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European Objects: The Troubled Dreams of Harmonization by Brice Laurent (review) 欧洲物品：布里斯-劳伦特（Brice Laurent）所著的《令人不安的统一之梦》（评论
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926357
Yaman Kouli
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>European Objects: The Troubled Dreams of Harmonization</em> by Brice Laurent <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Yaman Kouli (bio) </li> </ul> <em>European Objects: The Troubled Dreams of Harmonization</em> By Brice Laurent. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2022. Pp. 280. <p>European regulation can be the source of much laughter. Be it the size of cucumbers, the form of bananas, or the General Data Protection Regulation, virtually everybody has a story to tell on the tediousness of European regulation. Ironically, however, there is a good argument to be made that European harmonization works well, even if it is not perfect. In his translated habilitation (and second book), <em>European Objects</em>, Brice Laurent takes on the task to better understand what the obstacles of the "troubled dreams of harmonization" were. The main focus of this publication is on "disentanglement," i.e., the reduction of differences of objects within the European Union in order to make them transferable across the entire single market.</p> <p>In general, the book shows that what sounds trite in theory turns out to be a complicated endeavor in practice. Laurent argues that there are two different "dreams of harmonization" (p. 16). The first covers disentanglement, which is the idea that goods can circulate freely on the European market. The second refers to the expectation that goods can be described scientifically, objectively, and therefore via a universal language. As Laurent shows, this is not easy. In his analysis, the author looks at different cases. One of them concerns agricultural, "local" products like Greek feta and <em>prosciutto di Parma</em>. Another case is energy. EU member-states have distinct energy supplies. Nonetheless, "that the many physical, economic, and legal ties in which energy is caught make this objective challenging has not transformed the expectation" (p. 74). This in turn affects the goals to reduce CO2 emissions, since liberalization potentially stands in the way of individual national support of green-energy production (p. 76).</p> <p>Without actually saying it, the author argues that on more than one occasion, the European Union—in fact the European Commission or the European Council—has tried to create harmonized markets where it is not possible. Countries with distinct national energy regimes created—to name one example—a collection of fragmented markets for green certificates (instead of one single market; p. 84). In the rest of the book, the author adds further examples to virtually make the same point. Genetically modified organisms (p. 98), hazardous chemicals (p. 125), and thresholds to govern the European environment (p. 142), banking system (p. 165), and nuclear plants (p. 171) are further telling examples.</p> <p>While Laurent's analysis is plausible and clearly structured, it is doubtful whether that is also true for the conclusions he draws. His central argument is that Eur
审查人： 欧洲物品：布里斯-劳伦特（Brice Laurent）的《和谐的烦恼之梦》 Yaman Kouli（简历） European Objects：布里斯-劳伦特（Brice Laurent）著。马萨诸塞州剑桥市：麻省理工学院出版社，2022 年。第 280 页。欧洲的法规可能是许多欢笑的源泉。无论是黄瓜的大小、香蕉的形状，还是《通用数据保护条例》，几乎每个人都有一个关于欧洲法规乏味的故事。然而，具有讽刺意味的是，有一个很好的论据可以证明，欧洲的协调工作即使不完美，也是行之有效的。布里斯-劳伦特在他翻译的适应训练（第二本书）《欧洲对象》中承担了一项任务，即更好地理解 "令人不安的协调之梦 "的障碍是什么。该书的重点是 "脱钩"，即减少欧盟内部物品的差异，使其可以在整个单一市场上转让。总体而言，该书表明，理论上听起来老生常谈的问题，在实践中却变得错综复杂。劳伦特认为，有两种不同的 "协调之梦"（第 16 页）。第一个梦想是 "脱钩"，即商品可以在欧洲市场上自由流通。第二种梦想是希望商品可以科学、客观地描述，因此可以通过一种通用语言来描述。正如劳伦特所言，这并非易事。作者分析了不同的案例。其中一个案例涉及 "本地 "农产品，如希腊羊奶酪和帕尔马火腿。另一个案例是能源。欧盟成员国的能源供应各不相同。然而，"能源所涉及的许多物理、经济和法律关系使这一目标具有挑战性，但这并没有改变人们的期望"（第 74 页）。这反过来又影响了减少二氧化碳排放的目标，因为自由化可能会阻碍各国对绿色能源生产的支持（第 76 页）。作者没有说出来，但他认为欧盟--事实上是欧盟委员会或欧洲理事会--不止一次地试图在不可能的地方建立统一的市场。例如，拥有不同国家能源制度的国家创建了一系列分散的绿色证书市场（而不是一个单一的市场；第 84 页）。在本书的其余部分，作者还列举了更多的例子，几乎表达了同样的观点。转基因生物（第 98 页）、危险化学品（第 125 页）以及欧洲环境（第 142 页）、银行系统（第 165 页）和核电厂（第 171 页）的管理门槛都是很有说服力的例子。虽然劳伦特的分析有理有据、条理清晰，但他得出的结论是否也是如此却令人怀疑。他的中心论点是，欧洲协调市场的尝试是建立在科学客观性的理想主义形象之上的（第 111 页）。然而，在欧洲客观性与脱节相互促进的理想市场中，政治进程和游说者经常阻碍这一目标的实现（第 111 页）。然而在现实中，几乎没有人支持这样的理想市场，因为他们承认完美的客观性是不存在的，尤其是在政治领域。最后，我们不禁要问，欧洲是否真的像包括劳伦特本人在内的许多人（第 101 页）所说的那样是技术官僚主义的天下。与其指责欧洲过于技术官僚化，劳伦特实际上证明了欧洲单一市场尽管运作良好，但仍与许多其他市场一样是利益的牺牲品。劳伦特半心半意地解决了这个问题，发明了 "感兴趣的客观性 "一词（例如，第 137 页），但这只会引出更多问题，其中之一就是："谁的利益？谁的利益？答案又回到了通常的政治和经济参与者身上。作者指出了欧洲一体化的一个重要方面：现实中可以实现多少协调？因此，对本书有两种不同的解读。第一种是悲观的。提高欧洲市场的效率实际上是欧洲大陆历史的一个组成部分。具体来说，在十九世纪下半叶，为了确保跨境贸易的实际运作，人们制定了许多战略。然而，在 1914 年之前的这些讨论中，并没有一个 "欧洲理念 "可以作为...
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引用次数: 0
Water and Agriculture in Colorado and the American West: First in Line for the Rio Grande by David Stiller (review) 科罗拉多州和美国西部的水与农业：大卫-斯蒂勒（David Stiller）所著的《格兰德河的第一线》（评论
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926344
Amahia Mallea
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Water and Agriculture in Colorado and the American West: First in Line for the Rio Grande</em> by David Stiller <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Amahia Mallea (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Water and Agriculture in Colorado and the American West: First in Line for the Rio Grande</em> By David Stiller. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2021. Pp. 188. <p>The focus of <em>Water and Agriculture in Colorado and the American West</em> is the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. The valley is bounded by the San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and the seasonal snowmelt forms the upper Rio Grande River, which greens this intensely irrigated valley.</p> <p>The Colorado Doctrine of water law that developed in the mid-nineteenth century, first with mining and then with agriculture, became the prior appropriation water law that now governs this valley and the U.S. West. The law is often summarized as "first in time, first in right," and it allows water to be controlled by private interests, despite being a valuable public resource.</p> <p>Environmental historian David Stiller's perspective on water is shaped by his personal experience as an "irrigator"—an identity differentiated from a landowner and conveying a more specific set of challenges than "farmer." Stiller seeks to build empathy for the irrigator and to enumerate the insecurities faced by rural agricultural communities dependent on overpromised water resources in a time of drought, population growth, and climate change. Stiller doesn't sugarcoat the economic and environmental challenges; he acknowledges that the San Luis Valley, like the arid West, has a mismatch between expectations and reality that is historically rooted.</p> <p>Adding to the history of western water and land use—like Donald Worster's classic <em>Rivers of Empire</em> (1992)—this monograph draws attention to the Rio Grande, instead of the oft-discussed Colorado River. Although the back-of-the-book summary highlights the Indigenous Utes and the Hispanos (Spanish settlers in the 1850s who used community-based irrigation called acequias), the author does not say much about the process of dispossession. The text is focused on the Anglo-American farmers who arrived after the U.S. Civil War and who continue to dominate the valley today. More attention to the legacy, culture, and management of acequias would have further differentiated the Rio Grande and presented historical alternatives for organizing and operating water systems.</p> <p>Stiller connects irrigation technologies to resource exploitation that harmed communities. Four main canals were in place by the 1880s, initiating the first era of unsustainable development in the San Luis Valley. This canal-building boom and "bonanza farming" (p. 37) left the Rio Grande dry <strong>[End Page 722]</strong> for downstream users in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. Earthen dams upstream, and the Elephant Butte Dam downstream, sought to
审查人 科罗拉多州和美国西部的水与农业：科罗拉多州和美国西部的水与农业：格兰德河的第一线》（First in Line for the Rio Grande），作者：David Stiller Amahia Mallea（简历）：科罗拉多和美国西部的水与农业：格兰德河的第一线 作者：大卫-斯蒂勒。里诺：内华达大学出版社，2021 年。第 188 页。188.科罗拉多州和美国西部的水与农业》的重点是科罗拉多州南部的圣路易斯山谷。山谷以圣胡安山脉和桑格雷-德克里斯托山脉为界，季节性融雪形成格兰德河上游，为这个灌溉密集的山谷提供水源。科罗拉多水法理论是在十九世纪中期发展起来的，先是随着采矿业的发展，然后是农业的发展，成为了现在管辖这个山谷和美国西部的先占水法。该法通常被概括为 "时间在先，权利在先"，尽管水是一种宝贵的公共资源，但它允许私人利益集团控制水资源。环境史学家戴维-斯蒂勒（David Stiller）对水的看法是由他作为一名 "灌溉者 "的个人经历所决定的--这一身份有别于土地所有者，比 "农民 "所面临的挑战更为具体。斯蒂勒试图与灌溉者建立共鸣，并列举在干旱、人口增长和气候变化的时代，依赖于过度承诺的水资源的农村农业社区所面临的不安全因素。斯蒂勒没有粉饰经济和环境方面的挑战；他承认圣路易斯河谷与干旱的西部一样，在期望与现实之间存在着历史根源上的不匹配。与唐纳德-沃斯特（Donald Worster）的经典著作《帝国之河》（Rivers of Empire，1992 年）一样，这本专著对西部水资源和土地利用的历史进行了补充，将人们的注意力吸引到格兰德河，而不是经常讨论的科罗拉多河。虽然书后的摘要强调了土著犹特人和西班牙人（19 世纪 50 年代的西班牙定居者，他们使用社区灌溉系统，称为 acequias），但作者并没有过多地介绍剥夺过程。该书的重点是美国内战后到来的英裔美国农民，他们至今仍在山谷中占主导地位。如果能更多地关注acequias 的遗产、文化和管理，就能进一步区分格兰德河流域，并介绍组织和运营水系统的历史替代方案。Stiller 将灌溉技术与危害社区的资源开发联系起来。到 19 世纪 80 年代，四条主要运河已经建成，开启了圣路易斯河谷第一个不可持续发展的时代。修建运河的热潮和 "大丰收农业"（第 37 页）使得格兰德河干涸 [第 722 页完] ，下游的新墨西哥州、德克萨斯州和墨西哥的用户无法使用。上游的土坝和下游的象鼻山大坝试图解决水资源的限制和不公平问题。洪水灌溉（而不是犁沟灌溉）提高了圣路易斯河谷的地下水位，使初级水权持有者能够获得井水。基本上，灌溉者改变了河流的流向，在山谷中形成了一个含水层。战后打井基本上不受管制，到 20 世纪 70 年代，抽水的野猫时代到来，中心枢轴灌溉非常普遍。虽然中心枢轴灌溉效率更高，但它也是一把 "双刃剑"（第 85 页）；绕过事先分配的初级水权持有者的数量提高了生产率，进一步加重了资源的负担。此外，从 20 世纪初开始，大面积的灌溉导致土壤盐碱化，破坏了农田。资源开发之后的创新繁荣与萧条并没有为农业社区带来稳定。Stiller 的结论是 "只有创新思维才能实现有限程度的平静"（第 122 页），他指的是灌溉专家、保护专家和监管者的合作努力。其中包括 1938 年的格兰德河契约、水区以及二十一世纪的计算机模型，该模型绘制了河谷的水文图，为决策提供了数据。外界对山谷的威胁，如国家干预或城市饥渴，使圣路易斯山谷的居民团结起来，共同解决问题。格兰德河上游的水资源开发仍然具有现实意义。当前面临的挑战包括干旱频发、气候变化以及科罗拉多州城市对水资源的迫切需求。大都市前沿地带有钱买水，也有愿意卖水的人，但监管水资源的机构却不愿意买水。
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引用次数: 0
The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media by John Durham Peters (review) 奇妙的云》：约翰-达勒姆-彼得斯（John Durham Peters）的《迈向元素媒体哲学》（评论
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926351
Timothy H. B. Stoneman
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media</em> by John Durham Peters <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Timothy H. B. Stoneman (bio) </li> </ul> <em>The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media</em> By John Durham Peters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Pp. 416. <p>John Durham Peters's <em>The Marvelous Clouds</em> provides an entrée into media and an invaluable field guide for the contemporary state of media studies. Peters details a historical shift in the dominant conception of media. Traditionally, our idea of media was linked with the nineteenth-century telegraph and the human sending of signals/messages. In the twentieth century, the term became synonymous with mass media (TV, cinema, newspapers, magazines). Yet the advent of digital media in the early twenty-first century has marked a profound shift "from mass media to cultural techniques," while planetary-level climate change poses new questions and challenges about our relationship with the natural environment as an instrumentalized medium (p. 325).</p> <p>In response to radical contemporary changes, Peters proposes revising our conception of media in two principal ways: by linking media studies with ontology and encompassing nonhuman species as well as nature itself in its most elemental forms. Media "was connected to nature long before it was connected to technology" (p. 46). For the author, "at the dawn of the Anthropocene we need an elemental philosophy of media," in large part because the "ship" of our natural environment is sinking (p. 104).</p> <p>Peters organizes the six main chapters of his work to differentiate the main human and nonhuman protagonists in their elementary media domains. In chapter 2, he explores aquatic media, probing how the sea acts as a liquid environment that resists permanent shaping for cetaceans and that demands "radical dependence on technics" by humans (ships). In chapter 3, Peters addresses fire, "our most radical environmental shaper," which allows humans to dwell on land and provides the "precondition for almost all human-made media." The following two chapters focus on twin functions of sky media: timekeeping, or <em>chronos</em> (duration), through "punctual or fractal sky media" (towers, bells, weather, clouds) and cyclical and linear sky media (clocks and calendars), and <em>kairos</em> (opportunity), which entails the observation of weather and seasons. Chapter 6 addresses the earth and inscription media, which provide the "matrix of all other human media" and encompass bodily infrastructures (such as skulls, teeth, feet, and faces), as well as writing, the inscription media par excellence. Chapter 7 addresses dematerialized media, including cloud infrastructure and internet search; following other authors, Peters here links Google with God. Although he keys his analysis to elemental media, Peters concludes his study in "The Sabbath of Meani
评论者： 奇妙的云》：约翰-达勒姆-彼得斯（John Durham Peters）的《迈向元素媒体哲学》（Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media by John Durham Peters Timothy H. B. Stoneman (bio) 奇妙的云：迈向元素媒体哲学（The Marvelous Clouds：约翰-达勒姆-彼得斯著。芝加哥：芝加哥大学出版社，2015 年。Pp.416.约翰-达勒姆-彼得斯的《奇妙的云》为读者提供了进入媒体的入口，也为当代媒体研究现状提供了宝贵的实地指南。彼得斯详述了主流媒体概念的历史性转变。传统上，我们对媒体的概念是与 19 世纪的电报和人类发送信号/信息联系在一起的。二十世纪，媒体一词成为大众媒体（电视、电影、报纸、杂志）的代名词。然而，21 世纪初数字媒体的出现标志着 "从大众媒体到文化技术 "的深刻转变，而地球级的气候变化则对我们与作为工具化媒体的自然环境之间的关系提出了新的问题和挑战（第 325 页）。为了应对当代的剧烈变化，彼得斯建议从两个主要方面修订我们的媒体概念：将媒体研究与本体论联系起来，并将非人类物种以及自然本身的最基本形式纳入其中。媒体 "早在与技术相连之前就与自然相连"（第 46 页）。在作者看来，"在人类世来临之际，我们需要一种基本的媒体哲学"，这在很大程度上是因为我们的自然环境这艘 "船 "正在下沉（第 104 页）。彼得斯在其著作的六个主要章节中区分了人类和非人类在其基本媒体领域中的主角。在第 2 章中，他探讨了水生媒体，探究了海洋是如何作为一种液体环境，抵制鲸目动物的永久塑造，并要求人类 "彻底依赖技术"（船只）。在第 3 章中，彼得斯谈到了火--"我们最根本的环境塑造者"，它使人类能够在陆地上居住，并提供了 "几乎所有人造媒体的先决条件"。接下来的两章重点讨论了天空媒体的双重功能：通过 "准时或分形天空媒体"（塔、钟、天气、云彩）以及周期性和线性天空媒体（钟表和日历）来计时，或称 chronos（持续时间）；以及 kairos（机会），这包括对天气和季节的观察。第 6 章讨论大地和铭文媒介，它们提供了 "所有其他人类媒介的基体"，包括身体基础设施（如头骨、牙齿、脚和脸）以及卓越的铭文媒介--文字。第 7 章讨论了非物质化媒体，包括云基础设施和互联网搜索；彼得斯效仿其他作者，将谷歌与上帝联系在一起。尽管彼得斯将分析重点放在了元素媒体上，但在 "意义的安息日 "一文的最后，他还是为包括同名云彩在内的大自然的意义提出了论据，认为它们是宇宙历史的产物，与人类的主观性无关。[技术史学家可以从《神奇的云》中获益良多。彼得斯对基础设施和物流媒体的运作提出了新的见解。他有力地区分了媒体的物质性和持久性，通过生态媒体活动将人类文化与自然有机地交织在一起，并重新调整了关于技术决定论的陈旧辩论。彼得斯阐述的媒体观远远超越了十九世纪以人为中心的过时信息观。神奇的云》为技术史学家提供了一个很好的机会，让他们重新思考媒体在大科技主导的数字世界中的身份和地位，以及日益被全球地球环境问题所定义的媒体。作为一部雄心勃勃的著作，《神奇的云》可以从几个方面进行批评。该书篇幅之长，涵盖范围之广，堪称百科全书式，可能会让读者感到疲惫不堪。有时，该书的覆盖面肯定会超出其掌握的范围（第 28 页）。作者自己也承认，他所涉及的每一个重要主题都值得用一生的时间来研究（第 280 页）。书中也没有一个总括性的论点，也没有对主要媒体要素的清晰阐述，从而将作品串联起来，帮助读者浏览。然而，这种适合于历史专著的批评却误解了该书的性质，作者是想将其作为一本综合参考书--一本媒体研究领域毕生工作的权威性总结。彼得斯是一位天生的平实主义者，他的作品读来令人赏心悦目。他的书中充满了哲学智慧和...
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引用次数: 0
Le acque agitate della patria: L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882–1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland: The industrialization of the Piave River (1882–1966)] by Giacomo Bonan (review) Le acque agitate della patria：L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882-1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland：皮亚韦河的工业化（1882-1966 年）]，贾科莫-博南著（评论）
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926345
Marco Bertilorenzi
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Le acque agitate della patria: L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882–1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland: The industrialization of the Piave River (1882–1966)]</em> by Giacomo Bonan <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Marco Bertilorenzi (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Le acque agitate della patria: L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882–1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland: The industrialization of the Piave River (1882–1966)]</em> By Giacomo Bonan. Rome: Viella, 2020. Pp. 182. <p>In his compelling book <em>Le acque agitate della patria</em>, Giacomo Bonan recounts the historical process of the industrialization of the Piave River, which flows from the Dolomite Alps down to the Adriatic Sea. The Piave Valley became one of the most developed hydropower-generation regions in Europe, with dozens of power stations, artificial lakes, pipes and channels, dams, and barrages, which were progressively built between the late nineteenth century and the early 1960s. The Vajont Dam is perhaps one of the best-known technological structures in the area, both because it is a true feat of engineering (standing at a height of 860 feet, it is still the highest dam in Europe) and because of the tragedy that originated from a landslide that flooded the Vajont Valley on October 9, 1963, causing the death of about 2,000 people. The Vajont is only a part of the complex system of integrated water infrastructures created in order to exploit the natural resources of the region by public and private actors seeking to promote the "integrated" development of the region. According to Bonan, business interests, technocracies, and technological dreams underpinned the industrialization of the river with some consistency, despite the institutional changes that occurred during the course of Italian history: the liberal monarchy before World War I, fascism in the interwar period, and the democratic republic after-ward. During the second half of the 1960s, the hydropower development of the region was brought to an end, leaving a territory deeply transformed by this "integral" industrialization, and Italy switched to other energy sources, such as oil and gas.</p> <p>Against this backdrop, the historian of technology could well be interested in underscoring the dynamics that, thanks to opportunities opened by innovations of the electric age, led to a radical transformation of an extensive region. By adopting from the works of Sara Pritchard the concept of "environmental system" to describe the Piave River, Bonan offers a multilevel analysis of the industrialization of the area, exploring the complex nexus that existed between different actors involved in the exploitation of a huge water infrastructure like the Piave River. Such analysis shows how the environment, technology, and economy are linked: from being a river used for wood transportation and irrigation in the past, the Piave gradually underwent new economic and technol
评论者 Le acque agitate della patria：L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882-1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland：皮亚韦河的工业化（1882-1966 年）] Giacomo Bonan Marco Bertilorenzi (bio) 著 Le acque agitate della patria：L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882-1966)[《祖国的不安之水：皮亚韦河的工业化（1882-1966 年）》]：皮亚韦河的工业化（1882-1966 年］贾科莫-博南著。罗马：维埃拉，2020 年。Pp.182.在其引人入胜的著作《Le acque agitate della patria》中，贾科莫-博南讲述了皮亚韦河工业化的历史进程，皮亚韦河从多洛米蒂阿尔卑斯山一直流向亚得里亚海。皮亚韦河谷成为欧洲水力发电最发达的地区之一，从十九世纪末到二十世纪六十年代初，这里逐步建成了数十座发电站、人工湖、管道和渠道、水坝和拦河坝。瓦戎特大坝可能是该地区最著名的技术建筑之一，因为它是一项真正的工程壮举（坝高 860 英尺，至今仍是欧洲最高的大坝），也因为 1963 年 10 月 9 日发生的山体滑坡导致瓦戎特山谷洪水泛滥，造成约 2000 人死亡的悲剧。为了开发该地区的自然资源，公共和私人行为者都在努力促进该地区的 "一体化 "发展，而瓦翁特水坝只是这一复杂的综合水利基础设施系统的一部分。根据博南的观点，尽管在意大利历史进程中发生了制度变革：第一次世界大战前的自由君主制、战时的法西斯主义和战后的民主共和国，但商业利益、技术政体和技术梦想在某种程度上始终支撑着河流的工业化。20 世纪 60 年代后半期，该地区的水电开发告一段落，留下了被这种 "整体 "工业化深深改变的领土，意大利转而使用石油和天然气等其他能源。在此背景下，技术史学家很有兴趣强调电力时代的创新所带来的机遇，导致一个广阔地区发生根本性转变的动力。博南从萨拉-普里查德（Sara Pritchard）的著作中借鉴了 "环境系统 "的概念来描述皮亚韦河，对该地区的工业化进行了多层次的分析，探讨了参与开发像皮亚韦河这样巨大的水利基础设施的不同参与者之间存在的复杂关系。这种分析表明了环境、技术和经济之间的联系：皮亚韦河从过去一条用于木材运输和灌溉的河流，到 19 世纪末逐渐经历了新的经济和技术发展，河水成为电力公司和公共政策投资的巨大目标。[博南依靠大量来自国家和地方档案以及企业和行政部门收藏的文件，解释了工业化的特点是各种项目的推动者，特别是私营公司亚得里亚海电力公司（SADE）--1962 年电力国有化之前意大利主要的电力公司--有能力将这些项目说成是对国家利益最重要的项目。私人利益与公共利益之间的界限模糊不清：虽然 SADE 的政治权力很大（SADE 的总裁朱塞佩-沃尔皮曾在 1925 年至 1928 年间担任墨索里尼政府的财政部长），但在能源国有化之前，国家是私人利益的重要支持者。与其他许多情况一样，大型基础设施和地貌大改造以及能源转型需要的不仅仅是民族主义等经济动机，而是能够支持私人利益的技术梦想。然而，在其推动者的共同愿景背后，皮亚韦河的工业化也揭示了不同经济和技术利益之间的争论，这种争论在该地区的经济发展过程中逐渐被克服，导致了一种能源转型，因为更多的地方利益和较少的技术利益被缩小了。Marco Bertilorenzi Marco Bertilorenzi 是帕多瓦大学经济史副教授。他的研究兴趣包括电冶金史......
{"title":"Le acque agitate della patria: L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882–1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland: The industrialization of the Piave River (1882–1966)] by Giacomo Bonan (review)","authors":"Marco Bertilorenzi","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a926345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a926345","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Le acque agitate della patria: L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882–1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland: The industrialization of the Piave River (1882–1966)]&lt;/em&gt; by Giacomo Bonan &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Marco Bertilorenzi (bio) &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;em&gt;Le acque agitate della patria: L'industrializzazione del Piave (1882–1966) [The troubled waters of the homeland: The industrialization of the Piave River (1882–1966)]&lt;/em&gt; By Giacomo Bonan. Rome: Viella, 2020. Pp. 182. &lt;p&gt;In his compelling book &lt;em&gt;Le acque agitate della patria&lt;/em&gt;, Giacomo Bonan recounts the historical process of the industrialization of the Piave River, which flows from the Dolomite Alps down to the Adriatic Sea. The Piave Valley became one of the most developed hydropower-generation regions in Europe, with dozens of power stations, artificial lakes, pipes and channels, dams, and barrages, which were progressively built between the late nineteenth century and the early 1960s. The Vajont Dam is perhaps one of the best-known technological structures in the area, both because it is a true feat of engineering (standing at a height of 860 feet, it is still the highest dam in Europe) and because of the tragedy that originated from a landslide that flooded the Vajont Valley on October 9, 1963, causing the death of about 2,000 people. The Vajont is only a part of the complex system of integrated water infrastructures created in order to exploit the natural resources of the region by public and private actors seeking to promote the \"integrated\" development of the region. According to Bonan, business interests, technocracies, and technological dreams underpinned the industrialization of the river with some consistency, despite the institutional changes that occurred during the course of Italian history: the liberal monarchy before World War I, fascism in the interwar period, and the democratic republic after-ward. During the second half of the 1960s, the hydropower development of the region was brought to an end, leaving a territory deeply transformed by this \"integral\" industrialization, and Italy switched to other energy sources, such as oil and gas.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Against this backdrop, the historian of technology could well be interested in underscoring the dynamics that, thanks to opportunities opened by innovations of the electric age, led to a radical transformation of an extensive region. By adopting from the works of Sara Pritchard the concept of \"environmental system\" to describe the Piave River, Bonan offers a multilevel analysis of the industrialization of the area, exploring the complex nexus that existed between different actors involved in the exploitation of a huge water infrastructure like the Piave River. Such analysis shows how the environment, technology, and economy are linked: from being a river used for wood transportation and irrigation in the past, the Piave gradually underwent new economic and technol","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Words and Power: Computers, Language, and U.S. Cold War Values by Bernadette Longo (review) 文字与权力：Bernadette Longo 著《计算机、语言和美国冷战价值观》（评论）
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926355
Kendall Giles
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Words and Power: Computers, Language, and U.S. Cold War Values</em> by Bernadette Longo <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Kendall Giles (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Words and Power: Computers, Language, and U.S. Cold War Values</em> By Bernadette Longo. Cham: Springer, 2021. Pp. x + 143. <p>In a world grappling with the role of the human worker amid computer automation, "self-driving" cars, and generative AI, and with technology's elite jockeying over existential risks of AI on the one hand and the dire need to accelerate AI development on the other, in a moment of reflexiveness we might wonder just how we got here. Though there is much more to that story, Bernadette Longo in <em>Words and Power</em> provides a solid foundation, building on her research in writing <em>Edmund Berkeley and the Social Responsibility of Computer Professionals</em> (2015). Instead of a central character and place framing found in a history like George Dyson's <em>Turing's Cathedral</em> (2012), Longo foregrounds words and their importance in the development of a standard, shared terminology to support the growth of early computer development in serving military strategies during the Cold War. Words are also central to her previous books, including <em>Spurious Coin</em> (2000) and, coauthored with David Kmiec, <em>The IEEE Guide to Writing in the Engineering and Technical Fields</em> (2017). Longo is interested in the humanistic study of computer history, and so, as part of Springer's History of Computing series, in <em>Words and Power</em> she provides an externalist and contextual lens, highlighting groups of people working in various institutions and social contexts and showing technological development not as inevitable but contingent. Each of the eight chapters is structured like a standalone academic journal article, with chapter title, abstract, text with embedded citations, and bibliography.</p> <p>Longo argues that the motivation for computing standards derived from early computing device development during World War II. That work was done in isolated labs, resulting in differing computing device designs based on orthogonal technologies, from analog components, servomechanisms, and relays to designs such as John von Neumann's electronic, stored-program <strong>[End Page 742]</strong> architecture. While von Neumann's design eventually became the standard that we still use today, in the 1940s there was no common understanding of what a computer was even supposed to do. In fact, during that time period the original computers were humans, usually female, who performed numeric calculations with calculators, pencils, and paper to support the war effort. But the information needs of the war, such as the creation of ballistic firing tables, quickly overwhelmed the abilities of those human computers, so attention turned to developing more powerful mechanical versions.</p> <p>Once the war ended, tensions with Russia
评论者： 文字与权力：Bernadette Longo Kendall Giles (bio) Words and Power：Bernadette Longo 著。Cham：Springer, 2021.第 x + 143 页。在计算机自动化、"自动驾驶 "汽车和生成式人工智能的大背景下，人类工人的角色备受争议，科技界的精英们一方面为人工智能的生存风险争论不休，另一方面又急需加快人工智能的发展。虽然这个故事还有很多内容，但贝尔纳黛特-隆戈在《话语与权力》一书中，在她撰写的《埃德蒙-伯克利与计算机专业人员的社会责任》（2015 年）一书的研究基础上，提供了一个坚实的基础。朗戈没有像乔治-戴森（George Dyson）的《图灵的大教堂》（2012）那样以历史人物和地点为框架，而是强调了文字及其在发展标准、共享术语方面的重要性，以支持早期计算机的发展，为冷战期间的军事战略服务。文字也是她之前著作的核心，包括《虚假硬币》（Spurious Coin，2000 年）以及与大卫-克米克（David Kmiec）合著的《IEEE 工程与技术领域写作指南》（The IEEE Guide to Writing in the Engineering and Technical Fields，2017 年）。朗戈对计算机史的人文研究很感兴趣，因此，作为施普林格《计算机史》丛书的一部分，她在《话语与权力》中提供了一个外部主义和语境的视角，突出了在不同机构和社会背景下工作的人群，并展示了技术发展并非必然而是偶然。本书共八章，每一章的结构都像一篇独立的学术期刊文章，包括章节标题、摘要、内嵌引文的正文和参考书目。朗戈认为，制定计算标准的动机源于二战期间的早期计算设备开发。这项工作是在孤立的实验室中完成的，因此出现了基于正交技术的不同计算设备设计，从模拟组件、伺服机构和继电器到约翰-冯-诺依曼的电子存储程序 [End Page 742] 架构等设计。虽然冯-诺依曼的设计最终成为我们今天仍在使用的标准，但在 20 世纪 40 年代，人们对计算机的功能还没有形成共识。事实上，在那个时期，最初的计算机是人类（通常是女性）用计算器、铅笔和纸张进行数字计算，以支持战争。但是，战争中的信息需求，如弹道射击表的制作，很快就超出了这些人类计算机的能力，因此人们将注意力转向开发更强大的机械版本。战争结束后，与俄罗斯的紧张关系凸显了早期计算机工作在支持以原子武器为基础的国家安全战略方面的重要性。不仅有不同的计算技术可供选择，计算机制的词汇也相互冲突，这使得不同的实验室无法进行有效沟通，而国家安全限制已经阻碍了这一努力。此外，设计和制造早期计算机的人员来自不同的领域，主要是电子工程、物理和数学，他们有自己的术语和看待世界的方式。除了共享操作手册和设计方案外，我们还需要一种计算机硬件和软件的通用语言。因此，在朗格的历史弧线中，我们看到了 20 世纪 60 年代为创造这样一种标准计算机术语而进行的斗争，这种术语随着新的计算机出版场所、课程、会议和新兴计算机行业的出现而不断调整。朗格由此打开了计算机科学学术领域创建的黑匣子，巧妙地说明了知识只有在能够传播的情况下才有价值。计算机科学专业的创建既非简单明了，也非一蹴而就，而是一个充满争议、错误、协调和争论的过程。朗戈表明，这一发展的核心是文字的重要性，朗戈在一定程度上以米歇尔-福柯的 "系统话语史 "思想和弗朗西斯-培根关于通过创建社会机构实现知识民主化的思想为基础。朗戈的计算机发展谱系史不仅展示了语言在支持甚至帮助加快计算机发展步伐方面的力量，而且还揭示了计算机在人类社会中的重要作用。
{"title":"Words and Power: Computers, Language, and U.S. Cold War Values by Bernadette Longo (review)","authors":"Kendall Giles","doi":"10.1353/tech.2024.a926355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a926355","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Words and Power: Computers, Language, and U.S. Cold War Values&lt;/em&gt; by Bernadette Longo &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Kendall Giles (bio) &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;em&gt;Words and Power: Computers, Language, and U.S. Cold War Values&lt;/em&gt; By Bernadette Longo. Cham: Springer, 2021. Pp. x + 143. &lt;p&gt;In a world grappling with the role of the human worker amid computer automation, \"self-driving\" cars, and generative AI, and with technology's elite jockeying over existential risks of AI on the one hand and the dire need to accelerate AI development on the other, in a moment of reflexiveness we might wonder just how we got here. Though there is much more to that story, Bernadette Longo in &lt;em&gt;Words and Power&lt;/em&gt; provides a solid foundation, building on her research in writing &lt;em&gt;Edmund Berkeley and the Social Responsibility of Computer Professionals&lt;/em&gt; (2015). Instead of a central character and place framing found in a history like George Dyson's &lt;em&gt;Turing's Cathedral&lt;/em&gt; (2012), Longo foregrounds words and their importance in the development of a standard, shared terminology to support the growth of early computer development in serving military strategies during the Cold War. Words are also central to her previous books, including &lt;em&gt;Spurious Coin&lt;/em&gt; (2000) and, coauthored with David Kmiec, &lt;em&gt;The IEEE Guide to Writing in the Engineering and Technical Fields&lt;/em&gt; (2017). Longo is interested in the humanistic study of computer history, and so, as part of Springer's History of Computing series, in &lt;em&gt;Words and Power&lt;/em&gt; she provides an externalist and contextual lens, highlighting groups of people working in various institutions and social contexts and showing technological development not as inevitable but contingent. Each of the eight chapters is structured like a standalone academic journal article, with chapter title, abstract, text with embedded citations, and bibliography.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Longo argues that the motivation for computing standards derived from early computing device development during World War II. That work was done in isolated labs, resulting in differing computing device designs based on orthogonal technologies, from analog components, servomechanisms, and relays to designs such as John von Neumann's electronic, stored-program &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 742]&lt;/strong&gt; architecture. While von Neumann's design eventually became the standard that we still use today, in the 1940s there was no common understanding of what a computer was even supposed to do. In fact, during that time period the original computers were humans, usually female, who performed numeric calculations with calculators, pencils, and paper to support the war effort. But the information needs of the war, such as the creation of ballistic firing tables, quickly overwhelmed the abilities of those human computers, so attention turned to developing more powerful mechanical versions.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Once the war ended, tensions with Russia","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
La ciudad en movimiento: Estudios históricos sobre transporte colectivo y movilidad en Santiago de Chile, siglos XIX y XX [The city on the move: Historical studies on public transport and mobility in Santiago de Chile, nineteenth and twentieth centuries] ed. by Simón Castillo and Marcelo Mardones (review) 移动中的城市：19 世纪和 20 世纪智利圣地亚哥公共交通和流动性的历史研究 [La ciudad en movimiento: Estudios históricos sobre transporte colectivo y movilidad en Santiago de Chile, siglos XIX y XX [移动中的城市：19 世纪和 20 世纪智利圣地亚哥公共交通和流动性的历史研究] 由 Simón Castillo 和 Marcelo Mardones 编辑（评论
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926321
Rodrigo Booth
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>La ciudad en movimiento: Estudios históricos sobre transporte colectivo y movilidad en Santiago de Chile, siglos XIX y XX [The city on the move: Historical studies on public transport and mobility in Santiago de Chile, nineteenth and twentieth centuries]</em> ed. by Simón Castillo and Marcelo Mardones <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Rodrigo Booth (bio) </li> </ul> <em>La ciudad en movimiento: Estudios históricos sobre transporte colectivo y movilidad en Santiago de Chile, siglos XIX y XX [The city on the move: Historical studies on public transport and mobility in Santiago de Chile, nineteenth and twentieth centuries]</em> Edited by Simón Castillo and Marcelo Mardones. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado, 2021. Pp. 282. <p>The circulation of people, goods, ideas, information, and energy has conditioned the modern urban experience and has defined the use of time among its inhabitants and their spatial location in the city. We can understand the modern city as a system of transportation and mobility networks. Its historical study allows us to delve into the relationship between technology and social change. This is one of the objectives of the book <em>La ciudad en movimiento</em>, edited by historians Simón Castillo and Marcelo Mardones.</p> <p>The accelerated metropolitanization experienced by Latin American cities generated many frictions in the urban experience that have not yet been resolved. In the period of study covered by this book—that is, between 1860 and 1970—the population of Santiago grew from 115,000 inhabitants to more than 3 million, becoming one of the largest Latin American metropolises by the end of the twentieth century. The urban area, which was walkable in the mid-nineteenth century, required mechanized transportation at the beginning of the following century. In the last third of the twentieth century, it was necessary to use a lot of time and resources, combining means, to cover it completely. The urban segregation of Santiago is related to the difficult access to transportation. This book sets out to study how the introduction of successive transportation and mobility technologies sought, possibly unsuccessfully, to respond to these conflicts in the capital of Chile.</p> <p>The editors of this book, together with Waldo Vila, author of one of its chapters, have been studying the history of urban transportation in the main Chilean cities for several years. Their approach has focused on the perspective <strong>[End Page 675]</strong> of urban social history, from which they have analyzed the visual history of public transportation in Valparaíso and Santiago, the establishment of the first state-owned public transportation company in the 1940s, the role of workers in technological companies, and the conflicts between means of mobility that have coexisted with difficulty in Chilean cities, such as the railroad or the electric tramway with pedestr
评论者 La ciudad en movimiento：Estudios históricos sobre transporte colectivo y movilidad en Santiago de Chile, siglos XIX y XX [The city on the move：由 Simón Castillo 和 Marcelo Mardones Rodrigo Booth (bio) 编著的《移动中的城市：十九世纪和二十世纪智利圣地亚哥公共交通和流动性历史研究》（La ciudad en movimiento：Estudios históricos sobre transporte colectivo y movilidad en Santiago de Chile, siglos XIX y XX [移动中的城市：西蒙-卡斯蒂略和马塞洛-马多内斯编辑。智利圣地亚哥：阿尔贝托-乌尔塔多大学出版社，2021 年。第 282 页。人员、货物、思想、信息和能源的流通决定了现代城市的体验，也决定了城市居民对时间的利用以及他们在城市中的空间位置。我们可以将现代城市理解为一个交通和流动网络系统。通过对其历史的研究，我们可以深入探讨技术与社会变革之间的关系。这也是历史学家西蒙-卡斯蒂略和马塞洛-马多内斯主编的《移动中的城市》一书的目标之一。拉美城市经历的加速都市化在城市经验中产生了许多尚未解决的摩擦。在本书的研究期间，即 1860 年至 1970 年，圣地亚哥的人口从 115,000 人增长到 300 多万人，在 20 世纪末成为拉丁美洲最大的大都市之一。十九世纪中叶，圣地亚哥还是一个可以步行的城市，但在下个世纪初，这里需要机械化交通。在二十世纪后三分之一的时间里，需要耗费大量的时间和资源，结合各种手段，才能将其完全覆盖。圣地亚哥的城市隔离与交通不便有关。本书旨在研究智利首都是如何通过引进一系列交通和流动技术来应对这些矛盾的，尽管这些做法可能并不成功。本书的编者和其中一章的作者瓦尔多-维拉（Waldo Vila）多年来一直在研究智利主要城市的城市交通历史。他们从城市社会史的角度出发，分析了瓦尔帕莱索和圣地亚哥公共交通的视觉历史、20 世纪 40 年代第一家国有公共交通公司的建立、工人在技术公司中的作用，以及在智利城市中艰难共存的交通方式之间的冲突，如铁路或有轨电车与行人或汽车之间的冲突。编者精通圣地亚哥交通的城市历史，汇集了一批有趣的研究人员，从历史的角度研究圣地亚哥的交通和流动性与智利首都城市和社会发展的关系，强调基础设施、技术、规划及其社会政治范围等问题。书中的七个章节对现代圣地亚哥交通和流动历史的各个方面进行了研究。其中包括由本书编辑撰写的关于该主题的史学平衡；关于外国资本（主要是德国和英国资本）对有轨电车业务的兴趣以及第一次世界大战期间民族主义对有轨电车故障的反应的研究（Elisabet Prudant）；关于作为交通技术纪念碑的圣地亚哥中央火车站在十九世纪下半叶的地位的著作（Carlos Sotoroff Neculhueque）；有一章论述了 "电缆城市 "的建设，它体现在圣地亚哥电动有轨电车系统的扩建过程中，以及这些基础设施与二十世纪头二十年城市周边地区技术隔离的关系（Yohad Zacarías）；城市文化史研究，提到了 "孤儿长廊"（paseo de los huerfanitos），这是公共汽车公司工人工会组织的一项慈善活动，它促进了圣地亚哥的缓慢发展进程。..
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引用次数: 0
Edges of Exposure: Toxicology and the Problem of Capacity in Postcolonial Senegal by Noémi Tousignant (review) Noémi Tousignant 著的《暴露的边缘：后殖民时期塞内加尔的毒理学与能力问题》（评论）
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926341
Akwasi Kwarteng Amoako-Gyampah
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Edges of Exposure: Toxicology and the Problem of Capacity in Postcolonial Senegal</em> by Noémi Tousignant <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Akwasi Kwarteng Amoako-Gyampah (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Edges of Exposure: Toxicology and the Problem of Capacity in Postcolonial Senegal</em> By Noémi Tousignant. Durham: Duke University Press, 2018. Pp. 224. <p>Grounded in ethnographic research and using history as a heuristic device, Noémi Tousignant in <em>Edges of Exposure</em> provides a riveting and stimulating account of efforts at doing public interest toxicological science in postcolonial Senegal. She recounts both the history of attempts at creating public facilities needed to monitor toxins and the modest efforts by scientists at three public institutions in Senegal at different periods to analyze the impact of toxins on human life. Tousignant's central concern seems to be examining the imbrications of the political and economic conditions of postcolonial Senegal in shaping and conditioning the practice of toxicological science and the regulation of toxins. In doing so, Tousignant directs attention to questions regarding capacity, future imaginaries, and possibilities in the doing and the undoing of toxicological science. She thus presents capacity as a dynamic concept that is relational, rhythmic, and cadenced by the fluctuating postcolonial visions of Senegal. Tousignant skillfully weaves the complexities involved in doing toxicological science in Senegal with the lived experiences and narratives of toxicological scientists, including Europeans and Africans, to unpack capacity and its corollaries; that is, "scientific virtue, the advancement of knowledge and careers and public <strong>[End Page 716]</strong> service protection" (p. 20). She demonstrates how the rhythms of capacity, punctuated by shifting hopes and constrained by limited resources, illumine both the loss and capacity of "good science."</p> <p>Tracing the historical evolution of toxicological research in Senegal from the 1960s to the 1980s, Tousignant demonstrates the imprint of French neocolonial ties as exemplified through the period called <em>la coopération</em>, after Senegal's independence. She tells the story of progressive deterioration and wreckage of leftover laboratory equipment, nonfunctioning or stagnant machines, and the lack of some laboratory materials (ch. 1). Following the life stories of individual scientists, she recounts the living memories of those who worked in the lab, their feelings of nostalgia, and their ambitions for advancement (ch. 2). After 1980 and until 2000, toxicologists at the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)—despite many efforts at effectively regulating toxins—succeeded only in pursuing a regulatory fiction rather than effectively regulating poisons. Reminiscing on leftover and often aged equipment and leveraging their individual networks, locally and internationally, Senegalese toxic
评论者 暴露的边缘：毒理学与后殖民时期塞内加尔的能力问题 Noémi Tousignant 著 Akwasi Kwarteng Amoako-Gyampah (bio) Edges of Exposure: Toxicology and Problem of Capacity in Postcolonial Senegal By Noémi Tousignant.杜伦：杜克大学出版社，2018 年。第 224 页。诺埃米-图西尼昂特在《暴露的边缘》一书中以人种学研究为基础，以历史为启发式工具，介绍了后殖民时期塞内加尔在开展公益毒理学研究方面所做的努力，内容引人入胜，令人振奋。她讲述了塞内加尔尝试建立监测毒素所需的公共设施的历史，以及塞内加尔三个公共机构的科学家在不同时期为分析毒素对人类生活的影响所做的微薄努力。图西尼昂的核心关注点似乎是研究后殖民时期塞内加尔的政治和经济条件对毒理学实践和毒素监管的影响和制约。在此过程中，Tousignant 将注意力引向了能力、未来想象力以及毒理学实践与实践中的可能性等问题。因此，她提出的能力是一个动态的概念，具有关联性、节奏性，并与塞内加尔起伏不定的后殖民愿景相吻合。Tousignant 巧妙地将在塞内加尔从事毒理学研究的复杂性与毒理学科学家（包括欧洲人和非洲人）的生活经历和叙事结合起来，解读了能力及其必然结果，即 "科学美德、知识和职业的进步以及公共 [完 第 716 页] 服务的保护"（第 20 页）。她展示了能力的节奏是如何被不断变化的希望和有限的资源所打断，并照亮了 "好科学 "的损失和能力。追溯塞内加尔毒理学研究从 20 世纪 60 年代到 80 年代的历史演变，Tousignant 展示了法国新殖民主义纽带的印记，塞内加尔独立后的合作时期就是例证。她讲述了遗留实验室设备逐渐老化和损坏、机器无法运转或停滞不前以及一些实验室材料缺乏的故事（第 1 章）。在科学家个人的生平事迹之后，她讲述了那些曾在实验室工作过的人的鲜活记忆、他们的怀旧之情以及他们追求进步的雄心壮志（第 2 章）。1980 年后至 2000 年，尽管谢赫-安塔-迪奥普大学（UCAD）的毒理学家们为有效监管毒素做出了许多努力，但他们只是在追求监管的虚构性，而不是有效监管毒物。塞内加尔的毒理学家们利用当地和国际的网络，只能进行间歇性的毒理学试验（第 3 章）。Tousignant 将这些事态发展放在动态的政治经济背景下进行分析，说明了 20 世纪 80 年代国际货币基金组织（IMF）和世界银行在塞内加尔实施结构调整政策（与撒哈拉以南非洲其他许多国家类似）所造成的严峻经济形势如何限制了后殖民时期塞内加尔国家支持毒理学研究的能力。在许多方面，国家的退出危及了非洲毒理学科学家的抱负和期望，他们在合作期结束后取代了法国侨民。因此，图西尼昂深刻地指出，能力问题不仅仅是实验室材料和设备无法正常运转的问题，而是时间、社会、经济和政治现实相互交织的问题，这些现实制约着在非洲从事毒理学研究的动力。她的分析在许多方面牵涉并揭露了许多社会经济挑战，这些挑战是后殖民时期非洲国家许多高等教育机构有效开展技术科学教育的特点，并将继续阻碍这些机构的发展。然而，将分析视角转向蝗虫项目（Project Locustox）--一个由联合国粮食及农业组织和荷兰赞助的项目，起初只是一个为期三个月的试点项目，目的是评估在塞内加尔南部控制蝗虫和蚱蜢对环境的影响--图西尼昂特展示了蝗虫项目如何体现重新激活和激发能力的持久希望（第4章）。该项目在不同时期涉及多个国际合作伙伴，并多次延期。它卷入了有争议的基础设施政治中，强调了运用生态毒理学保护环境所需的 "时间、认识论、物质和社会政治条件"（第 121 页）。Tousignant 认为，该项目的多次扩展使得一些积累的能力建设得以发展。
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引用次数: 0
Con los pies en el surco: Instituciones estatales y actores de la ciencia agropecuaria en La Pampa (1958–1983) [With feet in the furrow: State institutions and actors of agricultural science in La Pampa (1958–1983)] by Federico Martocci (review) Con los pies en el surco: Instituciones estatales y actores de la ciencia agropecuaria en La Pampa (1958-1983) [With feet in the furrow：拉潘帕农业科学的国家机构和行动者（1958-1983 年）]，Federico Martocci 著（评论）
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926323
María Cecilia Zuleta
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Con los pies en el surco: Instituciones estatales y actores de la ciencia agropecuaria en La Pampa (1958–1983) [With feet in the furrow: State institutions and actors of agricultural science in La Pampa (1958–1983)]</em> by Federico Martocci <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> María Cecilia Zuleta (bio) </li> </ul> <em>Con los pies en el surco: Instituciones estatales y actores de la ciencia agropecuaria en La Pampa (1958–1983) [With feet in the furrow: State institutions and actors of agricultural science in La Pampa (1958–1983)]</em> By Federico Martocci. Buenos Aires: Prometeo, 2021. Pp. 277. <p><em>Con los pies en el surco</em>, which originated as Federico Martocci's Ph.D. dissertation, is a refreshing contribution that successfully intersects the history of science and technology, environmental history, and agricultural history. This investigation breaks new ground by focusing on the Dry Pampas, an ecoregion of temperate plains <em>(llanura pampeana</em>) much less studied than the Humid Pampas. These biomes coexist in the Southern Cone's center plains, at the River Plate basin.</p> <p>In the mid-twentieth century, an environmental and productive crisis occurred in the Dry Pampas, caused by water stress and the wind erosion of soils and native flora. In response to these crises, during the Cold War a singular state-based socio-techno-scientific landscape was constructed in the province of La Pampa. Three well-documented chapters explain in chronological and analytical sequence the genesis of the seedbeds of public agricultural science and innovation during political instability and military dictatorships, precisely while the "Green Revolution" was expanding across the Global South.</p> <p>Three principal analytical axes run through this book. The first concerns forming a cluster of new institutions that accompanied the fodder-livestock expansion in new lands on the west side of La Pampa. The Anguil Experiment Station (Estación Experimental de Anguil), with the new University of La Pampa and a bunch of local agronomic stations, joined efforts to pioneer this regional network for human intervention in arid and semiarid environments. Martocci's book demonstrates that, in this part of the Southern Cone during the Cold War, local agricultural science flourished in state-funded public institutions, rather than on resources from philanthropic nongovernmental agencies or international cooperation agreements.</p> <p>The second axis carefully sheds light on the core of agricultural innovation produced in situ in La Pampa's plains. Martocci demonstrates the diverse interactions developed between state agencies, agriculture scientists and technicians, and local agricultural entrepreneurs and cattle ranchers, resulting in a complex process of two-way agricultural knowledge hybridization, <strong>[End Page 679]</strong> produced in laboratories and grounded in practice. As a result, biological inn
评论者： Con los pies en el surco: Instituciones estatales y actores de la ciencia agropecuaria en La Pampa (1958-1983) [With feet in the furrow：Federico Martocci María Cecilia Zuleta (bio) Con los pies en el surco: Instituciones estatales y actores de la ciencia agropecuaria en La Pampa (1958-1983) [With feet in the furrow：拉潘帕的国家机构和农业科学行动者（1958-1983 年］作者：Federico Martocci。布宜诺斯艾利斯：Prometeo，2021 年。Pp.Con los pies en el surco》是费德里科-马尔托奇的博士论文，它成功地将科技史、环境史和农业史融为一体，令人耳目一新。这项研究开辟了新的领域，其重点是干潘帕斯，这是一个温带平原（llanura pampeana）生态区，对它的研究远远少于对湿润潘帕斯的研究。这两种生物群落共存于南锥体的中心平原，即拉普拉塔河盆地。二十世纪中叶，干旱潘帕斯草原出现了环境和生产危机，原因是水资源紧张以及土壤和本地植物遭到风蚀。为了应对这些危机，冷战期间在拉潘帕省建立了一个以国家为基础的独特的社会技术科学景观。三章内容翔实，按时间顺序和分析方法阐述了在政治动荡和军事独裁时期，也就是 "绿色革命 "在全球南部扩展的时期，公共农业科学和创新苗圃的起源。本书有三个主要分析轴线。第一条主线是在拉潘帕西部的新土地上，伴随着饲料-畜牧业的扩张，形成了一个新的机构群。安圭尔试验站（Estación Experimental de Anguil）与新成立的拉潘帕大学以及当地的一些农艺站一起，共同开创了人类干预干旱和半干旱环境的地区网络。马尔托奇的著作表明，在冷战时期的南锥体地区，地方农业科学在国家资助的公共机构中蓬勃发展，而不是依靠非政府慈善机构或国际合作协议提供的资源。第二轴仔细揭示了在拉潘帕平原就地产生的农业创新的核心。马尔托奇展示了国家机构、农业科学家和技术人员与当地农业企业家和牧场主之间形成的各种互动，从而形成了一个复杂的双向农业知识杂交过程，既在实验室中产生，又在实践中扎根。因此，生物创新得以在拉潘帕落户。其中一个例子是采用了多年生的 "垂爱草"（Eragrostis curvula，原产于非洲），这是一种有助于防止水土流失的牧草。其他技术创新包括水资源管理、使用适应干旱土壤的农业机械进行新的土壤耕作，以及地表播种，这是直接（零）耕作的前身，目前正伴随着拉普拉塔高原的大豆热潮。第三条轴线侧重于重建农业和兽医科学家、大学研究人员和技术人员的职业轨迹；这是马托奇这本书的最大优势之一。在这些轨迹中，当地和跨国的知识成就交汇在一起，既有来自高原河谷地区的，也有来自美国、欧洲、俄罗斯和南非的。作者本可以更深入地探讨这些技术与科学交汇的话题。自 20 世纪 70 年代中期以来，由于独裁统治和国家恐怖主义，这一公共技术科学网络开始衰落。冷战结束后，潘帕斯地区出现了一个新的农业食品商业综合体：公共农业科学和农村人口的经验知识失去了中心地位。马托西的研究成果--以地方视角和全球思维--揭示了冷战期间南锥体国家粮食出口国的农业科技变革。在拉潘帕省，围绕农村实践、技术以及农艺和兽医知识的多种复杂的社会互动产生了良性的趋同和杂交，这些知识是就地生产和共享的，而不是简单的转让。马尔托奇说，农业创新 "通过眼睛进入"，并且 "具有传染性"。尽管有了这些杰出的分析，但对市场的更多关注，这也是我们的工作重点之一。
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引用次数: 0
L'invention de la technologie: Une histoire intellectuelle avec André Leroi-Gourhan [The invention of technology: An intellectual history with André Leroi-Gourhan] by Nathan Schlanger (review) 技术的发明：技术的发明：André Leroi-Gourhan 著：《技术的发明：与 André Leroi-Gourhan 的思想史》（评论）
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926358
Philippe Soulier
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>L'invention de la technologie: Une histoire intellectuelle avec André Leroi-Gourhan [The invention of technology: An intellectual history with André Leroi-Gourhan]</em> by Nathan Schlanger <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Philippe Soulier (bio) </li> </ul> <em>L'invention de la technologie: Une histoire intellectuelle avec André Leroi-Gourhan [The invention of technology: An intellectual history with André Leroi-Gourhan]</em> By Nathan Schlanger. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2023. Pp. 460. <p>This book lives up to its subtitle. Throughout its seven chapters, the author follows the sequence of Leroi-Gourhan's positions, particularly on technology. André Leroi-Gourhan was a twentieth-century anthropologist, archaeologist, paleontologist, zoologist, prehistorian, historian of art, and technologist. Throughout his life, Leroi-Gourhan tried to address and then clarify what new aspects he intended to bring to the concept of technology. In fact, from his earliest writings in the 1930s, Leroi-Gourhan illustrated technology abundantly, while announcing that he could assert his positions as much on the basis of his manual experience as an archeologist as on his proposals for a system based on the logic of material constraints.</p> <p>What's more, he wanted his ideas to be backed up by strictly "objective" observations, so that the lessons he drew from them could have the character of "real fact," giving them a "universal" dimension. He subsequently adopted this intellectual stance in his other research (notably in archaeology and the history of Paleolithic art). For Leroi-Gourhan, understanding the foundations and methods of the technology used by a human group was the basis of any understanding of populations, past or present.</p> <p>Far from being a straight line, Leroi-Gourhan's intellectual career was often meandering, particularly in light of his professional circumstances and field experiences. He sometimes developed his arguments in correspondence (positive or negative) with other thinkers on technology. However, apart from a few researchers who served as references at the start of his career (in particular his teacher Marcel Mauss), he most often moved forward without explicit reference to the thoughts and theories of his contemporaries.</p> <p>And therein lies the major interest of Nathan Schlanger's book. While the author, himself a specialist in Mauss's work, follows Leroi-Gourhan's thought chronologically, each of the successive chapters delves deeper into Leroi-Gourhan's key ideas, which are then developed more thematically. In this way, not only does he succeed in unraveling many of Leroi-Gourhan's sometimes circuitous paths, he also supports his account with an abundance of references, both past and present, to Leroi-Gourhan (including by Simondon, Ellul, and Lévi-Strauss, for example). These references are sometimes suggested by Leroi-Gourhan himself in his development
评论者： L'invention de la technologie：André Leroi-Gourhan 的思想史：Nathan Schlanger 著 Philippe Soulier (bio) L'invention de la technologie：技术的发明：安德烈-莱罗-古尔汉的思想史：André Leroi-Gourhan 的思想史]，Nathan Schlanger 著。巴黎：法国大学出版社，2023 年。页码460.本书的副标题名副其实。全书共七章，作者按照莱罗-古尔汉的立场，尤其是关于技术的立场，依次展开论述。安德烈-勒罗伊-古尔汉是二十世纪的人类学家、考古学家、古生物学家、动物学家、史前学家、艺术史学家和技术学家。莱罗-古尔汉一生都在努力探讨并阐明他打算为技术概念带来哪些新的方面。事实上，从 20 世纪 30 年代的早期著作开始，勒罗伊-古尔汉就对技术进行了大量阐释，同时宣布他可以根据自己作为考古学家的亲身经历以及基于物质制约逻辑的系统建议来坚持自己的立场。更重要的是，他希望自己的观点能够得到严格的 "客观 "观察的支持，这样他从这些观点中得出的教训才具有 "真实事实 "的特征，使其具有 "普遍性"。随后，他在其他研究（特别是考古学和旧石器时代艺术史）中也采用了这一思想立场。对莱罗-古汉来说，了解一个人类群体所使用的技术的基础和方法，是了解过去或现在的人群的基础。Leroi-Gourhan 的学术生涯远非一帆风顺，经常是蜿蜒曲折，特别是考虑到他的职业环境和实地经验。他有时在与其他技术思想家的通信（正面或负面）中发展自己的论点。然而，除了在他的职业生涯之初作为参考的几位研究者（尤其是他的老师马塞尔-莫斯）之外，他在前进的道路上往往没有明确参考过同时代人的思想和理论。这就是内森-施兰格这本书的主要趣味所在。作者本人是研究毛斯作品的专家，他的著作按照时间顺序介绍了勒罗伊-古尔汉的思想，每一章都深入探讨了勒罗伊-古尔汉的主要观点，然后又对这些观点进行了更有主题性的阐释。通过这种方式，他不仅成功地解开了莱罗伊-古汉有时迂回曲折的许多思想路径，而且还以大量过去和现在对莱罗伊-古汉的引用（包括西蒙东、埃卢尔和列维-斯特劳斯等人）来支持他的论述。这些参考文献有时是由莱罗-古汉本人在其发展过程中提出的，但也是作者根据其对技术文献的深入了解精选出来的。因此，他分析了勒罗伊-古尔汉职业生涯每个阶段的思想背景。除了六十多篇莱罗伊-古尔汉自己的出版物外，正文中还索引了 600 多条参考文献。这为他的研究增添了趣味性，并在全书中为进一步研究提出了许多令人振奋的途径。此外，施兰格并不满足于系统分析莱罗瓦-古尔汉（包括再版时所作的任何改动）或其同时代人已发表的著作，他的研究还以法国国家科学研究中心、法兰西学院、国家自然历史博物馆等机构收藏的大量档案为基础。这些档案揭示了未发表的作品，如文本草稿、对校样的修改，以及包含对其他研究人员的评论或对某些问题的疑问的信件，从而有可能对莱罗-古汉的作品进行分析，使其更加贴切、深刻和细致入微。因此，本书呈现出两个不断互动的互补面。首先，莱罗-古尔汉的技术思想有了可喜的深化，有了进步、延伸和复兴。这一维度让我们能够更深入地研究他作品中的这一重要部分，并更好地理解他的思想，以及他可能启发过或他自己可能从中汲取过灵感的其他思想家和理论家的思想。其次，这本书为我们提供了一部关于他的思想、哲学和哲学史。
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引用次数: 0
In a New Light: Histories of Women and Energy ed. by Abigail Harrison Moore and R. W. Sandwell (review) Abigail Harrison Moore 和 R. W. Sandwell 编著的《新的视角：妇女与能源史》（评论）
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Technology and Culture
Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1353/tech.2024.a926346
Tijana Rupčić
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>In a New Light: Histories of Women and Energy</em> ed. by Abigail Harrison Moore and R. W. Sandwell <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Tijana Rupčić (bio) </li> </ul> <em>In a New Light: Histories of Women and Energy</em> Edited by Abigail Harrison Moore and R. W. Sandwell. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021. Pp. 216. <p>Abigail Harrison Moore and R. W. Sandwell's edited volume, <em>In a New Light</em>, is a recent attempt to approach the enduring gender imbalance in narratives about the history of energy and reclaim it from the embrace of the male-dominated sphere of influence. The authors argue that the absence of women from historical accounts of energy history is mostly due to the overarching foundation in approaching the studies of energy history from a male point of view, as well as the sources that researchers tend to focus on. This volume delves into the significance of women in the historical context of energy, with specific emphasis on decision-making in the usage of new energy sources, ranging from candlelight usage in British households during the nineteenth century to the process of electrifying <strong>[End Page 725]</strong> rural Scottish homes in the latter half of the twentieth century. Ranging from exploration of the changing social, economic, and gender dynamics of women in various fields—including candle lighting, electrical energy technology implementation, decorating services, and technical expertise—the contributors call attention to women as intermediaries between emerging energy technologies and the domestic sphere.</p> <p>Consequently, the authors of this collection analyze the process of transformation of energy through the lens of educators, designers of interiors, housewives, and other women whose daily routines are centered around the consumption of household energy. The authors seek to extend the discussion and offer new methods. For example, Sorcha O'Brien utilizes oral histories that she and other researchers gathered from elderly women in rural Ireland, specifically those in their seventies and eighties. O'Brien documents the recollections of women who consumed energy, capturing their sentiments of longing for the bread that was traditionally baked over turf fires before the advent of modern stoves. However, these memories also include less pleasant recollections of hand-washing clothes. Furthermore, the authors locate a variety of relevant historical sources and point out varied perspectives on the context, timing, and justification for energy decisions from the female perspective. This volume shows a range of archives, official documents, online resources, print media, and interviews that historians can use to incorporate marginalized perspectives into the narratives of energy history. For example, Karen Sayer brings to the stage the women who acquired, ignited, and cared for the candlelight, thereby emphasizing the changing social, econom
评论者 Tijana Rupčić (bio) In a New Light: Histories of Women and Energy Edited by Abigail Harrison Moore and R. W. Sandwell.蒙特利尔：蒙特利尔：麦吉尔-皇后大学出版社，2021 年。第 216 页。阿比盖尔-哈里森-摩尔（Abigail Harrison Moore）和 R. W. 桑德威尔（R. W. Sandwell）编著的这本《新的视角》（In a New Light）是最近的一次尝试，旨在探讨能源历史叙述中持久存在的性别失衡问题，并将其从男性主导的势力范围中重新夺回。作者认为，女性在能源史研究中的缺席，主要是由于从男性视角切入能源史研究的总体基础，以及研究人员倾向于关注的资料来源。本卷深入探讨了妇女在能源历史背景下的重要意义，特别强调了使用新能源的决策过程，从 19 世纪英国家庭使用烛光到 20 世纪后半叶苏格兰农村家庭电气化 [完 725 页] 进程。从探讨妇女在各个领域--包括蜡烛照明、电力能源技术实施、装饰服务和专业技术--的社会、经济和性别动态变化，作者们呼吁人们关注作为新兴能源技术和家庭领域中间人的妇女。因此，这本文集的作者们通过教育工作者、室内设计师、家庭主妇和其他日常工作围绕家庭能源消耗的女性的视角，分析了能源变革的过程。作者们试图扩展讨论并提供新的方法。例如，索查-奥布莱恩（Sorcha O'Brien）利用了她和其他研究人员从爱尔兰农村老年妇女，特别是七八十岁的老年妇女那里收集到的口述历史。奥布莱恩记录了消耗能量的妇女的回忆，捕捉到了她们对现代炉灶出现之前传统上用草皮炉火烘烤的面包的向往之情。不过，这些回忆中也有不那么令人愉快的手洗衣服的回忆。此外，作者还找到了各种相关的历史资料，并从女性的角度指出了能源决策的背景、时机和理由等不同观点。本卷展示了一系列档案、官方文件、在线资源、印刷媒体和访谈，历史学家可以利用这些资料将边缘化的观点纳入能源史的叙述中。例如，凯伦-赛尔（Karen Sayer）将获取、点燃和护理烛光的妇女带到了舞台上，从而强调了不断变化的社会、经济和基于性别的社会动态。了解妇女参与能源决策的意义并不是一个新颖的方法。露丝-施瓦茨-考恩（Ruth Schwartz Cowan）的著作《母亲的更多工作》（1983 年）是最早强调性别与技术之间关系重要性的著作之一，《新的曙光》的撰稿人经常引用这本书。在随后的研究中，一些研究者更加重视特定的技术或能量，如玛莎-阿克曼（Marsha Ackermann）的《凉爽的舒适》（Cool Comfort，2002 年），而另一些研究者则始终强调女性在家庭中的角色和劳动分工的重要性，如琼-弗里曼（June Freeman）的《现代厨房的形成》（Making of the Modern Kitchen，2004 年）。新的视角》一书强调了采用跨学科方法的必要性，将性别和能源问题都纳入其中，同时还强调了全面了解能源转型所涉及的所有因素的重要性。虽然本卷在很大程度上保持了概述妇女参与家庭能源使用和决策的传统，但撰稿人也从新的角度探讨了妇女是家庭转型的主要推动者的情况。这本书的局限性在于，它只研究了西欧和北美的家庭主妇做出的与能源相关的决定，而缺乏针对世界其他地区类似决定的案例研究。[In a New Light》的案例研究成功地展示了妇女对工业化和相互关联的能源系统发展领域的适应能力。该书还强调了记忆和口述历史对于理解历史事件的重要性。
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