Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1017/S1471068422000205
Huaduo Wang, Farhad Shakerin, Gopal Gupta
Abstract FOLD-RM is an automated inductive learning algorithm for learning default rules for mixed (numerical and categorical) data. It generates an (explainable) answer set programming (ASP) rule set for multi-category classification tasks while maintaining efficiency and scalability. The FOLD-RM algorithm is competitive in performance with the widely used, state-of-the-art algorithms such as XGBoost and multi-layer perceptrons, however, unlike these algorithms, the FOLD-RM algorithm produces an explainable model. FOLD-RM outperforms XGBoost on some datasets, particularly large ones. FOLD-RM also provides human-friendly explanations for predictions.
{"title":"FOLD-RM: A Scalable, Efficient, and Explainable Inductive Learning Algorithm for Multi-Category Classification of Mixed Data","authors":"Huaduo Wang, Farhad Shakerin, Gopal Gupta","doi":"10.1017/S1471068422000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1471068422000205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract FOLD-RM is an automated inductive learning algorithm for learning default rules for mixed (numerical and categorical) data. It generates an (explainable) answer set programming (ASP) rule set for multi-category classification tasks while maintaining efficiency and scalability. The FOLD-RM algorithm is competitive in performance with the widely used, state-of-the-art algorithms such as XGBoost and multi-layer perceptrons, however, unlike these algorithms, the FOLD-RM algorithm produces an explainable model. FOLD-RM outperforms XGBoost on some datasets, particularly large ones. FOLD-RM also provides human-friendly explanations for predictions.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42400228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.1017/s1471068422000072
Tran Cao Son, Enrico Pontelli, M. Balduccini, Torsten Schaub
Answer Set Planning refers to the use of Answer Set Programming (ASP) to compute plans, that is, solutions to planning problems, that transform a given state of the world to another state. The development of efficient and scalable answer set solvers has provided a significant boost to the development of ASP-based planning systems. This paper surveys the progress made during the last two and a half decades in the area of answer set planning, from its foundations to its use in challenging planning domains. The survey explores the advantages and disadvantages of answer set planning. It also discusses typical applications of answer set planning and presents a set of challenges for future research.
{"title":"Answer Set Planning: A Survey","authors":"Tran Cao Son, Enrico Pontelli, M. Balduccini, Torsten Schaub","doi":"10.1017/s1471068422000072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068422000072","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Answer Set Planning refers to the use of Answer Set Programming (ASP) to compute plans, that is, solutions to planning problems, that transform a given state of the world to another state. The development of efficient and scalable answer set solvers has provided a significant boost to the development of ASP-based planning systems. This paper surveys the progress made during the last two and a half decades in the area of answer set planning, from its foundations to its use in challenging planning domains. The survey explores the advantages and disadvantages of answer set planning. It also discusses typical applications of answer set planning and presents a set of challenges for future research.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86620304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-03DOI: 10.1017/S1471068422000199
Matthias Lanzinger, Stefano Sferrazza, G. Gottlob
Abstract Modern applications combine information from a great variety of sources. Oftentimes, some of these sources, like machine-learning systems, are not strictly binary but associated with some degree of (lack of) confidence in the observation. We propose MV-Datalog and $mathrm{MV-Datalog}^pm$ as extensions of Datalog and $mathrm{Datalog}^pm$ , respectively, to the fuzzy semantics of infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic $mathbf{L}$ as languages for effectively reasoning in scenarios where such uncertain observations occur. We show that the semantics of MV-Datalog exhibits similar model theoretic properties as Datalog. In particular, we show that (fuzzy) entailment can be decided via minimal fuzzy models. We show that when they exist, such minimal fuzzy models are unique and can be characterised in terms of a linear optimisation problem over the output of a fixed-point procedure. On the basis of this characterisation, we propose similar many-valued semantics for rules with existential quantification in the head, extending $mathrm{Datalog}^pm$ .
{"title":"MV-Datalog+-: Effective Rule-based Reasoning with Uncertain Observations","authors":"Matthias Lanzinger, Stefano Sferrazza, G. Gottlob","doi":"10.1017/S1471068422000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1471068422000199","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Modern applications combine information from a great variety of sources. Oftentimes, some of these sources, like machine-learning systems, are not strictly binary but associated with some degree of (lack of) confidence in the observation. We propose MV-Datalog and \u0000$mathrm{MV-Datalog}^pm$\u0000 as extensions of Datalog and \u0000$mathrm{Datalog}^pm$\u0000 , respectively, to the fuzzy semantics of infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic \u0000$mathbf{L}$\u0000 as languages for effectively reasoning in scenarios where such uncertain observations occur. We show that the semantics of MV-Datalog exhibits similar model theoretic properties as Datalog. In particular, we show that (fuzzy) entailment can be decided via minimal fuzzy models. We show that when they exist, such minimal fuzzy models are unique and can be characterised in terms of a linear optimisation problem over the output of a fixed-point procedure. On the basis of this characterisation, we propose similar many-valued semantics for rules with existential quantification in the head, extending \u0000$mathrm{Datalog}^pm$\u0000 .","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46881676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1017/S1471068422000163
Laura Giordano, Daniele Theseider Dupré
Abstract Weighted knowledge bases for description logics with typicality have been recently considered under a “concept-wise” multipreference semantics (in both the two-valued and fuzzy case), as the basis of a logical semantics of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs). In this paper we consider weighted conditional $mathcal{ALC}$ knowledge bases with typicality in the finitely many-valued case, through three different semantic constructions. For the boolean fragment $mathcal{LC}$ of $mathcal{ALC}$ we exploit answer set programming and asprin for reasoning with the concept-wise multipreference entailment under a $varphi$ -coherent semantics, suitable to characterize the stationary states of MLPs. As a proof of concept, we experiment the proposed approach for checking properties of trained MLPs.
{"title":"An ASP Approach for Reasoning on Neural Networks under a Finitely Many-Valued Semantics for Weighted Conditional Knowledge Bases","authors":"Laura Giordano, Daniele Theseider Dupré","doi":"10.1017/S1471068422000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1471068422000163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Weighted knowledge bases for description logics with typicality have been recently considered under a “concept-wise” multipreference semantics (in both the two-valued and fuzzy case), as the basis of a logical semantics of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs). In this paper we consider weighted conditional \u0000$mathcal{ALC}$\u0000 knowledge bases with typicality in the finitely many-valued case, through three different semantic constructions. For the boolean fragment \u0000$mathcal{LC}$\u0000 of \u0000$mathcal{ALC}$\u0000 we exploit answer set programming and asprin for reasoning with the concept-wise multipreference entailment under a \u0000$varphi$\u0000 -coherent semantics, suitable to characterize the stationary states of MLPs. As a proof of concept, we experiment the proposed approach for checking properties of trained MLPs.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42646909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1017/s1471068422000102
Philipp Korner, M. Leuschel, Joao Barbosa, V. S. Costa, V. Dahl, M. Hermenegildo, J. Morales, J. Wielemaker, Daniel Diaz, Salvador Abreu, Giovanni Ciatto
Both logic programming in general and Prolog in particular have a long and fascinating history, intermingled with that of many disciplines they inherited from or catalyzed. A large body of research has been gathered over the last 50 years, supported by many Prolog implementations. Many implementations are still actively developed, while new ones keep appearing. Often, the features added by different systems were motivated by the interdisciplinary needs of programmers and implementors, yielding systems that, while sharing the “classic” core language, in particular, the main aspects of the ISO-Prolog standard, also depart from each other in other aspects. This obviously poses challenges for code portability. The field has also inspired many related, but quite different languages that have created their own communities. This article aims at integrating and applying the main lessons learned in the process of evolution of Prolog. It is structured into three major parts. First, we overview the evolution of Prolog systems and the community approximately up to the ISO standard, considering both the main historic developments and the motivations behind several Prolog implementations, as well as other logic programming languages influenced by Prolog. Then, we discuss the Prolog implementations that are most active after the appearance of the standard: their visions, goals, commonalities, and incompatibilities. Finally, we perform a SWOT analysis in order to better identify the potential of Prolog and propose future directions along with which Prolog might continue to add useful features, interfaces, libraries, and tools, while at the same time improving compatibility between implementations.
{"title":"Fifty Years of Prolog and Beyond","authors":"Philipp Korner, M. Leuschel, Joao Barbosa, V. S. Costa, V. Dahl, M. Hermenegildo, J. Morales, J. Wielemaker, Daniel Diaz, Salvador Abreu, Giovanni Ciatto","doi":"10.1017/s1471068422000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068422000102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Both logic programming in general and Prolog in particular have a long and fascinating history, intermingled with that of many disciplines they inherited from or catalyzed. A large body of research has been gathered over the last 50 years, supported by many Prolog implementations. Many implementations are still actively developed, while new ones keep appearing. Often, the features added by different systems were motivated by the interdisciplinary needs of programmers and implementors, yielding systems that, while sharing the “classic” core language, in particular, the main aspects of the ISO-Prolog standard, also depart from each other in other aspects. This obviously poses challenges for code portability. The field has also inspired many related, but quite different languages that have created their own communities. This article aims at integrating and applying the main lessons learned in the process of evolution of Prolog. It is structured into three major parts. First, we overview the evolution of Prolog systems and the community approximately up to the ISO standard, considering both the main historic developments and the motivations behind several Prolog implementations, as well as other logic programming languages influenced by Prolog. Then, we discuss the Prolog implementations that are most active after the appearance of the standard: their visions, goals, commonalities, and incompatibilities. Finally, we perform a SWOT analysis in order to better identify the potential of Prolog and propose future directions along with which Prolog might continue to add useful features, interfaces, libraries, and tools, while at the same time improving compatibility between implementations.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91334975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1017/s1471068422000060
João Leite, Martin Slota
Over the last couple of decades, there has been a considerable effort devoted to the problem of updating logic programs under the stable model semantics (a.k.a. answer-set programs) or, in other words, the problem of characterising the result of bringing up-to-date a logic program when the world it describes changes. Whereas the state-of-the-art approaches are guided by the same basic intuitions and aspirations as belief updates in the context of classical logic, they build upon fundamentally different principles and methods, which have prevented a unifying framework that could embrace both belief and rule updates. In this paper, we will overview some of the main approaches and results related to answer-set programming updates, while pointing out some of the main challenges that research in this topic has faced.
{"title":"A Brief History of Updates of Answer-Set Programs","authors":"João Leite, Martin Slota","doi":"10.1017/s1471068422000060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068422000060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the last couple of decades, there has been a considerable effort devoted to the problem of updating logic programs under the stable model semantics (a.k.a. answer-set programs) or, in other words, the problem of characterising the result of bringing up-to-date a logic program when the world it describes changes. Whereas the state-of-the-art approaches are guided by the same basic intuitions and aspirations as belief updates in the context of classical logic, they build upon fundamentally different principles and methods, which have prevented a unifying framework that could embrace both belief and rule updates. In this paper, we will overview some of the main approaches and results related to answer-set programming updates, while pointing out some of the main challenges that research in this topic has faced.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83042488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1017/s1471068421000557
Felicidad Aguado, Pedro Cabalar, Martín Diéguez, Gilberto Pérez, Torsten Schaub, Anna Schuhmann, Concepción Vidal Martín
In this survey, we present an overview on (Modal) Temporal Logic Programming in view of its application to Knowledge Representation and Declarative Problem Solving. The syntax of this extension of logic programs is the result of combining usual rules with temporal modal operators, as in Linear-time Temporal Logic (LTL). In the paper, we focus on the main recent results of the non-monotonic formalism called Temporal Equilibrium Logic (TEL) that is defined for the full syntax of LTL but involves a model selection criterion based on Equilibrium Logic, a well known logical characterization of Answer Set Programming (ASP). As a result, we obtain a proper extension of the stable models semantics for the general case of temporal formulas in the syntax of LTL. We recall the basic definitions for TEL and its monotonic basis, the temporal logic of Here-and-There (THT), and study the differences between finite and infinite trace length. We also provide further useful results, such as the translation into other formalisms like Quantified Equilibrium Logic and Second-order LTL, and some techniques for computing temporal stable models based on automata constructions. In the remainder of the paper, we focus on practical aspects, defining a syntactic fragment called (modal) temporal logic programs closer to ASP, and explaining how this has been exploited in the construction of the solver telingo, a temporal extension of the well-known ASP solver clingo that uses its incremental solving capabilities.
{"title":"Linear-Time Temporal Answer Set Programming","authors":"Felicidad Aguado, Pedro Cabalar, Martín Diéguez, Gilberto Pérez, Torsten Schaub, Anna Schuhmann, Concepción Vidal Martín","doi":"10.1017/s1471068421000557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068421000557","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this survey, we present an overview on (Modal) Temporal Logic Programming in view of its application to Knowledge Representation and Declarative Problem Solving. The syntax of this extension of logic programs is the result of combining usual rules with temporal modal operators, as in Linear-time Temporal Logic (LTL). In the paper, we focus on the main recent results of the non-monotonic formalism called Temporal Equilibrium Logic (TEL) that is defined for the full syntax of LTL but involves a model selection criterion based on Equilibrium Logic, a well known logical characterization of Answer Set Programming (ASP). As a result, we obtain a proper extension of the stable models semantics for the general case of temporal formulas in the syntax of LTL. We recall the basic definitions for TEL and its monotonic basis, the temporal logic of Here-and-There (THT), and study the differences between finite and infinite trace length. We also provide further useful results, such as the translation into other formalisms like Quantified Equilibrium Logic and Second-order LTL, and some techniques for computing temporal stable models based on automata constructions. In the remainder of the paper, we focus on practical aspects, defining a syntactic fragment called (modal) temporal logic programs closer to ASP, and explaining how this has been exploited in the construction of the solver telingo, a temporal extension of the well-known ASP solver clingo that uses its incremental solving capabilities.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77196150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.1017/s1471068421000600
M. Alpuente, D. Ballis, Santiago Escobar, J. Sapiña
This paper introduces $tt{{Presto}}$ , a symbolic partial evaluator for Maude’s rewriting logic theories that can improve system analysis and verification. In $tt{{Presto}}$ , the automated optimization of a conditional rewrite theory $mathcal{R}$ (whose rules define the concurrent transitions of a system) is achieved by partially evaluating, with respect to the rules of $mathcal{R}$ , an underlying, companion equational logic theory $mathcal{E}$ that specifies the algebraic structure of the system states of $mathcal{R}$ . This can be particularly useful for specializing an overly general equational theory $mathcal{E}$ whose operators may obey complex combinations of associativity, commutativity, and/or identity axioms, when being plugged into a host rewrite theory $mathcal{R}$ as happens, for instance, in protocol analysis, where sophisticated equational theories for cryptography are used. $tt{{Presto}}$ implements different unfolding operators that are based on folding variant narrowing (the symbolic engine of Maude’s equational theories). When combined with an appropriate abstraction algorithm, they allow the specialization to be adapted to the theory termination behavior and bring significant improvement while ensuring strong correctness and termination of the specialization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of $tt{{Presto}}$ in several examples of protocol analysis where it achieves a significant speed-up. Actually, the transformation provided by $tt{{Presto}}$ may cut down an infinite folding variant narrowing space to a finite one, and moreover, some of the costly algebraic axioms and rule conditions may be eliminated as well. As far as we know, this is the first partial evaluator for Maude that respects the semantics of functional, logic, concurrent, and object-oriented computations.
{"title":"Symbolic Specialization of Rewriting Logic Theories with Presto","authors":"M. Alpuente, D. Ballis, Santiago Escobar, J. Sapiña","doi":"10.1017/s1471068421000600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068421000600","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper introduces \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$tt{{Presto}}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 , a symbolic partial evaluator for Maude’s rewriting logic theories that can improve system analysis and verification. In \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$tt{{Presto}}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 , the automated optimization of a conditional rewrite theory \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$mathcal{R}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 (whose rules define the concurrent transitions of a system) is achieved by partially evaluating, with respect to the rules of \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$mathcal{R}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 , an underlying, companion equational logic theory \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$mathcal{E}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 that specifies the algebraic structure of the system states of \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$mathcal{R}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 . This can be particularly useful for specializing an overly general equational theory \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$mathcal{E}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 whose operators may obey complex combinations of associativity, commutativity, and/or identity axioms, when being plugged into a host rewrite theory \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$mathcal{R}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 as happens, for instance, in protocol analysis, where sophisticated equational theories for cryptography are used. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$tt{{Presto}}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 implements different unfolding operators that are based on folding variant narrowing (the symbolic engine of Maude’s equational theories). When combined with an appropriate abstraction algorithm, they allow the specialization to be adapted to the theory termination behavior and bring significant improvement while ensuring strong correctness and termination of the specialization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$tt{{Presto}}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 in several examples of protocol analysis where it achieves a significant speed-up. Actually, the transformation provided by \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$tt{{Presto}}$\u0000\u0000 \u0000 may cut down an infinite folding variant narrowing space to a finite one, and moreover, some of the costly algebraic axioms and rule conditions may be eliminated as well. As far as we know, this is the first partial evaluator for Maude that respects the semantics of functional, logic, concurrent, and object-oriented computations.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79472569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-19DOI: 10.1017/s1471068421000351
Kylian Van Dessel, Jo Devriendt, Joost Vennekens
Technological progress in Answer Set Programming (ASP) has been stimulated by the use of common standards, such as the ASP-Core-2 language. While ASP has its roots in nonmonotonic reasoning, efforts have also been made to reconcile ASP with classical first-order (FO) logic. This has resulted in the development of FO(·), an expressive extension of FO, which allows ASP-like problem solving in a purely classical setting. This language may be more accessible to domain experts already familiar with FO and may be easier to combine with other formalisms that are based on classical logic. It is supported by the IDP inference system, which has successfully competed in a number of ASP competitions. Here, however, technological progress has been hampered by the limited number of systems that are available for FO(·). In this paper, we aim to address this gap by means of a translation tool that transforms an FO(·) specification into ASP-Core-2, thereby allowing ASP-Core-2 solvers to be used as solvers for FO(·) as well. We present experimental results to show that the resulting combination of our translation with an off-the-shelf ASP solver is competitive with the IDP system as a way of solving problems formulated in FO(·).
{"title":"as Input Language for Answer Set Solvers","authors":"Kylian Van Dessel, Jo Devriendt, Joost Vennekens","doi":"10.1017/s1471068421000351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068421000351","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Technological progress in Answer Set Programming (ASP) has been stimulated by the use of common standards, such as the ASP-Core-2 language. While ASP has its roots in nonmonotonic reasoning, efforts have also been made to reconcile ASP with classical first-order (FO) logic. This has resulted in the development of FO(·), an expressive extension of FO, which allows ASP-like problem solving in a purely classical setting. This language may be more accessible to domain experts already familiar with FO and may be easier to combine with other formalisms that are based on classical logic. It is supported by the IDP inference system, which has successfully competed in a number of ASP competitions. Here, however, technological progress has been hampered by the limited number of systems that are available for FO(·). In this paper, we aim to address this gap by means of a translation tool that transforms an FO(·) specification into ASP-Core-2, thereby allowing ASP-Core-2 solvers to be used as solvers for FO(·) as well. We present experimental results to show that the resulting combination of our translation with an off-the-shelf ASP solver is competitive with the IDP system as a way of solving problems formulated in FO(·).","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75736156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1017/s1471068422000047
Mario Alviano, Wolfgang Faber, M. Gebser
Answer set programming (ASP) emerged in the late 1990s as a paradigm for knowledge representation and reasoning. The attractiveness of ASP builds on an expressive high-level modeling language along with the availability of powerful off-the-shelf solving systems. While the utility of incorporating aggregate expressions in the modeling language has been realized almost simultaneously with the inception of the first ASP solving systems, a general semantics of aggregates and its efficient implementation have been long-standing challenges. Aggregates have been proposed and widely used in database systems, and also in the deductive database language Datalog, which is one of the main precursors of ASP. The use of aggregates was, however, still restricted in Datalog (by either disallowing recursion or only allowing monotone aggregates), while several ways to integrate unrestricted aggregates evolved in the context of ASP. In this survey, we pick up at this point of development by presenting and comparing the main aggregate semantics that have been proposed for propositional ASP programs. We highlight crucial properties such as computational complexity and expressive power, and outline the capabilities and limitations of different approaches by illustrative examples.
{"title":"Aggregate Semantics for Propositional Answer Set Programs","authors":"Mario Alviano, Wolfgang Faber, M. Gebser","doi":"10.1017/s1471068422000047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1471068422000047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Answer set programming (ASP) emerged in the late 1990s as a paradigm for knowledge representation and reasoning. The attractiveness of ASP builds on an expressive high-level modeling language along with the availability of powerful off-the-shelf solving systems. While the utility of incorporating aggregate expressions in the modeling language has been realized almost simultaneously with the inception of the first ASP solving systems, a general semantics of aggregates and its efficient implementation have been long-standing challenges. Aggregates have been proposed and widely used in database systems, and also in the deductive database language Datalog, which is one of the main precursors of ASP. The use of aggregates was, however, still restricted in Datalog (by either disallowing recursion or only allowing monotone aggregates), while several ways to integrate unrestricted aggregates evolved in the context of ASP. In this survey, we pick up at this point of development by presenting and comparing the main aggregate semantics that have been proposed for propositional ASP programs. We highlight crucial properties such as computational complexity and expressive power, and outline the capabilities and limitations of different approaches by illustrative examples.","PeriodicalId":49436,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85589569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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