Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101913
Eleonora Nardini , Ernesto Rodriguez , Yvette van Kooyk
The immune system is a complex network of highly specialized microenvironments, denominated niches, which arise from dynamic interactions between immune and parenchymal cells as well as acellular components such as structural elements and local molecular signals. A critical, yet underexplored, layer shaping these niches is the glycome, the complete repertoire of glycans and glycoconjugates produced by cells. The glycome is prevalent in the outer membrane of cells and their secreted components, and can be sensed by glycan binding receptors on immune cells. These receptors detect changes in glycosylation and consequently modulate immune cell activity, trafficking, and signalling, altering homeostasis. Tissues like the brain and the placenta are prone to accommodate tolerance, while the gut and the thymus are sensitive to inflammation. We provide here an overview of current literature that shows the impact of altered glycosylation of tissues on host immune cells and how interference in this process may lead to new diagnostics and immune therapeutics, aiming to restore the immune balance in autoimmunity and cancer.
{"title":"The tissue glycome as regulator of immune activation and tolerance mediated by C-type lectins and Siglecs","authors":"Eleonora Nardini , Ernesto Rodriguez , Yvette van Kooyk","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The immune system is a complex network of highly specialized microenvironments, denominated niches, which arise from dynamic interactions between immune and parenchymal cells as well as acellular components such as structural elements and local molecular signals. A critical, yet underexplored, layer shaping these niches is the glycome, the complete repertoire of glycans and glycoconjugates produced by cells. The glycome is prevalent in the outer membrane of cells and their secreted components, and can be sensed by glycan binding receptors on immune cells. These receptors detect changes in glycosylation and consequently modulate immune cell activity, trafficking, and signalling, altering homeostasis. Tissues like the brain and the placenta are prone to accommodate tolerance, while the gut and the thymus are sensitive to inflammation. We provide here an overview of current literature that shows the impact of altered glycosylation of tissues on host immune cells and how interference in this process may lead to new diagnostics and immune therapeutics, aiming to restore the immune balance in autoimmunity and cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 101913"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101911
Sheng-Fang Wang , Hung-Lin Chen , Fu-Tong Liu
Galectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins, play crucial roles in the host–virus interaction landscape. This review explores the multifaceted contributions of endogenous galectins to various stages of the viral lifecycle, including attachment, replication, assembly, and release of progeny virions. Recent studies have indicated that viral infections can induce the expression and secretion of specific galectins, with elucidated signaling pathways in some cases, enhancing our understanding of their regulatory mechanisms. While many studies have focused on the effects of exogenous recombinant galectins, there is growing interest in the intrinsic functions of endogenous galectins, particularly through genetic alterations in cellular models. This review highlights the need for further research to uncover the complex roles of galectins in modulating viral infections and emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets in the fight against viral diseases. Understanding these interactions could pave the way for novel strategies to enhance host defense mechanisms and mitigate viral pathogenesis.
{"title":"Galectins and Host–Pathogen Interactions: The roles in viral infections","authors":"Sheng-Fang Wang , Hung-Lin Chen , Fu-Tong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Galectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins, play crucial roles in the host–virus interaction landscape. This review explores the multifaceted contributions of endogenous galectins to various stages of the viral lifecycle, including attachment, replication, assembly, and release of progeny virions. Recent studies have indicated that viral infections can induce the expression and secretion of specific galectins, with elucidated signaling pathways in some cases, enhancing our understanding of their regulatory mechanisms. While many studies have focused on the effects of exogenous recombinant galectins, there is growing interest in the intrinsic functions of endogenous galectins, particularly through genetic alterations in cellular models. This review highlights the need for further research to uncover the complex roles of galectins in modulating viral infections and emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets in the fight against viral diseases. Understanding these interactions could pave the way for novel strategies to enhance host defense mechanisms and mitigate viral pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 101911"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101892
Connie M. Arthur , Marie Hollenhorst , Shang-Chuen Wu , Ryan Jajosky , Hirotomo Nakahara , Hau-Ming Jan , Leon Zheng , Mischa Covington , Seth Rakoff-Nahoum , Melissa Yeung , William Lane , Cassandra Josephson , Richard D. Cummings , Sean R. Stowell
ABO blood group antigens, which are complex carbohydrate moieties, and the first human polymorphisms identified, are critical in transfusion medicine and transplantation. Despite their discovery over a century ago, significant questions remain about the development of anti-ABO antibodies and the structural features of ABO antigens that cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. Anti-ABO antibodies develop naturally during the first few months of life, in contrast to other red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies which form after allogeneic RBC exposure. Anti-ABO antibodies are the most common immune barrier to transfusion and transplantation, but the factors driving their formation are incompletely understood. Some studies suggest that microbes that express glycans similar in structure to the blood group antigens could play a role in anti-blood group antibody formation. While the role of these microbes in clinically relevant anti-blood group antibody formation remains to be defined, the presence of these microbes raises questions about how blood group-positive individuals protect themselves against blood group molecular mimicry. Recent studies suggest that galectins can bind and kill microbes that mimic blood group antigens, suggesting a unique host defense mechanism against microbial molecular mimicry. However, new models are needed to fully define the impact of microbes, galectins, or other factors on the development of clinically relevant naturally occurring anti-blood group antibodies.
{"title":"ABO blood groups and galectins: Implications in transfusion medicine and innate immunity","authors":"Connie M. Arthur , Marie Hollenhorst , Shang-Chuen Wu , Ryan Jajosky , Hirotomo Nakahara , Hau-Ming Jan , Leon Zheng , Mischa Covington , Seth Rakoff-Nahoum , Melissa Yeung , William Lane , Cassandra Josephson , Richard D. Cummings , Sean R. Stowell","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>ABO blood group antigens, which are complex carbohydrate moieties, and the first human polymorphisms identified, are critical in transfusion medicine and transplantation. Despite their discovery over a century ago, significant questions remain about the development of anti-ABO antibodies and the structural features of ABO antigens that cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. Anti-ABO antibodies develop naturally during the first few months of life, in contrast to other red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies which form after allogeneic RBC exposure. Anti-ABO antibodies are the most common immune barrier to transfusion and transplantation, but the factors driving their formation are incompletely understood. Some studies suggest that microbes that express glycans similar in structure to the blood group antigens could play a role in anti-blood group antibody formation. While the role of these microbes in clinically relevant anti-blood group antibody formation remains to be defined, the presence of these microbes raises questions about how blood group-positive individuals protect themselves against blood group molecular mimicry. Recent studies suggest that galectins can bind and kill microbes that mimic blood group antigens, suggesting a unique host defense mechanism against microbial molecular mimicry. However, new models are needed to fully define the impact of microbes, galectins, or other factors on the development of clinically relevant naturally occurring anti-blood group antibodies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101892"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101901
XT Yang, WL Yang, YL Lau
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) encompass a group of disorders with a strong genetic component. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of these disorders is essential for effective clinical management. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has significantly enhanced the diagnostic process by offering a comprehensive and scalable approach for identifying genomic variations causal for these disorders. Nevertheless, the bioinformatics analysis of NGS data poses several challenges. In this review, we explore these challenges and share our insights on addressing them, aiming to improve the overall diagnostic yield.
{"title":"NGS data analysis for molecular diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity","authors":"XT Yang, WL Yang, YL Lau","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) encompass a group of disorders with a strong genetic component. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of these disorders is essential for effective clinical management. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has significantly enhanced the diagnostic process by offering a comprehensive and scalable approach for identifying genomic variations causal for these disorders. Nevertheless, the bioinformatics analysis of NGS data poses several challenges. In this review, we explore these challenges and share our insights on addressing them, aiming to improve the overall diagnostic yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101901"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101893
Natalia Rodrigues Mantuano , Heinz Läubli
Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition, has transformed cancer therapy in recent years, providing new and potentially curative options for patients with even advanced disease. However, only a minority of patients achieve long-lasting remissions, and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition is common. Recently, the sialic acid-Siglec axis has been proposed as a new immune checkpoint that could overcome resistance to current immunotherapy options. In this review, we summarize the current preclinical knowledge about the role of the sialic acid-Siglec interaction in immune suppression in cancer and discuss potential approaches to block this inhibitory pathway to enhance anti-cancer immunity.
{"title":"Sialic acid and Siglec receptors in tumor immunity and immunotherapy","authors":"Natalia Rodrigues Mantuano , Heinz Läubli","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition, has transformed cancer therapy in recent years, providing new and potentially curative options for patients with even advanced disease. However, only a minority of patients achieve long-lasting remissions, and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition is common. Recently, the sialic acid-Siglec axis has been proposed as a new immune checkpoint that could overcome resistance to current immunotherapy options. In this review, we summarize the current preclinical knowledge about the role of the sialic acid-Siglec interaction in immune suppression in cancer and discuss potential approaches to block this inhibitory pathway to enhance anti-cancer immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101893"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101889
Mirta Schattner , Bethan Psaila , Gabriel A. Rabinovich
Hematopoiesis- the formation of blood cell components- continually replenishes the blood system during embryonic development and postnatal lifespans. This coordinated process requires the synchronized action of a broad range of cell surface associated proteins and soluble mediators, including growth factors, cytokines and lectins. Collectively, these mediators control cellular communication, signalling, commitment, proliferation, survival and differentiation. Here we discuss the role of galectins – an evolutionarily conserved family of glycan-binding proteins – in the establishment and dynamic remodelling of hematopoietic niches. We focus on the contribution of galectins to B and T lymphocyte development and selection, as well as studies highlighting the role of these proteins in myelopoiesis, with particular emphasis on erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. Finally, we also highlight recent findings suggesting the role of galectin-1, a prototype member of this protein family, as a key pathogenic factor and therapeutic target in myelofibrosis. Through extracellular or intracellular mechanisms, galectins can influence the fate and function of distinct hematopoietic progenitors and fine-tune the final repertoire of blood cells, with critical implications in a wide range of physiologically vital processes including innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance programs, tissue repair, regeneration, angiogenesis, inflammation, coagulation and oxygen delivery. Additionally, positive or negative regulation of galectin-driven circuits may contribute to a broad range of blood cell disorders.
造血--血细胞成分的形成--在胚胎发育和出生后的生命周期中不断补充血液系统。这一协调过程需要多种细胞表面相关蛋白和可溶性介质（包括生长因子、细胞因子和凝集素）的同步作用。这些介质共同控制着细胞通信、信号、承诺、增殖、存活和分化。在这里，我们将讨论半整联蛋白（进化保守的糖结合蛋白家族）在造血龛的建立和动态重塑中的作用。我们重点讨论了半整联蛋白对 B 淋巴细胞和 T 淋巴细胞发育和选择的贡献，以及强调这些蛋白在骨髓造血中作用的研究，尤其侧重于红细胞生成和巨核细胞生成。最后，我们还重点介绍了最近的研究结果，这些结果表明，该蛋白家族的原型成员 galectin-1 是骨髓纤维化的关键致病因素和治疗靶点。通过细胞外或细胞内机制，galectins 可影响不同造血祖细胞的命运和功能，并对血细胞的最终种类进行微调，从而对包括先天性和适应性免疫、免疫耐受程序、组织修复、再生、血管生成、炎症、凝血和氧输送在内的一系列重要生理过程产生重要影响。此外，galectin 驱动回路的正向或负向调节可能导致多种血细胞疾病。
{"title":"Shaping hematopoietic cell ecosystems through galectin-glycan interactions","authors":"Mirta Schattner , Bethan Psaila , Gabriel A. Rabinovich","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hematopoiesis- the formation of blood cell components- continually replenishes the blood system during embryonic development and postnatal lifespans. This coordinated process requires the synchronized action of a broad range of cell surface associated proteins and soluble mediators, including growth factors, cytokines and lectins. Collectively, these mediators control cellular communication, signalling, commitment, proliferation, survival and differentiation. Here we discuss the role of galectins – an evolutionarily conserved family of glycan-binding proteins – in the establishment and dynamic remodelling of hematopoietic niches. We focus on the contribution of galectins to B and T lymphocyte development and selection, as well as studies highlighting the role of these proteins in myelopoiesis, with particular emphasis on erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. Finally, we also highlight recent findings suggesting the role of galectin-1, a prototype member of this protein family, as a key pathogenic factor and therapeutic target in myelofibrosis. Through extracellular or intracellular mechanisms, galectins can influence the fate and function of distinct hematopoietic progenitors and fine-tune the final repertoire of blood cells, with critical implications in a wide range of physiologically vital processes including innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance programs, tissue repair, regeneration, angiogenesis, inflammation, coagulation and oxygen delivery. Additionally, positive or negative regulation of galectin-driven circuits may contribute to a broad range of blood cell disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101889"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101900
Zélia Silva , Cátia O. Soares , Mariana Barbosa , Angelina S. Palma , Filipa Marcelo , Paula A. Videira
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiating immune responses against tumours by presenting antigens to T cells. Glycosylation, particularly sialylation, plays a significant role in regulating cell functions, by modulating protein folding and signalling. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of how sialic acids influence key aspects of DC biology, including maturation, migration, antigen presentation, and T cell interactions. Sialic acids influence DC endocytosis, affecting their ability to uptake and present antigens, while guiding their migration to lymph nodes and inflamed tissues. Removing sialic acids enhances DC-mediated antigen presentation to T cells, potentially boosting immune responses. Additionally, sialylated glycans on DCs modulate immune checkpoints, which can impact tumour immunity. Hypersialylation of tumour mucins further promotes immune evasion by interacting with DCs. Understanding the interplay between sialylation and DC functions offers promising avenues for enhancing cancer immunotherapy.
树突状细胞（DC）通过向 T 细胞展示抗原，对启动针对肿瘤的免疫反应至关重要。糖基化，尤其是ialylation，通过调节蛋白质折叠和信号传导，在调节细胞功能方面发挥着重要作用。本综述旨在全面概述硅烷酸如何影响直流电生物学的关键方面，包括成熟、迁移、抗原呈递和 T 细胞相互作用。硅酸影响直流细胞的内吞作用，影响其摄取和呈现抗原的能力，同时引导其向淋巴结和炎症组织迁移。去除ialic酸可增强DC介导的向T细胞呈递抗原的能力，从而增强免疫反应。此外，DC 上的糖基化聚糖还能调节免疫检查点，从而影响肿瘤免疫。肿瘤粘蛋白的高ialylation通过与DC相互作用，进一步促进免疫逃避。了解糖基化与直流电功能之间的相互作用为加强癌症免疫疗法提供了有希望的途径。
{"title":"The role of sialoglycans in modulating dendritic cell function and tumour immunity","authors":"Zélia Silva , Cátia O. Soares , Mariana Barbosa , Angelina S. Palma , Filipa Marcelo , Paula A. Videira","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiating immune responses against tumours by presenting antigens to T cells. Glycosylation, particularly sialylation, plays a significant role in regulating cell functions, by modulating protein folding and signalling. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of how sialic acids influence key aspects of DC biology, including maturation, migration, antigen presentation, and T cell interactions. Sialic acids influence DC endocytosis, affecting their ability to uptake and present antigens, while guiding their migration to lymph nodes and inflamed tissues. Removing sialic acids enhances DC-mediated antigen presentation to T cells, potentially boosting immune responses. Additionally, sialylated glycans on DCs modulate immune checkpoints, which can impact tumour immunity. Hypersialylation of tumour mucins further promotes immune evasion by interacting with DCs. Understanding the interplay between sialylation and DC functions offers promising avenues for enhancing cancer immunotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101900"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101891
Lucy I. Crouch , Cláudia S. Rodrigues , Cassie R. Bakshani , Leticia Tavares-Gomes , Joana Gaifem , Salomé S. Pinho
The human gut microbiota is home to a diverse collection of microorganisms that has co-evolved with the host immune system in which host-microbiota interactions are essential to preserve health and homeostasis. Evidence suggests that the perturbation of this symbiotic host-microbiome relationship contributes to the onset of major diseases such as chronic inflammatory diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The host glycocalyx (repertoire of glycans/sugar-chains at the surface of gut mucosa) constitutes a major biological and physical interface between the intestinal mucosa and microorganisms, as well as with the host immune system. Glycans are an essential niche for microbiota colonization and thus an important modulator of host-microorganism interactions both in homeostasis and in disease. In this review, we discuss the role of gut mucosa glycome as an instrumental pathway that regulates host-microbiome interactions in homeostasis but also in health to inflammation transition. We also discuss the power of mucosa glycosylation remodelling as an attractive preventive and therapeutic strategy to preserve gut homeostasis.
{"title":"The role of glycans in health and disease: Regulators of the interaction between gut microbiota and host immune system","authors":"Lucy I. Crouch , Cláudia S. Rodrigues , Cassie R. Bakshani , Leticia Tavares-Gomes , Joana Gaifem , Salomé S. Pinho","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human gut microbiota is home to a diverse collection of microorganisms that has co-evolved with the host immune system in which host-microbiota interactions are essential to preserve health and homeostasis. Evidence suggests that the perturbation of this symbiotic host-microbiome relationship contributes to the onset of major diseases such as chronic inflammatory diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The host glycocalyx (repertoire of glycans/sugar-chains at the surface of gut mucosa) constitutes a major biological and physical interface between the intestinal mucosa and microorganisms, as well as with the host immune system. Glycans are an essential niche for microbiota colonization and thus an important modulator of host-microorganism interactions both in homeostasis and in disease. In this review, we discuss the role of gut mucosa glycome as an instrumental pathway that regulates host-microbiome interactions in homeostasis but also in health to inflammation transition. We also discuss the power of mucosa glycosylation remodelling as an attractive preventive and therapeutic strategy to preserve gut homeostasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 101891"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101886
Donata Vercelli , Stephen J. Galli
{"title":"The origins, manifestations, and potential treatments of allergic disorders","authors":"Donata Vercelli , Stephen J. Galli","doi":"10.1016/j.smim.2024.101886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2024.101886","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49546,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Immunology","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 101886"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141314536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101884
Mehul S. Suthar
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in humans has caused a pandemic of unprecedented dimensions. SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets and targets ciliated epithelial cells in the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs by utilizing the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The innate immune response, including type I and III interferons, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β), innate immune cells (monocytes, DCs, neutrophils, natural killer cells), antibodies (IgG, sIgA, neutralizing antibodies), and adaptive immune cells (B cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells) play pivotal roles in mitigating COVID-19 disease. Broad and durable B-cell– and T-cell immunity elicited by infection and vaccination is essential for protection against severe disease, hospitalization and death. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade neutralizing antibodies continue to jeopardize vaccine efficacy. In this review, we highlight our understanding the infection- and vaccine-mediated humoral, B and T cell responses, the durability of the immune responses, and how variants continue to threaten the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
人类感染 SARS-CoV-2 已造成前所未有的大流行。SARS-CoV-2 主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播，并利用细胞受体血管紧张素转换酶 2（ACE2）作用于鼻腔、气管和肺部的纤毛上皮细胞。先天性免疫反应，包括 I 型和 III 型干扰素、炎症细胞因子（IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β）、先天性免疫细胞（单核细胞、DC、中性粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞）、抗体（IgG、sIgA、中和抗体）和适应性免疫细胞（B 细胞、CD8+ 和 CD4+ T 细胞）在减轻 COVID-19 疾病中发挥着关键作用。通过感染和接种疫苗产生的广泛而持久的 B 细胞和 T 细胞免疫对于防止严重疾病、住院和死亡至关重要。然而，逃避中和抗体的 SARS-CoV-2 变体的出现继续危及疫苗的效力。在这篇综述中，我们将重点介绍我们对感染和疫苗介导的体液、B 细胞和 T 细胞反应、免疫反应的持久性以及变种如何继续威胁 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的有效性的理解。
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