase gene contained the consensus ribosomal frameshifting motif TCC TTT CGT C, which is required for the expression of the PA-X. Molecular characteristics showed that the virus has features of a low-pathogenic H5 influenza virus with the exception of a potential N-glycosylation site at position 11. The genome information for this particular virus will provide a molecular map for further in vivo studies to identify why some influenza viruses can persist in chickens for long periods of time. Such information will be useful in countries such as Mexico, where the virus has been a poultry health problem since 1994 and has the potential to evolve high pathogenicity MultipleEste estudio analizo el genoma de un virus de influenza aviar H5N2, aislado de heces de pollos tipo Leghorn y patos Pekin, infectados experimentalmente para conocer su origen y caracteristicas moleculares. La secuencia completa del genoma del virus se obtuvo por medio del metodo de secuenciacion de Sanger, una vez obtenida la secuencia, se caracterizo mediante comparacion genetica y analisis filogenetico. Los resultados del analisis mostraron que los ocho segmentos del genoma estan relacionados con virus aislados en Mexico. El analisis del gen de la hemoaglutinina revelo que codifica para pocos aminoacidos basicos en el sitio de corte y quiza carece de un sitio de glicosilacion en la posicion once. El gen que codifica para la proteina PB1 carece del fragmento PB1-F2, asi como en el gen de la PA se encuentra el fragmento PA-X. Tambien se observo, que el gen de la polimerasa contiene la secuencia consenso del ribosoma TCC TTT CGT C, requerida para la expresion de PA-X. Las caracteristicas moleculares demostraron que el virus corresponde a un virus de baja patogenicidad del subtipo H5 con excepcion del posible sitio once de glicosilacion. La informacion del genoma para esta cepa del virus, proveera un mapa molecular para futuros estudios in vivo que puedan contribuir a conocer por que algunos virus de influenza aviar persisten en los pollos por periodos prolongados. Esta informacion puede ser de utilidad en paises como Mexico, donde el virus ha estado en la avicul","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"3 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicia González-González, E. González-Padilla, F. Fierro-Fierro, M. D. L. Juárez-Mosqueda, J. Pérez-Rivero, M. Vergara-Onofre
Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Gonzalez Gonzalez A, Gonzalez Padilla E, Fierro Fierro F, Juarez Mosqueda M de L, Perez Rivero JJ, Vergara Onofre M. A single neonatal administration of soybean oil and/or tamoxifen affects permanently the testis histomorphology in adult rats. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(2). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.2.364 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tamoxifen (Tx) and its vehicle, soybean oil (SO), during the critical period of hypothalamic sexual differentiation in newborn male rats, regarding gonadal histomorphology during adulthood. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 5 each). An hour after birth, one group was treated subcutaneously with 200 μg of Tx, using commercial SO (20 uL) as a vehicle; another group was treated with only 20 μL of SO; the control group received no treatment. All rats were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 90 post-treatment. Testicles were removed, weighed and processed for histological evaluation. The single administration of Tx and/or SO during the critical period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus permanently altered testicular histomorphology, spermatogenesis, and body weight in adulthood. Alterations included vacuolization and reduction in the number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. The administration of Tx reduced the testicular weight, the diameter and area of the seminiferous tubules, and the height of the germinal epithelium, and increased the intertubular space. Soybean oil by itself reduced the number of spermatocytes and spermatids more than Tx did. There was no effect on the number of Leydig cells. The possibility that soybean oil can act as an endocrine disruptor deserves greater attention and opens the possibility for the development of new methods of pest control. Figure 1. Representative hematoxylin-eosin-stained histological sections of testicles collected from the control group (A y B), rats treated with SO (C y D) and rats treated with Tx (E y F). A, C and E, 200X. B, D and F, 400X. T: Tubule. LC: Leydig cells. Histological changes induced by Tx and/or SO treatments can be observed. Black arrows point to the largest intertubular space. White arrows in E and F indicate the ungrouping of the LC. Asterisks indicate the vacuoles in the seminiferous tubules.
引用本文:Gonzalez Gonzalez A, Gonzalez Padilla E, Fierro Fierro F, Juarez Mosqueda M de L, Perez Rivero JJ, Vergara Onofre M.单次给予大豆油和/或他莫西芬对成年大鼠睾丸组织形态学的影响。墨西哥兽医局。2016; 3(2)。本研究的目的是确定他莫昔芬(Tx)及其代药大豆油(SO)在新生雄性大鼠下丘脑性别分化关键时期对成年期性腺组织形态学的影响。随机分为3组，每组5只。出生1 h后，一组以商业SO (20 uL)为载体，皮下注射Tx 200 μg;另一组仅用20 μL SO处理;对照组不进行任何治疗。治疗后第90天称重，颈椎脱臼处死。取下睾丸，称重并进行组织学评估。在下丘脑性别分化的关键时期单次给予Tx和/或SO会永久性地改变成年期睾丸组织形态、精子发生和体重。改变包括空泡化和精原细胞和支持细胞数量的减少。Tx可降低睾丸重量、精小管直径和面积、生殖上皮高度，增大精小管间距。大豆油本身比Tx更能减少精母细胞和精母细胞的数量。对间质细胞的数量没有影响。大豆油作为内分泌干扰物的可能性值得更多的关注，并为开发新的害虫防治方法提供了可能性。图1所示。对照组(A y B)、SO组(C y D)和Tx组(E y F)的睾丸组织切片，有代表性的苏木精-伊红染色。B, D, F, 400X。师:小管。间质细胞。可以观察到Tx和/或SO处理引起的组织学改变。黑色箭头指向最大的管间空间。E和F中的白色箭头表示LC未分组。星号表示精管中的液泡。
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Pub Date : 2016-05-15Epub Date: 2016-03-09DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00102.2016
Janet D Klein, Yanhua Wang, Mitsi A Blount, Patrick A Molina, Lauren M LaRocque, Joseph A Ruiz, Jeff M Sands
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by production of very large quantities of dilute urine due to an inability of the kidney to respond to vasopressin. Congenital NDI results from mutations in the type 2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) in ∼90% of families. These patients do not have mutations in aquaporin-2 (AQP2) or urea transporter UT-A1 (UT-A1). We tested adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) since it is known to phosphorylate another vasopressin-sensitive transporter, NKCC2 (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter). We found AMPK expressed in rat inner medulla (IM). AMPK directly phosphorylated AQP2 and UT-A1 in vitro. Metformin, an AMPK activator, increased phosphorylation of both AQP2 and UT-A1 in rat inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs). Metformin increased the apical plasma membrane accumulation of AQP2, but not UT-A1, in rat IM. Metformin increased both osmotic water permeability and urea permeability in perfused rat terminal IMCDs. These findings suggest that metformin increases osmotic water permeability by increasing AQP2 accumulation in the apical plasma membrane but increases urea permeability by activating UT-A1 already present in the membrane. Lastly, metformin increased urine osmolality in mice lacking a V2R, a mouse model of congenital NDI. We conclude that AMPK activation by metformin mimics many of the mechanisms by which vasopressin increases urine-concentrating ability. These findings suggest that metformin may be a novel therapeutic option for congenital NDI due to V2R mutations.
{"title":"Metformin, an AMPK activator, stimulates the phosphorylation of aquaporin 2 and urea transporter A1 in inner medullary collecting ducts.","authors":"Janet D Klein, Yanhua Wang, Mitsi A Blount, Patrick A Molina, Lauren M LaRocque, Joseph A Ruiz, Jeff M Sands","doi":"10.1152/ajprenal.00102.2016","DOIUrl":"10.1152/ajprenal.00102.2016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by production of very large quantities of dilute urine due to an inability of the kidney to respond to vasopressin. Congenital NDI results from mutations in the type 2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) in ∼90% of families. These patients do not have mutations in aquaporin-2 (AQP2) or urea transporter UT-A1 (UT-A1). We tested adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) since it is known to phosphorylate another vasopressin-sensitive transporter, NKCC2 (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter). We found AMPK expressed in rat inner medulla (IM). AMPK directly phosphorylated AQP2 and UT-A1 in vitro. Metformin, an AMPK activator, increased phosphorylation of both AQP2 and UT-A1 in rat inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs). Metformin increased the apical plasma membrane accumulation of AQP2, but not UT-A1, in rat IM. Metformin increased both osmotic water permeability and urea permeability in perfused rat terminal IMCDs. These findings suggest that metformin increases osmotic water permeability by increasing AQP2 accumulation in the apical plasma membrane but increases urea permeability by activating UT-A1 already present in the membrane. Lastly, metformin increased urine osmolality in mice lacking a V2R, a mouse model of congenital NDI. We conclude that AMPK activation by metformin mimics many of the mechanisms by which vasopressin increases urine-concentrating ability. These findings suggest that metformin may be a novel therapeutic option for congenital NDI due to V2R mutations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"1 1","pages":"F1008-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2016-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/ajprenal.00102.2016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90176013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Luna-Fernández, José-Manuel Yáñez-López, T. Tadich-Gallo
Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Luna Fernandez D, Yanez Lopez JM, Tadich Gallo TA. Level of agreement in the recognition of pain among equine practitioners in Chile. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.1.356 Pain is a relevant component of animal welfare, and its appropriate recognition is essential for the establishment of effective analgesic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines among veterinarians (equine practitioners). The effects of gender and age on pain recognition were also studied. The equine practitioners were asked to use a simple descriptive scale to score 25 digital color photographs of horses experiencing different painful conditions. The kappa coefficient for multiple raters was used to determine the degree of agreement. Descriptive statistics was used to estimate the severity of the pain, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to determine the effect of the rater’s gender and age. Thirty-four equine practitioners replied to the questionnaire. A poor level of agreement between equine practitioners was found (global kappa = 0.2871, CI 95% = 0.2032-0.3702); the agreement was stronger for those painful conditions with higher scores (maximum pain). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found for pain scoring in relation to the practitioner’s age and gender. This study is the first in Chile to explore the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines. It emphasizes the poor level of agreement between equine practitioners in the recognition of pain, which could compromise the establishment of appropriate analgesic treatments and result in poor animal welfare. Further studies are required to determine and promote understanding of the factors affecting veterinarians’attitudes towards the recognition and management of pain in equine species. Figure 1. Photograph used in the questionnaire for evaluating pain perception using a simple descriptive scale (SDS). To qualify the intensity of pain the respondents clicked on the number that represented the pain level they perceived as described in the SDS: 1 = No pain, 2 = Mild pain, 3 = Moderate pain, 4 = Severe pain, 5 = Maximum pain.
{"title":"Level of agreement in the recognition of pain among equine practitioners in Chile","authors":"Daniela Luna-Fernández, José-Manuel Yáñez-López, T. Tadich-Gallo","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.3.1.356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.356","url":null,"abstract":"Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Luna Fernandez D, Yanez Lopez JM, Tadich Gallo TA. Level of agreement in the recognition of pain among equine practitioners in Chile. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.1.356 Pain is a relevant component of animal welfare, and its appropriate recognition is essential for the establishment of effective analgesic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines among veterinarians (equine practitioners). The effects of gender and age on pain recognition were also studied. The equine practitioners were asked to use a simple descriptive scale to score 25 digital color photographs of horses experiencing different painful conditions. The kappa coefficient for multiple raters was used to determine the degree of agreement. Descriptive statistics was used to estimate the severity of the pain, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to determine the effect of the rater’s gender and age. Thirty-four equine practitioners replied to the questionnaire. A poor level of agreement between equine practitioners was found (global kappa = 0.2871, CI 95% = 0.2032-0.3702); the agreement was stronger for those painful conditions with higher scores (maximum pain). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found for pain scoring in relation to the practitioner’s age and gender. This study is the first in Chile to explore the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines. It emphasizes the poor level of agreement between equine practitioners in the recognition of pain, which could compromise the establishment of appropriate analgesic treatments and result in poor animal welfare. Further studies are required to determine and promote understanding of the factors affecting veterinarians’attitudes towards the recognition and management of pain in equine species. Figure 1. Photograph used in the questionnaire for evaluating pain perception using a simple descriptive scale (SDS). To qualify the intensity of pain the respondents clicked on the number that represented the pain level they perceived as described in the SDS: 1 = No pain, 2 = Mild pain, 3 = Moderate pain, 4 = Severe pain, 5 = Maximum pain.","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. L. Sánchez, José Ángel Gutiérrez Pabello, Gerardo Enrique Medina Basulto, T. R. Evangelista, E. D. Aparicio, S. Oshima
Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Landeros Sanchez B, Gutierrez Pabello JA, Medina Basulto GE, Renteria Evangelista TB, Diaz Aparicio E, Oshima S. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis down-regulates mRNA expression of iron-induced macrophage Ferroportin 1. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.1.361 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease. The mechanisms by which MAP is able to adapt to the innate host response are still unclear. We examined Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA expression levels via real-time PCR of the mouse macrophage cell line J774 that was incubated in the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) or MAP crude protein extract. Infection with live MAP decreased FPN1 mRNA levels in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent fashion. Macrophages infected with MOIs of 20:1 and 15:1 did not show any change in FPN1 gene expression, whereas MOIs of 10:1 and 5:1 induced a decrease of 50 and 80%, respectively. Macrophages treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL of MAP crude extract (ATCC19698) decreased FPN1 mRNA expression by 25%. Additionally, up-regulation of FPN1 mRNA by an iron overload treatment of 400 µM of ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) was abrogated by live MAP (MOI 20:1) by approximately 70%. Our data revealed an inhibitory effect of MAP on FPN1 mRNA and suggested a bacterial mechanism that may play a role in host iron regulation. Figure 1. Infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) down-regulates macrophage fpn1 gene expression. Murine macrophages, J774, were infected with MAP at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) for 6 hours. Total RNA was extracted and gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Results were normalized to GAPDH and expressed as units of relative expression (URE). Results are the mean ± standard deviation of 3 independent experiments with 3 replicates each. Statistical significance, P = 0.05.
{"title":"El Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis disminuye la regulación de la expresión del ARNm de la ferroportina 1 en los macrófagos inducidos con hierro","authors":"B. L. Sánchez, José Ángel Gutiérrez Pabello, Gerardo Enrique Medina Basulto, T. R. Evangelista, E. D. Aparicio, S. Oshima","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.3.1.361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.361","url":null,"abstract":"Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Landeros Sanchez B, Gutierrez Pabello JA, Medina Basulto GE, Renteria Evangelista TB, Diaz Aparicio E, Oshima S. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis down-regulates mRNA expression of iron-induced macrophage Ferroportin 1. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.1.361 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease. The mechanisms by which MAP is able to adapt to the innate host response are still unclear. We examined Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) mRNA expression levels via real-time PCR of the mouse macrophage cell line J774 that was incubated in the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) or MAP crude protein extract. Infection with live MAP decreased FPN1 mRNA levels in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent fashion. Macrophages infected with MOIs of 20:1 and 15:1 did not show any change in FPN1 gene expression, whereas MOIs of 10:1 and 5:1 induced a decrease of 50 and 80%, respectively. Macrophages treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL of MAP crude extract (ATCC19698) decreased FPN1 mRNA expression by 25%. Additionally, up-regulation of FPN1 mRNA by an iron overload treatment of 400 µM of ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA) was abrogated by live MAP (MOI 20:1) by approximately 70%. Our data revealed an inhibitory effect of MAP on FPN1 mRNA and suggested a bacterial mechanism that may play a role in host iron regulation. Figure 1. Infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) down-regulates macrophage fpn1 gene expression. Murine macrophages, J774, were infected with MAP at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) for 6 hours. Total RNA was extracted and gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Results were normalized to GAPDH and expressed as units of relative expression (URE). Results are the mean ± standard deviation of 3 independent experiments with 3 replicates each. Statistical significance, P = 0.05.","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"3 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Salas, E. Aburto, R. A. Alonso, A. Márquez, Hortensia Corona, L. Romero
The epidemiological and clinicopathological features of canine mammary tumors may provide valuable information to facilitate analysis of the behavior of the disease and represent a potential tool for the study of breast cancer in women. The aim of this study was to associate the histological features of canine mammary tumors with potential risk factors and survival. One hundred and seventy-eight mammary tumors were collected from 80 female dogs. The statistical analyses consisted of a series of univariate studies and frequencies of the different study variables, such as a bivariate analysis with the Chi squared test ( X 2 ), a relative risk and Kaplan Meier survival analysis, and a multiple correspondence analysis was used to correlate the tumor’s biological behavior with the dogs’ breed. Most patients were older than 8 years and had at least one malignant tumor, which was usually solitary and measured more than 6 cm; these patients had poor survival. The most frequent tumors were a complex adenoma, benign mixed tumor, carcinoma complex and mixed type carcinoma. The most commonly affected breeds were Poodle, Cocker Spaniel and Dachshund, and the breeds at the highest risk of tumor development were Cocker Spaniel, Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd. Overall, the data indicated that mammary tumors in dogs mainly affected older females with malignant tumors and that there were high mortality and short-term survival rates. However, the most commonly affected breeds were not necessarily the most susceptible. Our data do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of canine mammary tumors in nulliparous female dogs.
{"title":"Asociación histológica con factores potenciales de riesgo y tiempo de sobrevida en el tumor mamario canino","authors":"Y. Salas, E. Aburto, R. A. Alonso, A. Márquez, Hortensia Corona, L. Romero","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.3.1.359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.359","url":null,"abstract":"The epidemiological and clinicopathological features of canine mammary tumors may provide valuable information to facilitate analysis of the behavior of the disease and represent a potential tool for the study of breast cancer in women. The aim of this study was to associate the histological features of canine mammary tumors with potential risk factors and survival. One hundred and seventy-eight mammary tumors were collected from 80 female dogs. The statistical analyses consisted of a series of univariate studies and frequencies of the different study variables, such as a bivariate analysis with the Chi squared test ( X 2 ), a relative risk and Kaplan Meier survival analysis, and a multiple correspondence analysis was used to correlate the tumor’s biological behavior with the dogs’ breed. Most patients were older than 8 years and had at least one malignant tumor, which was usually solitary and measured more than 6 cm; these patients had poor survival. The most frequent tumors were a complex adenoma, benign mixed tumor, carcinoma complex and mixed type carcinoma. The most commonly affected breeds were Poodle, Cocker Spaniel and Dachshund, and the breeds at the highest risk of tumor development were Cocker Spaniel, Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd. Overall, the data indicated that mammary tumors in dogs mainly affected older females with malignant tumors and that there were high mortality and short-term survival rates. However, the most commonly affected breeds were not necessarily the most susceptible. Our data do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of canine mammary tumors in nulliparous female dogs.","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"3 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ubaldo Aguilar, J. H. Cerón, Yesmín Domínguez, C. G. Gutiérrez
Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Aguilar U, Hernandez Ceron J, Dominguez Y, Gutierrez C. Ovulation rate, prolificacy and pregnancy rate in goats treated with oral glycerol. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.1.360 This study tested whether the oral administration of glycerol at the time of progestin removal and in the first 6 days of the estrous cycle increased the ovulation rate, prolificacy, and pregnancy rate in goats. Intravaginal sponges impregnated with fluorogestone acetate were inserted into 129 goats for 12 days; upon sponge removal, goats were randomly assigned to one of the two following treatment groups: the glycerol group (n = 65), which received an oral drench of 100 mL of glycerol upon sponge removal and was repeated on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 following estrus (estrus = day 0), and the control group (n = 64), which did not receive glycerol. The goats in estrus were mated, and their ovulation rate was determined by ultrasonography between days 8 and 12 of the estrous cycle. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography on day 40, and the prolificacy was determined at birth. In 6 goats treated with glycerol and 5 controls, their insulin concentrations at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after the glycerol drench were determined by radioimmunoassay. The proportion of goats with multiple ovulations (glycerol = 71 vs control = 64) and the proportion of goats with multiple births (glycerol = 52 vs control = 56) were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Likewise, the pregnancy rate was similar (P > 0.05) between treatments (glycerol = 88 vs control = 85%). The insulin concentrations tended to be higher in goats treated with glycerol (P = 0.08). In conclusion, an oral drench of 100 mL of glycerol at the time of progestin withdrawal and in the first 6 days of the estrous cycle did not increase the ovulation rate, prolificacy, or pregnancy rate in goats. Figure 1. A schematic overview of the treatments.
{"title":"Tasa de ovulación, prolificidad y tasa de gestación en cabras tratadas con glicerol por vía oral","authors":"Ubaldo Aguilar, J. H. Cerón, Yesmín Domínguez, C. G. Gutiérrez","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.3.1.360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.360","url":null,"abstract":"Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Aguilar U, Hernandez Ceron J, Dominguez Y, Gutierrez C. Ovulation rate, prolificacy and pregnancy rate in goats treated with oral glycerol. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2016;3(1). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.3.1.360 This study tested whether the oral administration of glycerol at the time of progestin removal and in the first 6 days of the estrous cycle increased the ovulation rate, prolificacy, and pregnancy rate in goats. Intravaginal sponges impregnated with fluorogestone acetate were inserted into 129 goats for 12 days; upon sponge removal, goats were randomly assigned to one of the two following treatment groups: the glycerol group (n = 65), which received an oral drench of 100 mL of glycerol upon sponge removal and was repeated on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 following estrus (estrus = day 0), and the control group (n = 64), which did not receive glycerol. The goats in estrus were mated, and their ovulation rate was determined by ultrasonography between days 8 and 12 of the estrous cycle. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography on day 40, and the prolificacy was determined at birth. In 6 goats treated with glycerol and 5 controls, their insulin concentrations at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after the glycerol drench were determined by radioimmunoassay. The proportion of goats with multiple ovulations (glycerol = 71 vs control = 64) and the proportion of goats with multiple births (glycerol = 52 vs control = 56) were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Likewise, the pregnancy rate was similar (P > 0.05) between treatments (glycerol = 88 vs control = 85%). The insulin concentrations tended to be higher in goats treated with glycerol (P = 0.08). In conclusion, an oral drench of 100 mL of glycerol at the time of progestin withdrawal and in the first 6 days of the estrous cycle did not increase the ovulation rate, prolificacy, or pregnancy rate in goats. Figure 1. A schematic overview of the treatments.","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"3 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21753/VMOA.3.1.360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-03DOI: 10.21753/VMOA.2016.3.1.1
D. Fernández, Tamara Alejandra Tadich Gallo, José Manuel Yañez López
Pain is a relevant component of animal welfare, and its appropriate recognition is essential for the establishment of effective analgesic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines among veterinarians (equine practitioners). The effects of gender and age on pain recognition were also studied. The equine practitioners were asked to use a simple descriptive scale to score 25 digital color photographs of horses experiencing different painful conditions. The kappa coefficient for multiple raters was used to determine the degree of agreement. Descriptive statistics was used to estimate the severity of the pain, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to determine the effect of the rater’s gender and age. Thirty-four equine practitioners replied to the questionnaire. A poor level of agreement between equine practitioners was found (Global kappa=0.2871, CI 95%= 0.2032-0.3702); the agreement was stronger for those painful conditions with higher scores (maximum pain). No significant differences (P>0.05) were found for pain scoring in relation to the practitioner’s age and gender. This study is the first in Chile to explore the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines. It emphasizes the poor level of agreement between equine practitioners in the recognition of pain, which could compromise the establishment of appropriate analgesic treatments and result in poor animal welfare. Further studies are required to determine and promote understanding of the factors affecting veterinarians’ attitudes towards the recognition and management of pain in equine species.
疼痛是动物福利的一个相关组成部分，它的适当认识是必不可少的建立有效的镇痛治疗。本研究的目的是确定兽医师(马从业人员)对马疼痛的认知水平。研究了性别和年龄对疼痛识别的影响。马从业者被要求使用简单的描述性量表对25张经历不同疼痛状况的马的数码彩色照片进行评分。使用多重评分者的kappa系数来确定一致性程度。采用描述性统计估计疼痛的严重程度，采用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验确定评分者性别和年龄的影响。34名马术从业者回答了调查问卷。马从业者之间的一致性较差(Global kappa=0.2871, CI 95%= 0.2032-0.3702);对于那些分数更高的疼痛状况(最大疼痛)，这种一致性更强。疼痛评分与执业医师年龄、性别的关系无统计学差异(P < 0.05)。这项研究是智利首次探索马在疼痛识别方面的一致程度。它强调了马从业者之间在疼痛识别方面的不良协议水平，这可能会损害适当镇痛治疗的建立，并导致动物福利不佳。需要进一步的研究来确定和促进对影响兽医对马类疼痛的认识和管理态度的因素的理解。
{"title":"Concordancia entre médicos veterinarios que trabajan en Chile en el reconocimiento del dolor en equinos","authors":"D. Fernández, Tamara Alejandra Tadich Gallo, José Manuel Yañez López","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.2016.3.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.2016.3.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Pain is a relevant component of animal welfare, and its appropriate recognition is essential for the establishment of effective analgesic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines among veterinarians (equine practitioners). The effects of gender and age on pain recognition were also studied. The equine practitioners were asked to use a simple descriptive scale to score 25 digital color photographs of horses experiencing different painful conditions. The kappa coefficient for multiple raters was used to determine the degree of agreement. Descriptive statistics was used to estimate the severity of the pain, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to determine the effect of the rater’s gender and age. Thirty-four equine practitioners replied to the questionnaire. A poor level of agreement between equine practitioners was found (Global kappa=0.2871, CI 95%= 0.2032-0.3702); the agreement was stronger for those painful conditions with higher scores (maximum pain). No significant differences (P>0.05) were found for pain scoring in relation to the practitioner’s age and gender. This study is the first in Chile to explore the level of agreement in the recognition of pain in equines. It emphasizes the poor level of agreement between equine practitioners in the recognition of pain, which could compromise the establishment of appropriate analgesic treatments and result in poor animal welfare. Further studies are required to determine and promote understanding of the factors affecting veterinarians’ attitudes towards the recognition and management of pain in equine species.","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-05DOI: 10.21753/VMOA.2015.2.4.1
C. Flores, Ernesto Guzmán Novoa, Mollah Md. Hamiduzzaman, J. Soto, Marco Antonio López Carlos
This study was conducted to analyze the process of Africanization of managed honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies by determining the frequency of African and European morphotypes and mitotypes ( mt DNA) in three different ecological environments of northern Mexico. Colonies (n= 151) were sampled in 1) temperate semi-dry; 2) semi-warm semi-dry; and 3) temperate sub-humid regions in the state of Zacatecas. The mt DNA type was determined by PCR-RFLP and the morphotype by the Fast Africanized Bee Identification System (FABIS). Out of all the colonies sampled in all areas, the mt DNA analysis showed a significantly higher frequency of European maternal lineage (77.5%) than of African maternal lineage (22.5%; P <0.0001). The morphometric analysis classified 47% of the colonies as European and 42.4% of them as Africanized. The frequency of colonies with African or European mitotypes and morphotypes varied significantly between regions (P <0.05) with results indicating a higher degree of Africanization in the semi-warm semi-dry region. Conversely, the highest frequency of colonies with the European morphotype and mitotype occurred in the temperate semi-dry region. These results suggest that the environment affects the degree of Africanization of honey bee colonies in northern Mexico. Colonies established at higher altitudes and in more temperate climates have more European genotypes than colonies established in tropical regions. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain these results.
{"title":"Africanización de colonias de abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera) en tres regiones climáticas del norte de México","authors":"C. Flores, Ernesto Guzmán Novoa, Mollah Md. Hamiduzzaman, J. Soto, Marco Antonio López Carlos","doi":"10.21753/VMOA.2015.2.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21753/VMOA.2015.2.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to analyze the process of Africanization of managed honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies by determining the frequency of African and European morphotypes and mitotypes ( mt DNA) in three different ecological environments of northern Mexico. Colonies (n= 151) were sampled in 1) temperate semi-dry; 2) semi-warm semi-dry; and 3) temperate sub-humid regions in the state of Zacatecas. The mt DNA type was determined by PCR-RFLP and the morphotype by the Fast Africanized Bee Identification System (FABIS). Out of all the colonies sampled in all areas, the mt DNA analysis showed a significantly higher frequency of European maternal lineage (77.5%) than of African maternal lineage (22.5%; P <0.0001). The morphometric analysis classified 47% of the colonies as European and 42.4% of them as Africanized. The frequency of colonies with African or European mitotypes and morphotypes varied significantly between regions (P <0.05) with results indicating a higher degree of Africanization in the semi-warm semi-dry region. Conversely, the highest frequency of colonies with the European morphotype and mitotype occurred in the temperate semi-dry region. These results suggest that the environment affects the degree of Africanization of honey bee colonies in northern Mexico. Colonies established at higher altitudes and in more temperate climates have more European genotypes than colonies established in tropical regions. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain these results.","PeriodicalId":49387,"journal":{"name":"Veterinaria Mexico","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68193446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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