Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920533
Devon Golaszewski
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Embodied Engineering: Gendered Labor, Food Security, and Taste in Twentieth-Century Mali</em> by Laura Ann Twagira <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Devon Golaszewski (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Embodied Engineering: Gendered Labor, Food Security, and Taste in Twentieth-Century Mali</em> By Laura Ann Twagira. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021. Pp. 344. <p>In her introduction to this journal's April 2020 special issue on "Africanizing the History of Technology," Laura Ann Twagira identified key themes emerging from scholarship centering African experiences of technology, including technology in action, the remaking of infrastructure, scarcity, and creativity. Twagira's new book, <em>Embodied Engineering</em>, takes up these themes via a history of African women's food production, enriching the literature on both the history of technology in Africa and studies of gender and technology.</p> <p><em>Embodied Engineering</em> redefines food security as encompassing the quality, not just quantity, of food: its taste, color, texture; its familiarity and capacity to evoke memory and satiety; its place at the center of household relationships and Malian norms of hospitality; its nutritiousness; and the laboriousness or ease of its production. Malian women were responsible for producing this fulfilling food—labor that included not only cooking but also collecting firewood and wild plants, growing garden produce, pounding grains, producing shea-nut cooking oil, and other work. Centering the historical importance of everyday or "modest technologies" like the hoe, metal pot, and wrap skirt, Twagira reveals how Malian women's skill, knowledge, and innovative use of these technologies allowed them to make the landscape a food resource (p. 3). <strong>[End Page 365]</strong></p> <p>In chapter 1, focused on the early twentieth century, Twagira masterfully uses folktales to show how Malian women produced satisfying meals from both cultivated and wild lands. Chapters 2–4 trace life in the Office du Niger, a 100,000-hectare agricultural scheme in central Mali, initially created in the 1930s by colonial officials and maintained after Mali's independence from France in 1960. Because of the deep association of the Office du Niger with mechanized, industrialized, and export-oriented agriculture, Twagira's choice to explore women's food production in this context produces intriguing juxtapositions that allow her to renarrate the history of technological change in West Africa.</p> <p>Chapter 2 identifies the interrelationship of food production and social relationships. Colonial officials imagined the Office du Niger to be a model site of "modern" agriculture. But for Malians, it was a space of violence, including forced resettlement, isolation, and food shortages. This was epitomized by the lack of women residents and their difficulty in producing food, as the Office du Niger reordered the landscape into a matrix of
{"title":"Embodied Engineering: Gendered Labor, Food Security, and Taste in Twentieth-Century Mali by Laura Ann Twagira (review)","authors":"Devon Golaszewski","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a920533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a920533","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Embodied Engineering: Gendered Labor, Food Security, and Taste in Twentieth-Century Mali</em> by Laura Ann Twagira <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Devon Golaszewski (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Embodied Engineering: Gendered Labor, Food Security, and Taste in Twentieth-Century Mali</em> By Laura Ann Twagira. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021. Pp. 344. <p>In her introduction to this journal's April 2020 special issue on \"Africanizing the History of Technology,\" Laura Ann Twagira identified key themes emerging from scholarship centering African experiences of technology, including technology in action, the remaking of infrastructure, scarcity, and creativity. Twagira's new book, <em>Embodied Engineering</em>, takes up these themes via a history of African women's food production, enriching the literature on both the history of technology in Africa and studies of gender and technology.</p> <p><em>Embodied Engineering</em> redefines food security as encompassing the quality, not just quantity, of food: its taste, color, texture; its familiarity and capacity to evoke memory and satiety; its place at the center of household relationships and Malian norms of hospitality; its nutritiousness; and the laboriousness or ease of its production. Malian women were responsible for producing this fulfilling food—labor that included not only cooking but also collecting firewood and wild plants, growing garden produce, pounding grains, producing shea-nut cooking oil, and other work. Centering the historical importance of everyday or \"modest technologies\" like the hoe, metal pot, and wrap skirt, Twagira reveals how Malian women's skill, knowledge, and innovative use of these technologies allowed them to make the landscape a food resource (p. 3). <strong>[End Page 365]</strong></p> <p>In chapter 1, focused on the early twentieth century, Twagira masterfully uses folktales to show how Malian women produced satisfying meals from both cultivated and wild lands. Chapters 2–4 trace life in the Office du Niger, a 100,000-hectare agricultural scheme in central Mali, initially created in the 1930s by colonial officials and maintained after Mali's independence from France in 1960. Because of the deep association of the Office du Niger with mechanized, industrialized, and export-oriented agriculture, Twagira's choice to explore women's food production in this context produces intriguing juxtapositions that allow her to renarrate the history of technological change in West Africa.</p> <p>Chapter 2 identifies the interrelationship of food production and social relationships. Colonial officials imagined the Office du Niger to be a model site of \"modern\" agriculture. But for Malians, it was a space of violence, including forced resettlement, isolation, and food shortages. This was epitomized by the lack of women residents and their difficulty in producing food, as the Office du Niger reordered the landscape into a matrix of ","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140008534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920524
Jane Vincent, Leopoldina Fortunati
abstract:
Why was Italy the first country to introduce prepaid mobile phone billing services in 1996? What was the key to its success that led seventy-five telecommunications operators to introduce prepaid billing by 1998 and accelerated the mass adoption of mobile phones around the world? This article examines why prepaid was successful in light of national policies and sociocultural shifts. Along with SMS, handhelds, GSM, and the digitization of mobile communications, prepaid billing played a role in the rapid and immense spread of the mobile phone worldwide. As an innovative means of paying for mobile phone usage, prepaid represented a departure from operators' previous mobile phone payment methods. The article argues that by overlooking the contribution of this form of payment, telephone historians, the media, and business scholars have ignored this important driver of the success of mobile phones.
{"title":"How Prepaid Billing in Italy Helped Shape the Global Diffusion of Mobile Phones","authors":"Jane Vincent, Leopoldina Fortunati","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a920524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a920524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>abstract:</p><p>Why was Italy the first country to introduce prepaid mobile phone billing services in 1996? What was the key to its success that led seventy-five telecommunications operators to introduce prepaid billing by 1998 and accelerated the mass adoption of mobile phones around the world? This article examines why prepaid was successful in light of national policies and sociocultural shifts. Along with SMS, handhelds, GSM, and the digitization of mobile communications, prepaid billing played a role in the rapid and immense spread of the mobile phone worldwide. As an innovative means of paying for mobile phone usage, prepaid represented a departure from operators' previous mobile phone payment methods. The article argues that by overlooking the contribution of this form of payment, telephone historians, the media, and business scholars have ignored this important driver of the success of mobile phones.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140008600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920565
Dominique Trudel
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Une histoire de la cybernétique en France (1948–1975)</em> by Ronan Le Roux <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Dominique Trudel (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Une histoire de la cybernétique en France (1948–1975)</em> By Ronan Le Roux. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2018. Pp. 803. <p>Based on extensive archival research and personal interviews, Ronan Le Roux's <em>Une histoire de la cybernétique en France (1948–1975</em>) is the most definitive account of the history of French cybernetics. Impressive in its scope, the book offers a detailed cartography of the complex diffusion of cybernetic concepts in a variety of institutional contexts, including UNESCO and the Pasteur Institute, as well as overviews of the professional trajectories of some of the key figures of French cybernetics (Benoît Mandelbrot, Louis Couffignal, etc.). At over 800 pages, including various interesting appendixes (previously unpublished documents, interview transcripts, etc.) and an index, the book has both encyclopedic and synthetic ambitions. With regard to this last aspect, the central question remains the apparent paradox of French cybernetics: How could it arouse so much interest but lead to so few significant results? Le Roux's answer points to the pitfalls of vulgarization, dissemination, and confusion. While cybernetics became everything and its opposite, Le Roux's book aims to mark-out a well-defined field.</p> <p>Le Roux construes cybernetics as an interdisciplinary scientific field dedicated to modelization practices. This focus differs radically from previous works focusing on the social and cultural history of French cybernetics, on the many contact points between cybernetics and French theory, or on the margins of cybernetics (Triclot, <em>Le moment cybernétique</em>, 2008; Lafontaine, <em>L'empire cybernétique</em>, 2004; Theophanidis et al., "At the Margins of Cybernetics," 2017). To put it differently, Le Roux approaches cybernetics primarily through the lens of the history of science and technology and aims to assess the scientific relevance of cybernetics. As Le Roux puts it, the book continues the tradition of history of sciences "<em>à la française</em>." If such an approach is needed and relevant, it also has it owns limits. While cybernetics aimed at reconfiguring what counts as science and was considered a "universal discipline whose practitioners recommend a reordering of the traditional hierarchies of science" (Bowker, "How to Be Universal," 1993), this book recounts a more traditional and comforting history that remains within the boundaries of official scientific circles.</p> <p>Among the most interesting chapters is the chronicle of the short-lived Cercle d'études cybernétiques (1949–53). Mostly based on the private papers of its founder, Robert Vallée, Le Roux's account exposes the activities of the core group of mathematicians and engineers who first developed French cybernetics. While the organiza
评论者 Une histoire de la cybernétique en France (1948-1975) by Ronan Le Roux Dominique Trudel (bio) Une histoire de la cybernétique en France (1948-1975) By Ronan Le Roux.巴黎：Classiques Garnier, 2018.Pp.803.罗南-勒鲁（Ronan Le Roux）的《法国控制论史（1948-1975）》基于广泛的档案研究和个人访谈，是对法国控制论史最权威的描述。该书内容丰富，详细描绘了控制论概念在联合国教科文组织和巴斯德研究所等各种机构中的复杂传播过程，并概述了法国控制论的一些重要人物（伯努瓦-曼德尔布罗特、路易-库菲尼亚尔等）的职业轨迹。本书共 800 多页，包括各种有趣的附录（以前未发表的文件、访谈记录等）和索引，既有百科全书式的雄心壮志，也有综合的雄心壮志。关于最后一个方面，核心问题仍然是法国控制论的明显悖论：它为何能引起如此大的兴趣，却鲜有重大成果？勒鲁的答案指向了庸俗化、传播和混乱的陷阱。当控制论成为一切及其对立面的时候，勒鲁的书却旨在标出一个定义明确的领域。勒鲁将控制论视为一个致力于模型化实践的跨学科科学领域。这一重点与以往侧重于法国控制论的社会和文化历史、控制论与法国理论之间的诸多接触点或控制论边缘的著作（Triclot, Le moment cybernétique, 2008; Lafontaine, L'empire cybernétique, 2004; Theophanidis et al., "At the Margins of Cybernetics," 2017）截然不同。换言之，勒鲁主要从科技史的角度来研究控制论，旨在评估控制论的科学意义。正如勒鲁所说，该书延续了 "法语 "科学史的传统。如果说这种方法是必要的和相关的，那么它也有自己的局限性。控制论旨在重构科学的定义，被认为是一门 "普适性学科，其从业者建议对传统的科学等级进行重新排序"（鲍克，《如何成为普适性学科》，1993 年），而本书讲述的则是一段更传统、更令人欣慰的历史，它仍然保留在官方科学界的边界之内。其中最有趣的章节是关于短命的网络研究中心（Cercle d'études cybernétiques，1949-53 年）的编年史。勒鲁的记述主要基于其创始人罗伯特-瓦雷（Robert Vallée）的私人文件，揭露了由数学家和工程师组成的核心小组的活动，他们是法国控制论发展的第一人。虽然该小组的组织形式与美国梅西会议的组织形式如出一辙，但一个显著的不同之处在于记者在法国的地位。阿尔贝-杜克罗克（Albert Ducrocq）和皮埃尔-德-拉蒂尔（Pierre de Latil）将控制论介绍给 [第 426 页完] 更多的普通大众，并在一定程度上让大众对控制论着迷。勒鲁的观点是，记者的参与发生在科学领域的边缘，因此他的研究也就止步于此，而没有关注科学界之外对控制论的接受情况。勒鲁的框架倾向于区分科学史和文化史，如果说这种视角是一致的，那么法国控制论的这个方面仍然笼罩在神秘之中，应该成为未来著作的主题。关于结构主义、精神分析和控制论之间纠葛的章节也非常有趣。勒鲁仔细梳理了上世纪三场最重要的思想运动之间的诸多接触点（历史、制度、个人等）。这种视角是对以往著作的必要补充，以往的著作往往更关注概念和政治上的趋同。勒鲁将自己的论点与弗朗索瓦-多塞（François Dosse）和文森特-德孔贝（Vincent Descombes）等人的研究相比较，谨慎而令人信服地进行了定位。勒鲁对控制论对克劳德-列维-斯特劳斯和雅克-拉康的影响进行了微妙的阐释，提出了一系列复杂的假设，而非明确的论点。在这方面，本书也开启了充满希望的讨论。多米尼克-特鲁德尔（Dominique Trudel） 多米尼克-特鲁德尔（Dominique Trudel）是传播学、文化学系副教授。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920546
M. X. Mitchell
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Suburban Empire: Cold War Militarization in the US Pacific</em> by Lauren Hirshberg <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> M. X. Mitchell (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Suburban Empire: Cold War Militarization in the US Pacific</em> By Lauren Hirshberg. Oakland: University of California Press, 2022. Pp. xii + 365. <p>Since time immemorial, Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands has been the ancestral home of the ri-Kuwajleen. For nearly eight decades, it has also been the site of a massive U.S. military installation that is central to the American nuclear program and force posture. Lauren Hirshberg's brilliant cultural history of the U.S. militarization of Kwajalein explores the too-often-overlooked racialized, colonial dimensions of the U.S. military-industrial-academic complex.</p> <p>The places and peoples of Kwajalein Atoll—American and Marshallese; civilian and military—anchor <em>Suburban Empire</em>. This is a book about place-making—about the contested ways in which the U.S. military endeavored to transform ri-Kuwajleen places into both a technologically sophisticated military installation and a simulacrum of a segregated American suburb. The U.S. military used facilities at Kwajalein to provide logistical support for nuclear blasting in the Marshall Islands during the 1940s and 1950s. From the 1950s to the present day, the atoll has served as an "impact zone" for U.S. intercontinental ballistic missile targeting shots. Hirshberg argues that the suburbanization of Kwajalein served to sanitize the geographical expansion of the U.S. nuclear complex by obscuring its violent emplacement abroad in expropriated Native lands and waters.</p> <p>The book begins with an exploration of the interplay between securitization and racialization in the U.S. colonization of the Marshall Islands from the 1940s through the 1960s. Once administered by Japan as part of a League of Nations mandate, the United States invaded in 1944 and in 1947 designated the Marshall, Caroline, and Northern Mariana Islands as a part of a one-of-a-kind United Nations "strategic trusteeship." The international colonial status authorized U.S. militarization and justified U.S. use of sites in the Marshall Islands for nuclear blasting and missile targeting. Hirshberg enriches the first chapter's overview of important events during this time period by exploring how they were commemorated and represented in local publications like Bell Laboratories pamphlets, the <em>Atomic Blast</em>, the <em>Marshall Post Inquirer</em>, and the <em>Micronesian Monthly</em>.</p> <p>The core of <em>Suburban Empire</em>, developed in chapters 2, 3, and 4, offers a rich and difficult-to-summarize exploration of the U.S. expropriation of lands at Kwajalein and the imposition of a regime of racial segregation that shaped <strong>[End Page 390]</strong> life on the atoll from the 1950s through the 1980s. The Army's cultivation of Kwajalein as an American home,
{"title":"Suburban Empire: Cold War Militarization in the US Pacific by Lauren Hirshberg (review)","authors":"M. X. Mitchell","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a920546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a920546","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Suburban Empire: Cold War Militarization in the US Pacific</em> by Lauren Hirshberg <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> M. X. Mitchell (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Suburban Empire: Cold War Militarization in the US Pacific</em> By Lauren Hirshberg. Oakland: University of California Press, 2022. Pp. xii + 365. <p>Since time immemorial, Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands has been the ancestral home of the ri-Kuwajleen. For nearly eight decades, it has also been the site of a massive U.S. military installation that is central to the American nuclear program and force posture. Lauren Hirshberg's brilliant cultural history of the U.S. militarization of Kwajalein explores the too-often-overlooked racialized, colonial dimensions of the U.S. military-industrial-academic complex.</p> <p>The places and peoples of Kwajalein Atoll—American and Marshallese; civilian and military—anchor <em>Suburban Empire</em>. This is a book about place-making—about the contested ways in which the U.S. military endeavored to transform ri-Kuwajleen places into both a technologically sophisticated military installation and a simulacrum of a segregated American suburb. The U.S. military used facilities at Kwajalein to provide logistical support for nuclear blasting in the Marshall Islands during the 1940s and 1950s. From the 1950s to the present day, the atoll has served as an \"impact zone\" for U.S. intercontinental ballistic missile targeting shots. Hirshberg argues that the suburbanization of Kwajalein served to sanitize the geographical expansion of the U.S. nuclear complex by obscuring its violent emplacement abroad in expropriated Native lands and waters.</p> <p>The book begins with an exploration of the interplay between securitization and racialization in the U.S. colonization of the Marshall Islands from the 1940s through the 1960s. Once administered by Japan as part of a League of Nations mandate, the United States invaded in 1944 and in 1947 designated the Marshall, Caroline, and Northern Mariana Islands as a part of a one-of-a-kind United Nations \"strategic trusteeship.\" The international colonial status authorized U.S. militarization and justified U.S. use of sites in the Marshall Islands for nuclear blasting and missile targeting. Hirshberg enriches the first chapter's overview of important events during this time period by exploring how they were commemorated and represented in local publications like Bell Laboratories pamphlets, the <em>Atomic Blast</em>, the <em>Marshall Post Inquirer</em>, and the <em>Micronesian Monthly</em>.</p> <p>The core of <em>Suburban Empire</em>, developed in chapters 2, 3, and 4, offers a rich and difficult-to-summarize exploration of the U.S. expropriation of lands at Kwajalein and the imposition of a regime of racial segregation that shaped <strong>[End Page 390]</strong> life on the atoll from the 1950s through the 1980s. The Army's cultivation of Kwajalein as an American home,","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140008531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920529
Peter McNeil
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Technology, Novelty, and Luxury</em> ed. by Artemis Yagou <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Peter McNeil (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Technology, Novelty, and Luxury</em> Edited by Artemis Yagou. Munich: Deutsches Museum Verlag, 2022. Pp. 118. <p>This elegant and useful book takes luxury studies as its subject, and as its object a range of material culture goods that are not commonly associated with luxury per se. An introduction and four chapters are provided by a design historian, an organologist, a historian of science and culture, and a historian of decorative arts. Their research springs from a symposium conducted by the editor, Artemis Yagou, at an annual meeting of the Society for the History of Technology in Milan (2019). Yagou is an Athens-born historian who, in her capacity as research associate of the Deutsches Museum, gathered these chapters and directed their focus to artifacts housed in the museum. Richly illustrated in tonal and revealing color and printed on high-quality paper, the study looks and feels like a little luxury object in and of itself, representing the best type of museum-collection, academic-inflected writing.</p> <p>Yagou provides a brief but also concise and useful introduction that sets out the main contours of the field. Luxury studies in her view is less about the marketing, branding, or image-making aspect of an industry and more closely connected to studies of consumption; the "hierarchy of values" (citing Douglas and Isherwood, <em>The World of Goods</em>, 2021); the politeness and sociability associated with eighteenth-century studies of the Enlightenment; novelty; and also technology. Yagou argues for the necessary interdisciplinarity of successful luxury studies and the imbrication of design with technological innovations.</p> <p>Panagiotis Poulupoulos is correct to note, in "Aspects of Technology in Populuxe Musical Instruments of the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries," that "musical instruments have rarely been examined within the context of luxury in scholarly studies." Using the figure of the entrepreneur Sébastien Erard, famed maker of pedal harps, Poulupoulos argues that the combination of new technologies (design of metal mechanisms), new materials (molded "composition"), and new aesthetic forms (neoclassical and other <strong>[End Page 358]</strong> motifs redolent of the ancien régime) combined to create new instruments. This new range of "populuxe," or more affordable, formats opened up music to new middle-class groups around the world. The focus in this chapter is on French- and German-made musical instrument artifacts in the museum collection.</p> <p>Joseph Wachelder, in "Instructive Toys," considers a category of objects also not commonly considered in luxury studies, that of childhood toys. Wachelder charts the rise of new "educational toys," such as the cup and ball, yo-yo, diabolo, and kaleidoscope. He focuses on German Anglo
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Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920553
Alexander Donges
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>American Independent Inventors in an Era of Corporate R&D</em> by Eric S. Hintz <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Alexander Donges (bio) </li> </ul> <em>American Independent Inventors in an Era of Corporate R&D</em> By Eric S. Hintz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021. Pp. 368. <p>Since the late nineteenth century, corporate R&D labs have become an increasingly important source of innovation in the United States. Yet independent inventors still accounted for the majority of all patented inventions until the 1930s, and despite representing a declining share, they delivered notable inventions throughout the twentieth century. In his book <em>American Independent Inventors in an Era of Corporate R&D</em>, Eric S. Hintz delves into the fascinating world of independent inventors in the United States and explores their contributions amid the dominance of corporate R&D. Through comprehensive research, Hintz sheds light on the challenges, successes, and impact of these inventors in shaping innovation and driving technological change.</p> <p>The fact that independent inventors accounted for a large share of patented inventions until the mid-twentieth century is well documented by economic historians. Building on this research, Hintz uses various cases to illustrate different commercialization strategies. He distinguishes between four types of inventors: first, inventor-entrepreneurs who founded their own companies to exploit patented inventions commercially; second, inventors who sold their patents to existing firms, which then could either use these patents to scale up production or to hold down potential competitors; third, inventors who joined long-run cooperations with existing firms based on license or consulting agreements; fourth, inventors who used mixed strategies. There was vigorous cooperation between independent inventors and large firms, some of which had their own R&D labs. Thus, independent inventors and corporate R&D were somehow complementary inputs for the generation of innovation.</p> <p>Hintz shows that independent inventors could profit from cooperation with large firms by leveraging resources and expertise to bring inventions <strong>[End Page 403]</strong> to the market, but there were also conflicts. There was no level playing field when large corporations infringed patents of independent inventors, given that the latter did not possess similar financial means to endure lengthy court cases. Hintz highlights how patents were used to circumvent antitrust laws and build up barriers to market entry, for example by the creation of patent pools as in the market for light bulbs.</p> <p>Throughout the book, Hintz explores the challenges faced by independent inventors in navigating complex legal and economic landscapes. Independent inventors often found themselves marginalized and facing numerous obstacles. In contrast to other professions, inventors were no
评论人：Alexander Donges 公司研发时代的美国独立发明家 Eric S. Hintz Alexander Donges (bio) 公司研发时代的美国独立发明家 Eric S. Hintz 著。马萨诸塞州剑桥市：麻省理工学院出版社，2021 年。页码368.自 19 世纪末以来，企业研发实验室已成为美国日益重要的创新源泉。然而，直到 20 世纪 30 年代，独立发明家仍占所有专利发明的绝大多数，尽管所占比例不断下降，但他们在整个 20 世纪都取得了引人注目的发明。在《企业研发时代的美国独立发明家》一书中，埃里克-S-欣茨深入研究了美国独立发明家的迷人世界，并探讨了他们在企业研发占主导地位的时代所做出的贡献。通过全面的研究，辛茨揭示了这些发明家在塑造创新和推动技术变革方面所面临的挑战、取得的成功以及产生的影响。直到 20 世纪中叶，独立发明家在专利发明中所占的比例一直很大，这一事实已被经济史学家充分证明。在这一研究的基础上，欣茨利用各种案例说明了不同的商业化战略。他区分了四种类型的发明人：第一种是发明企业家，他们成立自己的公司，对专利发明进行商业开发；第二种是发明人，他们将专利出售给现有企业，这些企业可以利用这些专利扩大生产规模，或者压制潜在的竞争对手；第三种是发明人，他们与现有企业根据许可或咨询协议进行长期合作；第四种是采用混合策略的发明人。独立发明人与大公司之间的合作十分活跃，其中一些公司拥有自己的研发实验室。因此，独立发明人和企业研发在某种程度上是创新产生的互补投入。欣茨表明，独立发明人可以通过与大公司合作，利用资源和专业知识将发明[第 403 页结束]推向市场，从而从中获利，但同时也存在冲突。当大公司侵犯独立发明家的专利时，由于后者不具备类似的财力，无法忍受漫长的法庭诉讼，因此不存在公平的竞争环境。欣茨强调了专利是如何被用来规避反托拉斯法和建立市场进入壁垒的，例如在灯泡市场中建立专利池。在全书中，欣茨探讨了独立发明家在驾驭复杂的法律和经济环境时所面临的挑战。独立发明家常常发现自己被边缘化，面临重重障碍。与其他行业相比，发明家无法成功建立持久而强大的游说组织。因此，试图游说支持专利法改革、加强独立发明人利益的努力最终以失败告终。作者通过对发明家及其故事的广泛介绍，捕捉到了独立发明家的广度和深度，还包括女性和非裔美国人发明家的作用。在专利统计数据中，非裔美国人和女性发明家的比例严重偏低，这反映了显性和隐性歧视的影响，例如在获得教育和资本方面的限制。欣茨指出，人们曾试图建立一些组织和网络来帮助女性和非裔美国人发明家克服这些障碍，但这些举措取得的成功有限。以专利比例衡量，独立发明家的重要性在 20 世纪有所下降。第二次世界大战促进了这一发展，因为公司研发实验室从大规模的军事研究合同中获利，尽管正如欣茨所展示的，个人发明家仍然提供了重要的军事发明。在冷战时期，大公司可以保持其主导地位，但 20 世纪 70 年代末和 80 年代标志着一个转折点。日本公司在各个市场上超越了美国竞争对手，使人们对企业研发的优势产生了怀疑。欣茨认为，自这一时期以来，独立发明人再次变得更加重要。创立了苹果或微软等大型科技公司的知名发明企业家就是一例。遗憾的是，欣茨对 1945 年之后的时期只是粗略地进行了讨论。由于大型科技公司都建立了自己的研发实验室，我们有兴趣了解更多它们与独立发明家合作的情况。关于竞争与创新之间的联系，我们也希望了解更多。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920537
Eva Rivas Sada
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Making Machines of Animals: The International Livestock Exposition</em> by Neal A. Knapp <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Eva Rivas Sada (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Making Machines of Animals: The International Livestock Exposition</em> By Neal A. Knapp. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2023. Pp. 202. <p><em>Making Machines of Animals</em> by Neal A. Knapp is a key piece within the historical studies addressing the relationship between biotechnology and agricultural economics, particularly concerning the productive model that revolutionized the American meat industry in the twentieth century. It is a work that can well be placed in the historiography that has driven evolutionary history in recent decades. It clarifies an <strong>[End Page 372]</strong> understudied phenomenon: the institutional mechanisms of diffusion and reproduction of a new productive model in the American meat industry, which took place in a powerful ecosystem that revolved around the International Livestock Exposition in Chicago (1900–1975) and its main promoting institutions—the packing industry and the land-grant colleges.</p> <p>Throughout five chapters, the author analyzes in detail how genetic improvement of the herd, breeding, and fattening supported the idea of livestock modernization promoted in the competitions of the Expo, as well as in classrooms, fields, and university publications. These techniques were aimed at achieving standardization and productive specialization of ranches, while integrating and generating greater added value in the production chain, led by the packing industry. The book shows how the gradual imposition of industrial economic criteria in livestock activities ultimately increased productivity and product quality. However, it emphasizes that the intermediation of packers and specialists in the agro-industrial chain imposed a new rationality that led to the denaturalization of animals, which began to be conceived of as machines for transforming grains and producing high-quality cuts.</p> <p>The author's proposal becomes very suggestive when analyzing certain ideological aspects of the model. Under the prevailing eugenic ideas, nationalism, and imperialism of the time, these institutions associated the socio-racial hierarchies of human groups with the races of farm animals. Using phenotypic and aesthetic criteria, they penalized the nineteenth-century model based on free grazing and classified certain breeds as inferior and semiwild due to their Hispanic colonial origin (e.g., the Texas longhorn). The heterogeneity and seasonality of production did not fit the requirements of modern industry and urban consumption. Additionally, the institutions rewarded genetically improved animals through crossbreeding with English breeds, considered superior due to the ancient practice of artificial selection by British breeders, but also because of their adaptability to various territories of t
评论者： 制造动物的机器：国际畜牧业博览会 Neal A. Knapp 著 Eva Rivas Sada (bio) 制作动物机器：国际畜牧业博览会》尼尔-A-克纳普著。巴尔的摩：约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，2023 年。第 202 页。尼尔-A.-克纳普（Neal A. Knapp）所著的《制造动物机器》（Making Machines of Animals）是探讨生物技术与农业经济学之间关系的历史研究中的一部重要著作，尤其是关于 20 世纪彻底改变美国肉类行业的生产模式的研究。这部著作可以很好地归入近几十年来推动进化史发展的史学研究范畴。它阐明了一个 [尾页 372]未被充分研究的现象：一种新的生产模式在美国肉类行业的传播和复制的制度机制，这种新的生产模式发生在一个强大的生态系统中，该生态系统围绕着芝加哥国际畜牧业博览会（1900-1975 年）及其主要促进机构--包装业和赠地学院。通过五个章节，作者详细分析了畜群遗传改良、育种和育肥是如何支持世博会比赛以及课堂、田间地头和大学出版物所倡导的畜牧业现代化理念的。这些技术旨在实现牧场的标准化和生产专业化，同时整合以包装业为主导的生产链并创造更大的附加值。书中展示了如何在畜牧活动中逐步实施工业经济标准，最终提高生产率和产品质量。然而，该书强调，包装商和专家在农业工业链中的中介作用强加了一种新的合理性，导致牲畜的非自然化，牲畜开始被视为转化谷物和生产优质肉类的机器。在分析该模式的某些意识形态方面时，作者的建议极具启发性。在当时盛行的优生思想、民族主义和帝国主义的影响下，这些机构将人类群体的社会种族等级与农场动物的种族联系起来。他们利用表型和审美标准，对 19 世纪基于自由放牧的模式进行惩罚，并将某些品种因其西班牙殖民地血统（如德克萨斯长角牛）而划分为劣等和半野生品种。生产的异质性和季节性不符合现代工业和城市消费的要求。此外，这些机构还通过与英国品种杂交来奖励基因改良的牲畜，英国品种被认为是优等品，因为英国育种家自古以来就有人工选育的做法，还因为它们能适应大英帝国的各个领土。这种意识形态背景解释了为什么要在全国范围内开展旨在屠宰克里奥尔牲畜、促进基因改良和专门培育某些高产品种的运动。然而，由于开发利用的畜种减少，再加上一夫一妻制的繁殖方式，现代畜群更容易感染严重疾病，从而缩短了其生命周期。从长远来看，生产者失去了自主权和盈利能力，需要更多的资金来维持新模式，因为农用化学工业开发的抗生素以及基础设施和机械投资的费用不断增加。本书有几个优点。首先，该书通过关注畜牧业和动物遗传学做出了重要的史学贡献，这些主题在美国史学界或其他地区（如拉丁美洲）很少受到关注，而其他地区的史学界则主要关注农业和工程创新（工具、设备和机械）。其次，[第 373 页结束]该书强调了这一时期的大量文献资料，从而为其整体解释提供了支持。最后，值得强调的是作者的生态批判视角，因为他指出当局忽视了作为新模式根源的森林砍伐和土壤流失问题，而更倾向于工业经济标准。我注意到两个局限性。其一是历史背景仅限于 20 世纪的美国经验。更广阔的史学视角可以展示美国模式与其他国家（如墨西哥、哥伦比亚和阿根廷）畜牧业现代化的联系。另一个局限是，在解释生物技术和意识形态现象时，对科学史的考虑有限，尤其是在发现 DNA 之前的基因工程方面。在科学研究尚未明确环境与意识形态之间的关系时，人们就已经开始研究基因工程。
{"title":"Making Machines of Animals: The International Livestock Exposition by Neal A. Knapp (review)","authors":"Eva Rivas Sada","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a920537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a920537","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Making Machines of Animals: The International Livestock Exposition</em> by Neal A. Knapp <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Eva Rivas Sada (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Making Machines of Animals: The International Livestock Exposition</em> By Neal A. Knapp. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2023. Pp. 202. <p><em>Making Machines of Animals</em> by Neal A. Knapp is a key piece within the historical studies addressing the relationship between biotechnology and agricultural economics, particularly concerning the productive model that revolutionized the American meat industry in the twentieth century. It is a work that can well be placed in the historiography that has driven evolutionary history in recent decades. It clarifies an <strong>[End Page 372]</strong> understudied phenomenon: the institutional mechanisms of diffusion and reproduction of a new productive model in the American meat industry, which took place in a powerful ecosystem that revolved around the International Livestock Exposition in Chicago (1900–1975) and its main promoting institutions—the packing industry and the land-grant colleges.</p> <p>Throughout five chapters, the author analyzes in detail how genetic improvement of the herd, breeding, and fattening supported the idea of livestock modernization promoted in the competitions of the Expo, as well as in classrooms, fields, and university publications. These techniques were aimed at achieving standardization and productive specialization of ranches, while integrating and generating greater added value in the production chain, led by the packing industry. The book shows how the gradual imposition of industrial economic criteria in livestock activities ultimately increased productivity and product quality. However, it emphasizes that the intermediation of packers and specialists in the agro-industrial chain imposed a new rationality that led to the denaturalization of animals, which began to be conceived of as machines for transforming grains and producing high-quality cuts.</p> <p>The author's proposal becomes very suggestive when analyzing certain ideological aspects of the model. Under the prevailing eugenic ideas, nationalism, and imperialism of the time, these institutions associated the socio-racial hierarchies of human groups with the races of farm animals. Using phenotypic and aesthetic criteria, they penalized the nineteenth-century model based on free grazing and classified certain breeds as inferior and semiwild due to their Hispanic colonial origin (e.g., the Texas longhorn). The heterogeneity and seasonality of production did not fit the requirements of modern industry and urban consumption. Additionally, the institutions rewarded genetically improved animals through crossbreeding with English breeds, considered superior due to the ancient practice of artificial selection by British breeders, but also because of their adaptability to various territories of t","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140008533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920547
Vincent Lagendijk
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Politics and Policies of European Economic Integration, 1850–1914</em> by Yaman Kouli and Léonard Laborie <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Vincent Lagendijk (bio) </li> </ul> <em>The Politics and Policies of European Economic Integration, 1850–1914</em> By Yaman Kouli and Léonard Laborie. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. Pp. xiii + 169. <p>When did European integration start? For a long time, the standard perspective was that this only took place after 1945, as a sort of <em>Stunde Null</em>. Initially, this viewpoint was dominated by political science perspectives that explained the rise of what would become the European Union through theories of functionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, and multilevel governance.</p> <p><em>The Politics and Policies of European Economic Integration, 1850–1914</em> combines an older existing strand of the literature—the role of technology in European integration pioneered by the Tensions of Europe network—with a relatively newer one: the economic integration of Europe as part of the globalization wave starting at the end of the nineteenth century. The book's introduction spells out a threefold mission: (1) measuring European economic integration, (2) discussing together four sectors that had been previously disconnected in historiography (namely, the postal services, patents, health and social policies, and plant protection), and (3) exposing the coproduction of national and international regimes.</p> <p>The first aim is the subject of chapter 1. Building upon indexes pioneered by Kouli, it seeks to show how European economic integration took shape in terms of prices and markets. A set of European countries are discussed here, but not how they were selected. The second goal is integral to the book and is treated in chapters 3–6. Here, a set of rich case studies is presented, showing how national policies link up to, and sometimes give rise to, international initiatives. Even though these policies did not always lead to an institutionalization of specific European policies, Kouli and Laborie convincingly show how in various ways a form of coordination and harmonization took place—in their words, a coproduction of the national and international.</p> <p>The book delivers in particular on the third objective—showing how the national and international meshed together. This is where the book contains the most insightful findings. This theme has been covered in parts of the literature on nationalism, internationalism, and the history of technology. The dependency of the nation-state and its policies on international coordination has been a major theme in the work of Alan Milward, for <strong>[End Page 392]</strong> example. Yet this connection between international and national policies has only to a limited extent been traced back to the end of the nineteenth century up until World War I. Here, the book with its rich cases shows how these forms of gove
评论者 The Politics and Policies of European Economic Integration, 1850-1914 by Yaman Kouli and Léonard Laborie Vincent Lagendijk (bio) The Politics and Policies of European Economic Integration, 1850-1914 By Yaman Kouli and Léonard Laborie.Cham：帕尔格雷夫-麦克米伦出版社，2023 年。第 xiii + 169 页。欧洲一体化始于何时？长期以来，标准的观点认为欧洲一体化只是在 1945 年之后才开始的，就像 "空窗期"（Stunde Null）一样。最初，这一观点主要由政治学观点主导，这些观点通过功能主义、自由政府间主义和多层次治理理论来解释后来成为欧盟的崛起。欧洲经济一体化的政治与政策，1850-1914》将现有文献中的一个较早的分支--欧洲紧张局势网络开创的技术在欧洲一体化中的作用--与一个相对较新的分支--作为 19 世纪末开始的全球化浪潮一部分的欧洲经济一体化相结合。该书的导言阐明了三重使命：(1) 衡量欧洲经济一体化；(2) 将以前在历史学中被割裂开来的四个领域（即邮政服务、专利、卫生和社会政策以及植物保护）放在一起讨论；(3) 揭示国家和国际制度的共同作用。第一个目标是第一章的主题。在库利（Kouli）首创的指数基础上，该章试图说明欧洲经济一体化是如何在价格和市场方面形成的。这里讨论了一系列欧洲国家，但没有讨论如何选择这些国家。第二个目标是本书不可或缺的部分，在第 3-6 章中讨论。这里介绍了一系列内容丰富的案例研究，展示了国家政策如何与国际倡议相联系，有时甚至是如何促成国际倡议的。尽管这些政策并不总是导致具体欧洲政策的制度化，但库利和拉里令人信服地展示了如何以各种方式进行协调和统一--用他们的话说，是国家和国际的共同产物。该书尤其实现了第三个目标--展示国家和国际是如何结合在一起的。这也是该书最具洞察力的发现。关于民族主义、国际主义和技术史的部分文献已涉及这一主题。例如，民族国家及其政策对国际协调的依赖一直是艾伦-米尔沃德（Alan Milward）著作中的一个重要主题。本书通过丰富的案例展示了这些治理形式是如何产生的，以及缺乏制度化的国际组织并不一定意味着国际合作与协调的空白。无论是对库利和劳里所涉及的时期，还是对二十世纪以后的几十年，这都是一个值得进一步研究的方向。该书缺乏的是对 "欧洲 "的明确定义。导言认为，在这一时期并不存在 "欧洲集体行为体"，而且欧洲一体化本身是否是欧洲国家间合作的政治和政策成果的恰当术语也值得商榷（第 10 页）。作者确实对欧洲合作范围的可操作性进行了反思。这在很大程度上是由他们的专业知识所决定的，但也是由两个最大的大陆国家--法国和德国--以及所研究部门的合作范围所决定的。虽然这（实际）是有道理的，而且该书对 1945 年后的合作进行了回溯，但如果能更深入地讨论欧洲的概念和欧洲性的概念是如何产生的--如果只讨论该书所涉及的案例的话--那么各章本身，尤其是结论，都会有所裨益。作为一本关于一体化的书，本书有点缺乏一体化，这是双关语。各章节之间的联系松散，只有在结论部分才在有限的程度上汇集在一起。这也可能是由于出版商的形式，允许将单个章节作为独立产品出售。因此，本书似乎...
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Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920548
Stelu Şerban
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Engineering the Lower Danube: Technology and International Cooperation in an Imperial Borderland</em> by Luminita Gatejel <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Stelu Şerban (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Engineering the Lower Danube: Technology and International Cooperation in an Imperial Borderland</em> By Luminita Gatejel. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2022. Pp. 341. <p>The history of river infrastructure is a space of confluence of several research fields, such as the history of international relations, environmental history, and science and technology studies (STS). Luminita Gatejel's book discusses the Lower Danube, from the Iron Gates to the mouth of the Black Sea, between 1770 and the end of the nineteenth century, combining these different approaches.</p> <p>From the perspective of geopolitical relations, the author brings to the fore the "hydroimperialism" (Sara Pritchard, <em>From Hydroimperialism to Hydrocapitalism</em>, 2012) of the empires then influential in this part of the Danube: the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Empire, and the Tsarist Empire. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Tsarist Empire in the war concluded in 1774 resulted in the liberalization of trade on the Black Sea, so that after 1780 the Lower Danube was seen by Habsburg and Russian rulers as the main trade route between the Black Sea and Central Europe. However, the existence of natural obstacles, the most formidable being the Iron Gates and the Danube Delta, slowed down the use of this route.</p> <p>In the five chapters of the volume, the author addresses how access through these two great natural obstacles was improved throughout the nineteenth century. A series of geopolitical contexts and groups of bureaucrats, technocrats, and entrepreneurs, as well as crucial institutions such as the European Danube Commission (EDC), are analyzed. Gatejel emphasizes that the completion of these infrastructural projects took a long time because the actors involved in the project were confronted with a number of problems, which in addition to the natural barriers included political conflicts, which forced them to adjust their initial plans. The divergences between the states involved in the two projects, the alternative opinions of technocrats on different solutions, and also the influence of economic factors that led to the transformation of the Lower Danube into a cost-effective transport option are presented.</p> <p>Gatejel discusses first the case of the Iron Gates. The engineers of the Habsburg government, charged at the end of the eighteenth century with describing this area, signaled the dangers to navigation and proposed solutions for regulation. It was only in the mid-1830s, however, in the context of the liberalization of trade on the Danube following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, that the first large-scale project developed. The project was led by István Széchenyi, civilian commissioner of the Danu
{"title":"Engineering the Lower Danube: Technology and International Cooperation in an Imperial Borderland by Luminita Gatejel (review)","authors":"Stelu Şerban","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a920548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a920548","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Engineering the Lower Danube: Technology and International Cooperation in an Imperial Borderland</em> by Luminita Gatejel <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Stelu Şerban (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Engineering the Lower Danube: Technology and International Cooperation in an Imperial Borderland</em> By Luminita Gatejel. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2022. Pp. 341. <p>The history of river infrastructure is a space of confluence of several research fields, such as the history of international relations, environmental history, and science and technology studies (STS). Luminita Gatejel's book discusses the Lower Danube, from the Iron Gates to the mouth of the Black Sea, between 1770 and the end of the nineteenth century, combining these different approaches.</p> <p>From the perspective of geopolitical relations, the author brings to the fore the \"hydroimperialism\" (Sara Pritchard, <em>From Hydroimperialism to Hydrocapitalism</em>, 2012) of the empires then influential in this part of the Danube: the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Empire, and the Tsarist Empire. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Tsarist Empire in the war concluded in 1774 resulted in the liberalization of trade on the Black Sea, so that after 1780 the Lower Danube was seen by Habsburg and Russian rulers as the main trade route between the Black Sea and Central Europe. However, the existence of natural obstacles, the most formidable being the Iron Gates and the Danube Delta, slowed down the use of this route.</p> <p>In the five chapters of the volume, the author addresses how access through these two great natural obstacles was improved throughout the nineteenth century. A series of geopolitical contexts and groups of bureaucrats, technocrats, and entrepreneurs, as well as crucial institutions such as the European Danube Commission (EDC), are analyzed. Gatejel emphasizes that the completion of these infrastructural projects took a long time because the actors involved in the project were confronted with a number of problems, which in addition to the natural barriers included political conflicts, which forced them to adjust their initial plans. The divergences between the states involved in the two projects, the alternative opinions of technocrats on different solutions, and also the influence of economic factors that led to the transformation of the Lower Danube into a cost-effective transport option are presented.</p> <p>Gatejel discusses first the case of the Iron Gates. The engineers of the Habsburg government, charged at the end of the eighteenth century with describing this area, signaled the dangers to navigation and proposed solutions for regulation. It was only in the mid-1830s, however, in the context of the liberalization of trade on the Danube following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, that the first large-scale project developed. The project was led by István Széchenyi, civilian commissioner of the Danu","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140008833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a920557
Souvik Kar
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Homi J. Bhabha: A Life</em> by Bakhtiar K. Dadabhoy <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Souvik Kar (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Homi J. Bhabha: A Life</em> By Bakhtiar K. Dadabhoy. New Delhi: Rupa Publications, 2023. Pp. 723. <p>This biography of Indian nuclear physicist Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909–66), the first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India, places Bhabha at the center of an era straddling early twentieth-century Indo-European scientific exchange, the atomic age, Indian independence from British colonial rule, and the development of the Indian nuclear program.</p> <p>Dadabhoy divides his biography into three sections, each detailing a phase of Bhabha's life: "Scientist as Researcher," "Scientist as Institution-Builder," and "Scientist as Administrator." A final section, "Coda," describes Bhabha's untimely and controversial death. Dadabhoy sketches a life of high drama: Bhabha's apprenticeship with European luminaries of physics in the 1930s, his decision to return to freshly independent India to build nuclear establishments from scratch—despite acute resource scarcity—and steer Indian nuclear policy amid Cold War pressures, and finally, his mysterious death in a plane crash near Mont Blanc in 1966. Bhabha's story, as a major Indian <strong>[End Page 410]</strong> nuclear historian has described, possesses the ingredients for a "modern fairy tale" for India (Itty Abraham, <em>The Making of the Indian Nuclear Bomb</em>, 1998).</p> <p>Modern historiography of the Indian nuclear program demystifies such a fairy tale, especially calling attention to Bhabha's problematic fostering of a culture of authoritarian secrecy around the civil nuclear complex (Abraham, 1998; George Perkovich, <em>India's Nuclear Bomb</em>, 1999; Janhavi Phalkey, <em>Atomic State</em>, 2013). On the other hand, a long hagiographic tradition represents Bhabha as a postcolonial hero, harnessing science to rejuvenate a people colonially stereotyped as technological laggards and rebuild a nation left impoverished by centuries of colonial plunder (Ganeshan Venkataraman, <em>Magnificent Obsessions</em>, 1994; Chintamani Deshmukh, <em>Homi Jehangir Bhabha</em>, 2010; Biman Nath, <em>Renaissance Man</em>, 2022).</p> <p>Taking a middle path between the above traditions, Dadabhoy's biography commits to painting a complex portrait of a man emerging from Parsi society (Indian Zoroastrians, a wealthy, heavily Westernized minority community) and grappling with historical forces with some lasting achievements and some equally lasting problematic legacies. This translates into following a structure of oscillation between opposites in representing Bhabha's life and decisions: for example, Dadabhoy remarks on the theme of <em>individualism</em> animating Bhabha's policy of institution building—where talented individuals were first identified, and institutions were then built around them. Then, Dadabhoy follows up with a descr
评论者 Homi J. Bhabha: A Life by Bakhtiar K. Dadabhoy Souvik Kar (bio) Homi J. Bhabha: A Life By Bakhtiar K. Dadabhoy.新德里：Rupa 出版社，2023 年。Pp.723.这本关于印度核物理学家、印度原子能委员会首任主席霍米-杰汉吉尔-巴巴（1909-66 年）的传记，将巴巴置于一个跨越 20 世纪早期印欧科学交流、原子时代、印度从英国殖民统治下独立以及印度核计划发展的时代中心。达达博伊将他的传记分为三个部分，每个部分详细描述了巴巴生命的一个阶段："作为研究者的科学家"、"作为机构建设者的科学家 "和 "作为管理者的科学家"。最后一节是 "尾声"，描述了巴哈早逝和备受争议的一生。达达博伊勾勒了一个充满戏剧性的人生：巴哈在 20 世纪 30 年代师从欧洲物理学大师，在资源严重匮乏的情况下决定回到刚刚独立的印度从零开始建立核设施，并在冷战压力下指导印度的核政策，最后，他于 1966 年在勃朗峰附近因飞机失事神秘死亡。正如印度一位重要的核历史学家所描述的那样，巴巴的故事具备了印度 "现代童话 "的要素（Itty Abraham，《印度核弹的制造》，1998 年）。有关印度核计划的现代史学揭开了这一童话的神秘面纱，尤其让人注意到巴哈围绕民用核设施培养独裁保密文化的问题（Abraham，1998 年；George Perkovich，《印度的核弹》，1999 年；Janhavi Phalkey，《原子国家》，2013 年）。另一方面，长期的颂扬传统将巴巴塑造成后殖民时代的英雄，他利用科学振兴了被殖民地定型为技术落后的民族，重建了因数百年殖民掠夺而变得贫穷的国家（Ganeshan Venkataraman，《华丽的迷恋》，1994 年；Chintamani Deshmukh，《霍米-杰汉吉尔-巴巴》，2010 年；Biman Nath，《文艺复兴人》，2022 年）。达达博伊的传记在上述传统之间选择了一条中间道路，致力于描绘一个从帕西社会（印度琐罗亚斯德教徒，一个富裕且西方化程度较高的少数民族社区）中走出来的人的复杂形象，以及他与历史力量抗争的过程，其中既有一些持久的成就，也有一些同样持久的问题遗产。这就意味着，在表现巴哈的生活和决定时，要遵循一种对立统一的结构：例如，达达博伊论述了巴哈机构建设政策的个人主义主题--即首先发现有才能的个人，然后围绕他们建立机构。然后，达达博伊接着描述了巴巴为印度科学家培养的强烈集体认同感，他们认同印度民族主义，但也不忽视国际联系。这样的结构有助于调和看似矛盾的历史：巴哈提出的印度核能发电 "三阶段计划"--设想核反应堆生产的铀超过其消耗的铀--是好高骛远的理想主义，而在达达布霍伊的分析中，则是对巴哈生前印度缺乏铀储备、在国际铀贸易中很容易被对手击败的绝望的务实回应。与现有的核史学著作不同，达达博伊的传记还具有强烈的个人色彩，展示了作为科学家和政治家的巴哈如何在国内外发掘出密密麻麻的友谊，并最终在第一届原子和平大会（1955 年）上发表了胜利的主席演讲。达达布霍伊分析说，这次演讲先声夺人地揭露了冷战双方在核聚变方面的秘密研究，鼓励了国际透明度与合作（从而促成了国际原子能机构的成立）。与此同时，Dadabhoy 利用传记层层剖析了巴巴更有问题的决定。例如，他将巴哈的超竞争利己主义、他与贾瓦哈拉尔-尼赫鲁（印度首任总理）的亲密友谊以及他独裁地使用保密手段使自己免受民主问责的影响进行了三角剖析。Dadabhoy 指出，这扼杀了对核计划的科学和政治批判，使核决策集中在少数科学家和总理之间，启动了印度核综合体从科学机构向权力集团的转变："在核能方面，Bhabha 成为了国家"（第 4 页；我强调了这一点）。达达博伊更新了现有的对巴巴的批判，...
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