Aqueous arsenic speciation, or the chemical forms in which arsenic exists in water, is a challenging, interesting, and complicated aspect of environmental arsenic geochemistry. Arsenic has the ability to form a wide range of chemical bonds with carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur, resulting in a large variety of compounds that exhibit a host of chemical and biochemical properties. Besides the intriguing chemical diversity, arsenic also has the rare capacity to capture our imaginations in a way that few elements can duplicate: it invokes images of foul play that range from sinister to comedic (e.g., “inheritance powder” and arsenic-spiked elderberry wine). However, the emergence of serious large-scale human health problems from chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water has placed a high priority on understanding environmental arsenic mobility, toxicity, and bioavailability, and chemical speciation is key to these important questions. Ultimately, the purpose of arsenic speciation research is to predict future occurrences, mitigate contamination, and provide successful management of water resources. Chemical speciation is fundamental to understanding mobility and toxicity. Speciation affects arsenic solubility and solid-phase associations, and thus the mobility, of arsenic in natural waters. It is also critical to designing treatment strategies, understanding human exposure routes, and even developing medical applications (e.g., as a treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia; Antman 2001). As single- and multi-celled organisms are exposed to various forms of arsenic, they often alter its speciation to either utilize the arsenic for energy or to mitigate the detrimental effects of intracellular arsenic (detoxification). Some organisms can accumulate arsenic in cell material, which can be a concern if it accumulates in a human food product such as rice or seafood, but could be a potential remediation solution in hyper-accumulating plants (Ma et al. 2001). It is important to quantify speciation in addition to total amount of arsenic because …
{"title":"Arsenic Speciation and Sorption in Natural Environments","authors":"K. Campbell, D. Nordstrom","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.3","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous arsenic speciation, or the chemical forms in which arsenic exists in water, is a challenging, interesting, and complicated aspect of environmental arsenic geochemistry. Arsenic has the ability to form a wide range of chemical bonds with carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur, resulting in a large variety of compounds that exhibit a host of chemical and biochemical properties. Besides the intriguing chemical diversity, arsenic also has the rare capacity to capture our imaginations in a way that few elements can duplicate: it invokes images of foul play that range from sinister to comedic (e.g., “inheritance powder” and arsenic-spiked elderberry wine). However, the emergence of serious large-scale human health problems from chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water has placed a high priority on understanding environmental arsenic mobility, toxicity, and bioavailability, and chemical speciation is key to these important questions. Ultimately, the purpose of arsenic speciation research is to predict future occurrences, mitigate contamination, and provide successful management of water resources. Chemical speciation is fundamental to understanding mobility and toxicity. Speciation affects arsenic solubility and solid-phase associations, and thus the mobility, of arsenic in natural waters. It is also critical to designing treatment strategies, understanding human exposure routes, and even developing medical applications (e.g., as a treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia; Antman 2001). As single- and multi-celled organisms are exposed to various forms of arsenic, they often alter its speciation to either utilize the arsenic for energy or to mitigate the detrimental effects of intracellular arsenic (detoxification). Some organisms can accumulate arsenic in cell material, which can be a concern if it accumulates in a human food product such as rice or seafood, but could be a potential remediation solution in hyper-accumulating plants (Ma et al. 2001). It is important to quantify speciation in addition to total amount of arsenic because …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":"185-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83855990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an extensive literature relating to As contents of various geological and biological media, driven in large part because of As-related diseases, which include for example, melanosis, leucomelanosis, keratosis, hyper-keratosis, oedema, gangrene, skin cancer and extensive liver damage. As an example, using the keywords “arsenic” and “environmental” in the academic search engine Scopus yields >12,300 references (title, abstract, and keywords). However, there is also increasing recognition that the toxicology of As is controlled by the form (speciation) of As (Scopus “Arsenic” and “speciation” yields >2900 references). It is commonly held that inorganic As(III) is the most toxic form, followed by arsenate (As(V)), with the various methylated forms generally having much less toxicity, although the epidemiology of the methylated forms has not been as well studied (e.g., Bacquart et al. 2010; Kobayashi 2010; Quazi et al. 2011; Whaley-Martin et al. 2013). However, the effect of inorganic speciation on human metabolism is debatable because As(V) is rapidly reduced after ingestion. Recent studies have shown that cellular biomethylation can result in the production of trivalent methylated As species, which can be more toxic than inorganic As forms (e.g., Styblo et al. 2000; Mass et al. 2001; Dopp et al. 2010; Rahman and Hassler 2014). For a recent review of As toxicology, see Mitchell (2014, this volume). Because in most terrestrial waters As(III) occurs as a neutral species (H3AsO3°), arsenite is more difficult to remove from solution in terms of water treatment, without first undergoing an oxidation step (e.g., Hu et al. 2012). There are a large variety of techniques for the measurement of total As and arsenic species, both in the field and in the laboratory. For the former, the main challenges are analytical time, complexity of sample treatment and …
有关各种地质和生物介质中砷含量的大量文献，在很大程度上是因为与砷有关的疾病，例如黑变症、白质黑变症、角化病、角化过度、水肿、坏疽、皮肤癌和广泛的肝损伤。例如，在学术搜索引擎Scopus中使用关键词“砷”和“环境”，可以得到超过12,300条参考文献(标题、摘要和关键词)。然而，也有越来越多的人认识到砷的毒理学是由砷的形态(物种形成)控制的(Scopus“砷”和“物种形成”产生>2900篇参考文献)。人们普遍认为无机砷(III)是毒性最大的形式，其次是砷酸盐(As(V))，尽管甲基化形式的流行病学尚未得到充分研究(例如，Bacquart等人，2010;小林2010;Quazi et al. 2011;Whaley-Martin et al. 2013)。然而，无机物种形成对人体代谢的影响是有争议的，因为As(V)在摄入后迅速减少。最近的研究表明，细胞生物甲基化可导致三价甲基化砷的产生，这可能比无机形式的砷毒性更大(例如，stybloo等人，2000;Mass et al. 2001;Dopp et al. 2010;Rahman and Hassler 2014)。对于As毒理学最近的审查，见米切尔(2014年，本卷)。由于在大多数陆地水域As(III)以中性物质(H3AsO3°)的形式存在，在水处理方面，如果不首先经过氧化步骤，则更难从溶液中去除亚砷酸盐(例如，Hu et al. 2012)。有各种各样的技术用于测量总砷和砷的种类，无论是在现场还是在实验室。对于前者，主要挑战是分析时间、样品处理的复杂性和…
{"title":"Measuring Arsenic Speciation in Environmental Media: Sampling, Preservation, and Analysis","authors":"M. Leybourne, K. Johannesson, Alemayehu Asfaw","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.6","url":null,"abstract":"There is an extensive literature relating to As contents of various geological and biological media, driven in large part because of As-related diseases, which include for example, melanosis, leucomelanosis, keratosis, hyper-keratosis, oedema, gangrene, skin cancer and extensive liver damage. As an example, using the keywords “arsenic” and “environmental” in the academic search engine Scopus yields >12,300 references (title, abstract, and keywords). However, there is also increasing recognition that the toxicology of As is controlled by the form (speciation) of As (Scopus “Arsenic” and “speciation” yields >2900 references). It is commonly held that inorganic As(III) is the most toxic form, followed by arsenate (As(V)), with the various methylated forms generally having much less toxicity, although the epidemiology of the methylated forms has not been as well studied (e.g., Bacquart et al. 2010; Kobayashi 2010; Quazi et al. 2011; Whaley-Martin et al. 2013). However, the effect of inorganic speciation on human metabolism is debatable because As(V) is rapidly reduced after ingestion. Recent studies have shown that cellular biomethylation can result in the production of trivalent methylated As species, which can be more toxic than inorganic As forms (e.g., Styblo et al. 2000; Mass et al. 2001; Dopp et al. 2010; Rahman and Hassler 2014). For a recent review of As toxicology, see Mitchell (2014, this volume). Because in most terrestrial waters As(III) occurs as a neutral species (H3AsO3°), arsenite is more difficult to remove from solution in terms of water treatment, without first undergoing an oxidation step (e.g., Hu et al. 2012). There are a large variety of techniques for the measurement of total As and arsenic species, both in the field and in the laboratory. For the former, the main challenges are analytical time, complexity of sample treatment and …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"28 1","pages":"371-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84402315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characterization of complex materials in terms of their structure, electronic, magnetic, vibrational, thermodynamic or other physical and chemical properties is often a challenging task that requires the combination of a number of complementary techniques. Experimental approaches such as diffraction or spectroscopic methods usually provide fingerprint information about the material under investigation. The interpretation of measured data is either done by reference to analogue materials or by constructing a theoretical (e.g., structural) model that fits the experimental data. For the latter, computational methods have become very powerful in recent years. For example, Rietveld refinement of powder diffraction data or curve fitting of various spectra is now done on a routine basis. The continuous improvement in hardware performance resulting in a huge and progressive increase of computing power by a factor of ~1000 per decade, as well as advanced algorithms and codes provide the basis for predictive modeling of material properties ab initio , i.e., from first principles using quantum chemical methods such as density functional theory (DFT). DFT enthalpy predictions for the major lower mantle minerals, MgSiO3 perovskite and post-perovskite, periclase (MgO) and CaSiO3 perovskite at zero temperature, over the relevant pressure range from the transition zone to the core-mantle boundary can be made in a few hours on an office PC. Free energy calculations for these phases at finite temperatures using lattice vibrational modes in the (quasi-)harmonic approximation require at most a couple of days. More realistic compositions of these mantle minerals with Fe substituting some of the Mg atoms in a solid solution are computationally more demanding but have also become accessible. The same is true for structural investigations of disordered phases, such as glasses, melts and fluids. Both first-principles and classical molecular dynamics simulations are useful methods for a statistically significant sampling of disordered structures. …
{"title":"Theoretical Approaches to Structure and Spectroscopy of Earth Materials","authors":"S. Jahn, P. Kowalski","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.17","url":null,"abstract":"The characterization of complex materials in terms of their structure, electronic, magnetic, vibrational, thermodynamic or other physical and chemical properties is often a challenging task that requires the combination of a number of complementary techniques. Experimental approaches such as diffraction or spectroscopic methods usually provide fingerprint information about the material under investigation. The interpretation of measured data is either done by reference to analogue materials or by constructing a theoretical (e.g., structural) model that fits the experimental data. For the latter, computational methods have become very powerful in recent years. For example, Rietveld refinement of powder diffraction data or curve fitting of various spectra is now done on a routine basis. The continuous improvement in hardware performance resulting in a huge and progressive increase of computing power by a factor of ~1000 per decade, as well as advanced algorithms and codes provide the basis for predictive modeling of material properties ab initio , i.e., from first principles using quantum chemical methods such as density functional theory (DFT). DFT enthalpy predictions for the major lower mantle minerals, MgSiO3 perovskite and post-perovskite, periclase (MgO) and CaSiO3 perovskite at zero temperature, over the relevant pressure range from the transition zone to the core-mantle boundary can be made in a few hours on an office PC. Free energy calculations for these phases at finite temperatures using lattice vibrational modes in the (quasi-)harmonic approximation require at most a couple of days. More realistic compositions of these mantle minerals with Fe substituting some of the Mg atoms in a solid solution are computationally more demanding but have also become accessible. The same is true for structural investigations of disordered phases, such as glasses, melts and fluids. Both first-principles and classical molecular dynamics simulations are useful methods for a statistically significant sampling of disordered structures. …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"72 1","pages":"691-743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86335412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When Frank Hawthorne (1988) edited the Reviews in Mineralogy volume on “Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology,” all the experiments presented had been performed at room pressure and room temperature because, at that time, vibrational and X-ray techniques were already quite difficult at ambient conditions so more sophisticated sample environments were not a priority. However, it has now become somewhat easier to perform experiments in situ at high temperatures (HT), high pressures (HP) or under combined high temperature and pressure (HP-HT). These types of experiments are becoming routine on crystals, glasses and liquids (see Shen and Wang 2014, this volume). High-temperature experiments are important because most of the physical properties of high-temperature liquids, such as magmas and melts, are related to their atomic structure. Consequently, it is important to probe the local environment of the atoms in the sample under the conditions noted above (e.g., HT). However, at very high temperatures (~≥ 1200 °C) it is difficult to use conventional furnaces because of a number of experimental difficulties associated with their use: temperature regulation, thermal inertia and spatial obstruction of the sample. Due to the progress made in the development of lasers and X-ray, neutron and magnetic sources it is now possible to perform experiments in situ at HT, HP and HT-HP on samples of millimeter or micron size. In this chapter, we discuss some of these noncommercial methods used in performing experiments at HT, and outline the best choices for heating systems with regard to the experimental requirements. Different commercial heating systems are available such as the systems available from Linkam® ( http://www.linkam.co.uk/ ) or Leica® ( http://www.leica-microsystems.com/ ) for example. These two systems are well adapted to performing experiments at HT including Raman (Neuville et al. 2014, this volume) and IR spectroscopy (Della Ventura et al. 2014, this volume) …
当Frank Hawthorne(1988)编辑矿物学评论卷“矿物学和地质学中的光谱方法”时，所介绍的所有实验都是在室温和常压下进行的，因为当时，振动和x射线技术在环境条件下已经相当困难，因此更复杂的样品环境不是优先考虑的。然而，现在在高温(HT)、高压(HP)或高温和高压组合(HP-HT)下进行原位实验变得更加容易。这些类型的实验正在成为晶体，玻璃和液体的常规(见Shen和Wang 2014，本卷)。高温实验很重要，因为大多数高温液体的物理性质，如岩浆和熔体，都与它们的原子结构有关。因此，在上述条件下(如高温)探测样品中原子的局部环境是很重要的。然而，在非常高的温度下(~≥1200°C)，很难使用传统的炉，因为与它们的使用相关的一些实验困难:温度调节，热惯性和样品的空间阻塞。由于激光和x射线、中子和磁源的发展取得了进展，现在可以在高温、高温和高温-高温下对毫米或微米尺寸的样品进行原位实验。在本章中，我们将讨论在高温下进行实验时使用的一些非商业方法，并根据实验要求概述加热系统的最佳选择。不同的商业加热系统是可用的，例如Linkam®(http://www.linkam.co.uk/)或Leica®(http://www.leica-microsystems.com/)提供的系统。这两个系统非常适合在高温下进行实验，包括拉曼(Neuville et al. 2014，本卷)和红外光谱(Della Ventura et al. 2014，本卷)……
{"title":"In situ High-Temperature Experiments","authors":"D. Neuville, L. Hennet, P. Florian, D. Ligny","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2013.78.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2013.78.19","url":null,"abstract":"When Frank Hawthorne (1988) edited the Reviews in Mineralogy volume on “Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology,” all the experiments presented had been performed at room pressure and room temperature because, at that time, vibrational and X-ray techniques were already quite difficult at ambient conditions so more sophisticated sample environments were not a priority. However, it has now become somewhat easier to perform experiments in situ at high temperatures (HT), high pressures (HP) or under combined high temperature and pressure (HP-HT). These types of experiments are becoming routine on crystals, glasses and liquids (see Shen and Wang 2014, this volume). High-temperature experiments are important because most of the physical properties of high-temperature liquids, such as magmas and melts, are related to their atomic structure. Consequently, it is important to probe the local environment of the atoms in the sample under the conditions noted above (e.g., HT). However, at very high temperatures (~≥ 1200 °C) it is difficult to use conventional furnaces because of a number of experimental difficulties associated with their use: temperature regulation, thermal inertia and spatial obstruction of the sample. Due to the progress made in the development of lasers and X-ray, neutron and magnetic sources it is now possible to perform experiments in situ at HT, HP and HT-HP on samples of millimeter or micron size. In this chapter, we discuss some of these noncommercial methods used in performing experiments at HT, and outline the best choices for heating systems with regard to the experimental requirements. Different commercial heating systems are available such as the systems available from Linkam® ( http://www.linkam.co.uk/ ) or Leica® ( http://www.leica-microsystems.com/ ) for example. These two systems are well adapted to performing experiments at HT including Raman (Neuville et al. 2014, this volume) and IR spectroscopy (Della Ventura et al. 2014, this volume) …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"779-800"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90955281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The labyrinthine world of arsenic minerals has piqued the curiosity of many researchers in mineralogy, geochemistry, chemistry, and environmental sciences. Arsenic was known to the ancient civilizations; there are written Greek, Roman, and Chinese reports about minerals and substances of this element (Emsley 2001). The discovery of elemental arsenic is attributed to Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) who prepared it by reduction of As2O3. The common public association of arsenic and poison is the heritage of a long history of eliminating unwanted and unloved ones with compounds of this element. Mary Ann Cotton (1832–1873) was charged with murder of her mother, three husbands, a lover, eight of her own children, and seven stepchildren, all of them with an arsenic-based de-worming compound (Emsley 2005). Kořinek (1675) gave a vivid and frightening account on how a natural ferric sulfo-arsenate (bukovskýite) was used to poison the German armies of Albrecht Habsburg who invaded Bohemia in 1304. An arsenic derivative called lewisite (2-chlorovinyl-dichloroarsine) was used in the World War I (Emsley 2001). On the other hand, brightly-colored arsenic compounds were used in all imaginable products well into the 20th century. Arsenic whetted the appetite of many children as green arsenical chemicals were used as cake decorations and coatings of sugar sweets (Emsley 2005). The death of Napoleon Bonaparte has been regarded for a long time as a consequence of ingested or inhaled arsenical compouds (e.g., Aldersey-Williams 2011), however there are alternative interpretations (Lugli et al. 2011). Accidental mass arsenic poisoning occurred in Manchester in 1900 when many men drank beer contaminated with arsenic. The arsenic was tracked back to pyrite which was used to produce sulfuric acid which was employed in the manufacture of glucose for this batch of beer (Emsley 2005). Despite its toxicity, arsenic finds a few uses in …
砷矿物的迷宫般的世界激起了许多矿物学、地球化学、化学和环境科学研究人员的好奇心。砷为古代文明所知;希腊、罗马和中国都有关于这种元素的矿物和物质的书面报告(Emsley 2001)。砷元素的发现要归功于Albertus Magnus(1193-1280)，他通过还原As2O3制备了砷。公众普遍将砷和毒药联系起来，这是用这种元素的化合物消除不想要的和不喜欢的人的悠久历史的遗产。玛丽·安·科顿(1832-1873)被指控谋杀了她的母亲、三个丈夫、一个情人、八个自己的孩子和七个继子女，他们都使用了含砷的驱虫化合物(埃姆斯利2005)。Kořinek(1675)生动而可怕地描述了一种天然的硫砷酸铁(bukovskýite)是如何被用来毒死1304年入侵波西米亚的阿尔布雷希特·哈布斯堡的德国军队的。一种叫做路易斯石(2-氯乙烯-二氯胂)的砷衍生物在第一次世界大战中被使用(埃姆斯利，2001年)。另一方面，直到20世纪，颜色鲜艳的砷化合物被用于所有你能想到的产品中。砷刺激了许多儿童的食欲，因为绿色含砷化学物质被用作蛋糕装饰和糖果涂层(Emsley 2005)。长期以来，拿破仑·波拿巴的死亡一直被认为是摄入或吸入含砷化合物的结果(例如，Aldersey-Williams 2011)，但也有其他解释(Lugli et al. 2011)。1900年，曼彻斯特发生了一起意外的大规模砷中毒事件，当时许多人喝了被砷污染的啤酒。砷被追溯到黄铁矿，黄铁矿被用来生产硫酸，硫酸被用于制造这批啤酒的葡萄糖(Emsley 2005)。尽管砷有毒性，但它在……
{"title":"Parageneses and Crystal Chemistry of Arsenic Minerals","authors":"J. Majzlan, P. Drahota, M. Filippi","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.2","url":null,"abstract":"The labyrinthine world of arsenic minerals has piqued the curiosity of many researchers in mineralogy, geochemistry, chemistry, and environmental sciences. Arsenic was known to the ancient civilizations; there are written Greek, Roman, and Chinese reports about minerals and substances of this element (Emsley 2001). The discovery of elemental arsenic is attributed to Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) who prepared it by reduction of As2O3. The common public association of arsenic and poison is the heritage of a long history of eliminating unwanted and unloved ones with compounds of this element. Mary Ann Cotton (1832–1873) was charged with murder of her mother, three husbands, a lover, eight of her own children, and seven stepchildren, all of them with an arsenic-based de-worming compound (Emsley 2005). Kořinek (1675) gave a vivid and frightening account on how a natural ferric sulfo-arsenate (bukovskýite) was used to poison the German armies of Albrecht Habsburg who invaded Bohemia in 1304. An arsenic derivative called lewisite (2-chlorovinyl-dichloroarsine) was used in the World War I (Emsley 2001). On the other hand, brightly-colored arsenic compounds were used in all imaginable products well into the 20th century. Arsenic whetted the appetite of many children as green arsenical chemicals were used as cake decorations and coatings of sugar sweets (Emsley 2005). The death of Napoleon Bonaparte has been regarded for a long time as a consequence of ingested or inhaled arsenical compouds (e.g., Aldersey-Williams 2011), however there are alternative interpretations (Lugli et al. 2011). Accidental mass arsenic poisoning occurred in Manchester in 1900 when many men drank beer contaminated with arsenic. The arsenic was tracked back to pyrite which was used to produce sulfuric acid which was employed in the manufacture of glucose for this batch of beer (Emsley 2005). Despite its toxicity, arsenic finds a few uses in …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"79 1","pages":"17-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78863048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Remedial investigations (RI) conducted on hazardous waste sites should determine (1) the nature and extent of contamination that exists and (2) the extent to which some level of cleanup must be performed to be protective of human health and the environment. The typical RI includes the collection and chemical analyses of site media, including surface and subsurface soils, surface and groundwater, sediment, and biota (plant and animal species). In some instances, air monitoring may be conducted to determine airborne concentrations of contaminants. An integral component of the RI is the development of the Human Health Baseline Risk Assessment. The risk assessment is the foundation upon which site remediation goals are determined and is developed following two fundamental assessments: a toxicity assessment and an exposure assessment to quantify human intake of contaminated media. Subsequently, by measuring the concentration of chemicals detected in site media, the chemical intake dose can then be quantified to complete the exposure assessment. Contamination of soil with arsenic (As), and its potential impact on human and environmental health, is a global issue. Although As occurs naturally in soil, enrichment of soil-As may occur as a result of a variety of anthropogenic processes including, but not limited to, pesticide/herbicide manufacture and use, mining, smelting, and wood preservation. Arsenic has been ranked the most common inorganic contaminant found in the National Priority List of Sites in the United States (ATSDR 2011). Numerous health effects are associated with As exposure (Lien et al. 1999; Mandal and Suzuki 2002; ATSDR 2011). For example, acute inorganic As poisoning consists of burning/dryness of the oral and nasal cavities, gastrointestinal distress, and muscle spasms. Chronic As exposure results in depression, fatigue, disruption of red cell production, and various forms of cancer. Arsenic exposure pathways of concern include consumption of contaminated food and …
对危险废物场址进行的补救调查应确定(1)存在的污染的性质和程度以及(2)为保护人类健康和环境必须进行某种程度的清理的程度。典型的RI包括现场介质的收集和化学分析，包括地表和地下土壤、地表和地下水、沉积物和生物群(植物和动物物种)。在某些情况下，可以进行空气监测以确定空气中污染物的浓度。《人类健康基线风险评估》是《国际风险评估》的一个组成部分。风险评估是确定场地修复目标的基础，并根据以下两项基本评估制定:毒性评估和暴露评估，以量化人类对受污染介质的摄入量。随后，通过测量在现场介质中检测到的化学物质的浓度，可以对化学物质的摄入剂量进行量化，以完成暴露评估。土壤砷污染及其对人类和环境健康的潜在影响是一个全球性问题。虽然砷在土壤中自然存在，但土壤砷的富集可能是各种人为过程的结果，包括但不限于农药/除草剂的制造和使用、采矿、冶炼和木材保存。砷已被列为最常见的无机污染物发现在美国国家重点名单(ATSDR 2011)。许多健康影响与砷接触有关(Lien等，1999年;Mandal and Suzuki 2002;有毒物质2011)。例如，急性无机砷中毒包括口腔和鼻腔灼烧/干燥、胃肠道不适和肌肉痉挛。长期接触砷会导致抑郁、疲劳、红细胞生成中断和各种形式的癌症。受关注的砷暴露途径包括食用受污染的食物和…
{"title":"Using In Vivo Bioavailability and/or In Vitro Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility Testing to Adjust Human Exposure to Arsenic from Soil Ingestion","authors":"N. Basta, A. Juhasz","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.9","url":null,"abstract":"Remedial investigations (RI) conducted on hazardous waste sites should determine (1) the nature and extent of contamination that exists and (2) the extent to which some level of cleanup must be performed to be protective of human health and the environment. The typical RI includes the collection and chemical analyses of site media, including surface and subsurface soils, surface and groundwater, sediment, and biota (plant and animal species). In some instances, air monitoring may be conducted to determine airborne concentrations of contaminants. An integral component of the RI is the development of the Human Health Baseline Risk Assessment. The risk assessment is the foundation upon which site remediation goals are determined and is developed following two fundamental assessments: a toxicity assessment and an exposure assessment to quantify human intake of contaminated media. Subsequently, by measuring the concentration of chemicals detected in site media, the chemical intake dose can then be quantified to complete the exposure assessment. Contamination of soil with arsenic (As), and its potential impact on human and environmental health, is a global issue. Although As occurs naturally in soil, enrichment of soil-As may occur as a result of a variety of anthropogenic processes including, but not limited to, pesticide/herbicide manufacture and use, mining, smelting, and wood preservation. Arsenic has been ranked the most common inorganic contaminant found in the National Priority List of Sites in the United States (ATSDR 2011). Numerous health effects are associated with As exposure (Lien et al. 1999; Mandal and Suzuki 2002; ATSDR 2011). For example, acute inorganic As poisoning consists of burning/dryness of the oral and nasal cavities, gastrointestinal distress, and muscle spasms. Chronic As exposure results in depression, fatigue, disruption of red cell production, and various forms of cancer. Arsenic exposure pathways of concern include consumption of contaminated food and …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"7 1","pages":"451-472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91152385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsenic contamination of mine and metallurgical waters has long been recognized as a global problem. More stringent guidelines, based on demonstration of potential toxicity to humans and ecological receptors, have motivated regulators and operators to address both legacy sites and existing or future operational discharges to mitigate potential impacts. The safe disposal of material considered to be hazardous is a natural part of good housekeeping for any industrial development. This is particularly so for the mining industry, which historically was not always well managed in this aspect and as a result, has a high-political profile today. Arsenic can occur in several oxidation states in natural waters although the trivalent arsenite (As(III)) or pentavalent arsenate (As(V)) are the most common (Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002). The most thermodynamically stable species over the natural range of groundwater redox conditions (150–500 mV, Bass Becking et al. 1960) and pH (4–7, Baas Becking et al. 1960) are H2AsO4−, HAsO4−, and in acid rock drainage waters (pH below 5) H2AsO4−. In more reduced waters, As(OH)3 is the most common species. Thioarsenic species may also be present but in general are not observed in natural waters. The kinetics of arsenic reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions is not rapid, so the predicted proportions of arsenic species based on thermodynamic calculations do not always correspond to analytical results (O’Neil 1990). An Eh-pH diagram showing the thermodynamically stable regions for arsenic species is shown in Figure 1. Because of arsenic toxicity, the World Health Organization placed a guideline maximum allowable concentration of arsenic in drinking water of 10 μg L−1 (WHO 1998). The USEPA reduced the drinking water standard from 50 to 10 μg L−1 in 2002 (USEPA 2001). Arsenite is considered to be more …
{"title":"The Management of Arsenic in the Mining Industry","authors":"R. Bowell, D. Craw","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.11","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic contamination of mine and metallurgical waters has long been recognized as a global problem. More stringent guidelines, based on demonstration of potential toxicity to humans and ecological receptors, have motivated regulators and operators to address both legacy sites and existing or future operational discharges to mitigate potential impacts. The safe disposal of material considered to be hazardous is a natural part of good housekeeping for any industrial development. This is particularly so for the mining industry, which historically was not always well managed in this aspect and as a result, has a high-political profile today. Arsenic can occur in several oxidation states in natural waters although the trivalent arsenite (As(III)) or pentavalent arsenate (As(V)) are the most common (Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002). The most thermodynamically stable species over the natural range of groundwater redox conditions (150–500 mV, Bass Becking et al. 1960) and pH (4–7, Baas Becking et al. 1960) are H2AsO4−, HAsO4−, and in acid rock drainage waters (pH below 5) H2AsO4−. In more reduced waters, As(OH)3 is the most common species. Thioarsenic species may also be present but in general are not observed in natural waters. The kinetics of arsenic reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions is not rapid, so the predicted proportions of arsenic species based on thermodynamic calculations do not always correspond to analytical results (O’Neil 1990). An Eh-pH diagram showing the thermodynamically stable regions for arsenic species is shown in Figure 1. Because of arsenic toxicity, the World Health Organization placed a guideline maximum allowable concentration of arsenic in drinking water of 10 μg L−1 (WHO 1998). The USEPA reduced the drinking water standard from 50 to 10 μg L−1 in 2002 (USEPA 2001). Arsenite is considered to be more …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"83 1","pages":"507-532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81533056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synchrotron sources provide X-radiation with high energy and high brilliance that are well suited for high-pressure (HP) research. Powerful micron-sized sampling probes of high energy radiation have been widely used to interact with minute samples through the walls of pressure vessels, to investigate material properties in situ under HP. Since the late 1970s, HP synchrotron research has become a fast growing field. Of mineralogical interests are the abilities for studying structure, elasticity, phase stability/transition, and transport properties of minerals and melts at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to the deep Earth. The most commonly used HP apparatus are the diamond anvil cell (DAC), the large volume press (LVP), and the shock wave devices. The DAC is capable of generating pressures beyond 4 megabar (1 megabar = 100 GPa) but is limited to small samples, typically less than 10 microns in linear dimensions at the highest pressures. The pressure-temperature ( P - T ) range accessible in the DAC exceeds conditions corresponding the center of the Earth. The LVP is capable of modest pressures (currently less than 100 GPa), but the large sample volume permits a wider variety of bulk physical properties to be measured. The P - T range accessible in the LVP corresponds to those in the Earth’s lower mantle. In shock wave experiments, the sample is subjected to high pressures and temperatures by dynamic processes. Multi-megabar to tera-pascal (TPa) pressures may be generated but for short durations from nano- to femto-seconds (10−9–10−15 s). In this chapter, we begin with synchrotron techniques that are important for HP research, followed by a review of high pressure apparatus and their integration with synchrotron X-ray techniques. We refer readers to the following review articles related to HP synchrotron techniques (Chen et al. 2005; Duffy 2005; Hemley et al. 2005; Wang …
同步加速器源提供高能量和高亮度的x射线，非常适合高压(HP)研究。强大的微米尺寸的高能辐射采样探针已被广泛用于通过压力容器壁与微小样品相互作用，以在高压下原位研究材料性能。自20世纪70年代末以来，惠普同步加速器的研究已成为一个快速发展的领域。矿物学的兴趣是研究结构，弹性，相稳定性/转变，以及在与地球深部相应的压力-温度条件下矿物和熔体的输运特性的能力。最常用的高压设备是金刚石砧池(DAC)、大体积压机(LVP)和冲击波装置。DAC能够产生超过4兆巴(1兆巴= 100 GPa)的压力，但仅限于小样品，通常在最高压力下线性尺寸小于10微米。DAC中可达到的压力-温度(P - T)范围超过了与地球中心相对应的条件。LVP能够承受适度的压力(目前小于100 GPa)，但大样本量允许测量更广泛的体物理性质。LVP中可达的P - T范围与地球下地幔中的P - T范围相对应。在激波实验中，样品通过动态过程承受高压和高温。在本章中，我们首先介绍了对HP研究很重要的同步加速器技术，然后回顾了高压装置及其与同步加速器x射线技术的结合。我们建议读者参考以下与HP同步加速器技术相关的评论文章(Chen et al. 2005;杜菲2005;Hemley et al. 2005;王……
{"title":"High-pressure Apparatus Integrated with Synchrotron Radiation","authors":"G. Shen, Yanbin Wang","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.78.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.78.18","url":null,"abstract":"Synchrotron sources provide X-radiation with high energy and high brilliance that are well suited for high-pressure (HP) research. Powerful micron-sized sampling probes of high energy radiation have been widely used to interact with minute samples through the walls of pressure vessels, to investigate material properties in situ under HP. Since the late 1970s, HP synchrotron research has become a fast growing field. Of mineralogical interests are the abilities for studying structure, elasticity, phase stability/transition, and transport properties of minerals and melts at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to the deep Earth. The most commonly used HP apparatus are the diamond anvil cell (DAC), the large volume press (LVP), and the shock wave devices. The DAC is capable of generating pressures beyond 4 megabar (1 megabar = 100 GPa) but is limited to small samples, typically less than 10 microns in linear dimensions at the highest pressures. The pressure-temperature ( P - T ) range accessible in the DAC exceeds conditions corresponding the center of the Earth. The LVP is capable of modest pressures (currently less than 100 GPa), but the large sample volume permits a wider variety of bulk physical properties to be measured. The P - T range accessible in the LVP corresponds to those in the Earth’s lower mantle. In shock wave experiments, the sample is subjected to high pressures and temperatures by dynamic processes. Multi-megabar to tera-pascal (TPa) pressures may be generated but for short durations from nano- to femto-seconds (10−9–10−15 s). In this chapter, we begin with synchrotron techniques that are important for HP research, followed by a review of high pressure apparatus and their integration with synchrotron X-ray techniques. We refer readers to the following review articles related to HP synchrotron techniques (Chen et al. 2005; Duffy 2005; Hemley et al. 2005; Wang …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"745-777"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81107293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Tsumeb base-metal deposit contained one of the most diverse examples of mineralogical paragenesis ever observed within a single mineral deposit (Keller 1977). The deposit hosted approximately 307 minerals and 232 of those minerals are most likely formed in the oxidation zone. Of the total number, 69 minerals were first described from the deposit. Arsenic minerals show the greatest diversity in the Tsumeb deposit: 63 arsenates, 6 arsenites, and 7 arseno-sulfate minerals (see Appendix 1). Typically, As content was around 1% in the ore zone, and was intermittently produced as a by-product (white As oxide). Mineralization is hosted in the Otavi dolomite. The main ore body is a pipe that comprises of massive peripheral ores, manto-style ores, and disseminated and stringer ores. These ores were subjected to extensive oxidation not just from surficial surface weathering but also along deep-seated permeable faults that developed complex secondary mineral assemblages at depth. Due to the karstic nature of the host dolomite, there has been considerable water flow through the deposit and during operations into the mine workings, even during early mining. As such, water chemistry within the mine has a varied composition reflecting the different areas of the mine, water source, and geochemical reactions with host rock and the ore. In addition to water, which has been locally enriched from sulfide oxidation, saline and dilute water can be observed in the mine. With such a complex mineralogy and paragenesis, it is possible to describe the geochemical conditions that influenced the mineral evolution of the deposit and predict interactions with groundwater. The extent to which current mine water reflects mineral paragenesis and the observed As-mineral assemblage in the mine is reviewed and used to provide an understanding of the formation of the oxide zone and the geochemical conditions at the time of formation compared …
{"title":"Hydrogeochemistry of the Tsumeb Deposit: Implications for Arsenate Mineral Stability","authors":"R. Bowell","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.14","url":null,"abstract":"The Tsumeb base-metal deposit contained one of the most diverse examples of mineralogical paragenesis ever observed within a single mineral deposit (Keller 1977). The deposit hosted approximately 307 minerals and 232 of those minerals are most likely formed in the oxidation zone. Of the total number, 69 minerals were first described from the deposit. Arsenic minerals show the greatest diversity in the Tsumeb deposit: 63 arsenates, 6 arsenites, and 7 arseno-sulfate minerals (see Appendix 1). Typically, As content was around 1% in the ore zone, and was intermittently produced as a by-product (white As oxide). Mineralization is hosted in the Otavi dolomite. The main ore body is a pipe that comprises of massive peripheral ores, manto-style ores, and disseminated and stringer ores. These ores were subjected to extensive oxidation not just from surficial surface weathering but also along deep-seated permeable faults that developed complex secondary mineral assemblages at depth. Due to the karstic nature of the host dolomite, there has been considerable water flow through the deposit and during operations into the mine workings, even during early mining. As such, water chemistry within the mine has a varied composition reflecting the different areas of the mine, water source, and geochemical reactions with host rock and the ore. In addition to water, which has been locally enriched from sulfide oxidation, saline and dilute water can be observed in the mine. With such a complex mineralogy and paragenesis, it is possible to describe the geochemical conditions that influenced the mineral evolution of the deposit and predict interactions with groundwater. The extent to which current mine water reflects mineral paragenesis and the observed As-mineral assemblage in the mine is reviewed and used to provide an understanding of the formation of the oxide zone and the geochemical conditions at the time of formation compared …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"17 1","pages":"589-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81731207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Empire Mine, together with other mines in the Grass Valley mining district, produced at least 21.3 million troy ounces (663 tonnes) of gold (Au) during the 1850s through the 1950s, making it the most productive hardrock Au mining district in California history (Clark 1970). The Empire Mine State Historic Park (Empire Mine SHP or EMSHP), established in 1975, provides the public with an opportunity to see many well-preserved features of the historic mining and mineral processing operations (CDPR 2014a). A legacy of Au mining at Empire Mine and elsewhere is contamination of mine wastes and associated soils, surface waters, and groundwaters with arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and other metals. At EMSHP, As has been the principal contaminant of concern and the focus of extensive remediation efforts over the past several years by the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) and Newmont USA, Ltd. In addition, the site is the main focus of a multidisciplinary research project on As bioavailability and bioaccessibility led by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) and funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA’s) Brownfields Program. This chapter was prepared as a guide for a field trip to EMSHP held on June 14, 2014, in conjunction with a short course on “Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Microbiology of Arsenic” held in Nevada City, California on June 15–16, 2014. This guide contains background information on geological setting, mining history, and environmental history at EMSHP and other historical Au mining districts in the Sierra Nevada, followed by descriptions of the field trip stops. ### Regional geology Empire Mine SHP is located in the Grass Valley mining district on the western-sloping foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Fig. 1). The Sierra Nevada Foothills (SNFH) orogenic gold province stretches 150 miles (240 km) from the town …
{"title":"Arsenic Associated with Historical Gold Mining in the Sierra Nevada Foothills: Case Study and Field Trip Guide for Empire Mine State Historic Park, California","authors":"C. Alpers, Perry Myers, D. Millsap, T. Regnier","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2014.79.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2014.79.13","url":null,"abstract":"The Empire Mine, together with other mines in the Grass Valley mining district, produced at least 21.3 million troy ounces (663 tonnes) of gold (Au) during the 1850s through the 1950s, making it the most productive hardrock Au mining district in California history (Clark 1970). The Empire Mine State Historic Park (Empire Mine SHP or EMSHP), established in 1975, provides the public with an opportunity to see many well-preserved features of the historic mining and mineral processing operations (CDPR 2014a). A legacy of Au mining at Empire Mine and elsewhere is contamination of mine wastes and associated soils, surface waters, and groundwaters with arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and other metals. At EMSHP, As has been the principal contaminant of concern and the focus of extensive remediation efforts over the past several years by the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) and Newmont USA, Ltd. In addition, the site is the main focus of a multidisciplinary research project on As bioavailability and bioaccessibility led by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) and funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA’s) Brownfields Program. This chapter was prepared as a guide for a field trip to EMSHP held on June 14, 2014, in conjunction with a short course on “Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Microbiology of Arsenic” held in Nevada City, California on June 15–16, 2014. This guide contains background information on geological setting, mining history, and environmental history at EMSHP and other historical Au mining districts in the Sierra Nevada, followed by descriptions of the field trip stops. ### Regional geology Empire Mine SHP is located in the Grass Valley mining district on the western-sloping foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Fig. 1). The Sierra Nevada Foothills (SNFH) orogenic gold province stretches 150 miles (240 km) from the town …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"29 1","pages":"553-587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91200141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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